MRI对椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨发生在椎管内硬膜外的海绵状血管瘤MRI影像学特征,提高对该类病变的认识。方法:搜集2001年~2007年经手术病理证实的5例发生在椎管内硬膜外的海绵状血管瘤的患者资料,进行回顾性分析。结果:发生在椎管内硬膜外的海绵状血管瘤5例,T1WI呈均匀或不均匀低信号,T2WI呈均匀高信号,增强扫描瘤体明显均匀强化,2例病变轴位显示病灶跨过左侧椎间孔向椎管外"钳状"生长。其中1例相应椎体合并小血管瘤。结论:椎管内硬膜外海绵状血管瘤为少见肿瘤,MRI对椎管内海绵状血管瘤的定位及定性有着无可替代的优势,是目前最为可靠的术前检查手段,能充分显示病变与周围组织的关系,但最后确立诊断,仍须结合临床及完整的病理资料分析。     

椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤的MRI影像诊断

目的 探讨椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤MRI影像特征及诊断价值。方法 选取经手术病理证实的4例椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤患者MRI平扫及增强检查的影像资料,与病理相对照。结果 4例患者发生于中上段胸椎背侧硬膜外,3例为原发性,1例继发于椎体血管瘤; 4例肿瘤均为上下径较长、两端变尖的的梭形肿块,形似纺锤;病灶向前推移、半包绕脊髓,向外侧伪足样蔓延累及邻近的椎间孔; 4例增强后病灶明显强化,其中2例两端硬脊膜强化,形成“毛笔尖征”。结论 椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤MRI影像表现具有特征性,为临床诊断及鉴别诊断提供了重要的信息。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨CT和MRI对颅内海绵状血管瘤的表现和诊断价值。资料与方法 经手术病理证实的颅内海绵状血管瘤22例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤21例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤1例。10例行CT检查,16例行MRI检查,13例行MRA检查。结果 脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,周围无或轻度水肿,无明显占位效应。CT平扫为稍高密度影,钙化占72．7％,增强扫描大都无强化;MR T1WI表现为桑葚状混杂高信号．周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶大都无强化;MRA检查未见异常血管。脑外型病灶位于中颅窝、鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形较均匀的稍长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描见明显均匀强化．MRA检查未见异常血管。结论 脑内型海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现较有特异性,结合CT和MRA可明确诊断;脑外型者易误诊,对CT和MRI表现类似的中颅窝脑膜瘤,应考虑到本病的可能。     

骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的CT、MRI及18 F-FDG PET/CT表现(附2例报道)

目的探讨骨上皮样血管内皮瘤(EHE)的CT、MRI及18 F-FDG PET/CT表现,以提高对该病的影像学认识。方法回顾性分析2例经病理证实的骨上皮样血管内皮瘤患者的CT、MRI及18 F-FDG PET/CT检查图像资料,总结其影像特点。结果2例骨EHE中,1例为全身多发骨骼病变,1例仅为胸11椎体病变。CT表现病灶为边缘清晰,轻度硬化并呈分叶状改变的膨胀性溶骨性骨质破坏,病灶内见散在斑点状高密度影,周边软组织及椎间盘未见明显受累。MRI病灶呈稍长T 1、长T 2信号,其内可见散在斑点状低信号影,增强扫描病灶呈明显不均匀强化。病灶外周可见增强无强化的低信号环。18 F-FDG PET/CT主要表现为病灶部位的溶骨性骨质破坏伴SUV摄取值的升高。结论CT、MRI及18 F-FDG PET/CT检查能帮助评估骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的病灶性质及范围,协助下一步诊疗方案的确定。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑内与脑外海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法:搜集45例颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI影像资料进行分析,MRI检查45例,CT检查30例,其中脑内型海绵状血管瘤42例,脑外型海绵状血管瘤3例,均经手术病理证实.结果:脑内型海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,无明显占位效应,周围无或轻度水肿.CT检查的全部病例呈稍高及混杂密度影27例,增强扫描大都无强化;MRI检查T2 WI表现为"桑葚状"混杂高信号,周围有云絮状低信号环,增强后病灶仅少数轻度强化.脑外型病灶位于中颅窝鞍旁,MRI呈类似哑铃形或类圆形较均匀的稍长T1明显长T2信号,增强扫描呈明显均匀强化.结论:脑内与脑外型海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征,MRI优于CT像,特别是MRI的T2 WI像有助于明确诊断.     

眼眶海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的：研究眼眶海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI成像特点，提高诊断率。资料与方法：选取20例经手术病理证实的眶内海绵状血管瘤，均行CT平扫、MRI平扫及增强扫描，8例行CT增强扫描，分析其CT、MRI征像特点及检查手段。结果：CT能显示肿瘤钙化，眶壁骨质改变，呈渐进性强化，最后明显均匀强化，MRI三维成像能发现微小病变，显示肿瘤毗邻关系更佳，压脂像冠状位扫描能清晰显示肿瘤与视神经、眼外肌的关系。结论：CT、MRI互补，能明显提高眶内海绵状血管瘤的诊断率．     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的CT和磁共振成像影像诊断

目的探讨脑内海绵状血管瘤的cT、磁共振成像（MRI）影像表现。方法经随访及手术病理证实的脑内海绵状血管瘤13例,4例cT常规检查后行MRI扫描,9例仅行MRI检查。13例患者中2例行磁共振血管造影（MRA）检查,8例行MRI增强检查。结果脑内海绵状血管瘤可位于脑内任何部位,单发病灶多见,瘤周多无水肿及占位效应。cT平扫为稍高密度,有时可有斑片状钙化。MRI中病灶信号混杂,周边有环状低信号。增强后2例病灶轻度强化,6例无明显强化。MRA均未见异常血管团。结论脑内型海绵状血管瘤的MRI表现右明显特秆忡结会CT和MRA可明确诊睐斤     

骨原发淋巴母细胞淋巴瘤2例

正患者1女,50岁。因"腰臀部疼痛伴左大腿后侧放射痛、麻木20天"入院。CT:平扫示T12椎体轻度压缩变扁呈楔形变,椎体及双侧附件骨质密度不均匀,见斑片状溶骨性破坏,周围见软组织肿块影,肿块突入椎管内,脊髓受压,增强扫描病灶明显均匀强化。CT考虑为恶性骨肿瘤。MR:T12椎体稍变扁,其椎体及双侧附件信号异常,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号(图1),周围见软组织块影,并见突入椎管     

脊椎骨巨细胞瘤的MRI诊断价值

目的 评价MRI对脊椎骨巨细胞瘤的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的脊椎骨巨细胞瘤的MRI表现。结果 7例中发生予胸椎2例，腰椎4例，骶椎1例；其中2例仅累及椎体，5例累及椎体和附件；6例累及单个椎体，1例累及相邻2个椎体。MRI表现为膨胀性骨质破坏，其中6例病灶为囊实性混杂信号灶，1例为中等信号相对均匀实性肿块灶；5例突入椎管，压迫脊髓。增强扫描病灶呈不均匀中等强化，囊变区中心不强化，囊壁中度强化。结论 MRI对脊椎骨巨细胞瘤具有重要诊断价值，结合CT扫描对多数病例术前可作出明确诊断。     

原发性椎管内硬膜外占位性病变的MRI表现

目的 :探讨原发性椎管内硬膜外占位性病变的MRI特点。方法 :分析21例椎管内硬膜外占位性病变的MRI表现。肿瘤性病变13例,其中淋巴瘤6例,脂肪血管瘤4例,海绵状血管瘤3例;非肿瘤性病变8例,其中椎间盘髓核游离6例,自发性血肿2例。结果:8例原发性椎管内硬膜外占位性病变呈包鞘状包绕硬膜囊。6例淋巴瘤T2WI呈均匀略低信号,增强扫描后明显均匀强化,2例合并邻近骨质破坏。3例脂肪血管瘤与3例海绵状血管瘤主要位于背侧硬膜外。4例脂肪血管瘤T2WI呈高信号,T1WI病灶内可见高信号脂肪组织;3例海绵状血管瘤T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈高信号;所有脂肪血管瘤与海绵状血管瘤增强扫描均明显强化。6例椎间盘髓核游离均位于腹侧硬膜外,呈结节状,T2WI呈低信号,增强扫描呈周边环形强化。2例自发性血肿信号复杂,增强扫描后不强化。结论:原发性椎管内硬膜外占位性病变有一定的MRI特点,MRI能进行有效的诊断与鉴别。     

PET/CT and MRI of intra-osseous haemangioma of the tibia

Intra-osseous haemangioma is a rare, benign neoplasm that usually involves the vertebrae and craniofacial bones. Furthermore, its occurrence in the long bones is extremely rare. We report the findings of fluorine-18-fludeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and MRI in a patient with intra-osseous haemangioma in the proximal tibia, who was initially misdiagnosed as having a malignancy based on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. (18)F-FDG PET/CT showed a well-marginated osteolytic lesion with abnormal FDG uptake. The mass demonstrated low signal intensity on T(1) weighted MRI. On T(2) weighted images, the lesion appeared as a cluster of high signal intensity lobules and showed strong enhancement on contrast-enhanced T(1) weighted images. Surgical curettage was performed and histopathological examination of the excised tissue confirmed a cavernous haemangioma.     

Intraosseous hemangioma arising in the clavicle

Intraosseous hemangioma (IH) is commonly seen in the vertebral column and skull: however, IH occurring in the appendicular skeleton, including the clavicle, is uncommon. We herein report the case of a 69-year-old female presenting with IH of the left clavicle. The findings of preoperative imaging studies, including radiographs, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, fluorine-18-fludeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and ultrasonography, are described. In particular, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT showed an ill-defined osteolytic lesion with abnormally high FDG uptake. Surgical en bloc resection with preoperative embolization was carried out and a histopathological examination confirmed the presence of an intraosseous cavernous hemangioma in the clavicle.     

巨大多房前列腺囊腺瘤 18F-FDG PET/CT显像一例

笔者报道了1例巨大多房前列腺囊腺瘤（PC）18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（FDG） PET/CT显像的病例,并分析了其影像学特点及鉴别诊断方法。18F-FDG PET/CT不仅可以定位病灶并判断其与周围组织的关系,还可以根据肿瘤的放射性摄取程度鉴别良恶性,从而为临床诊断提供充足的依据。由于PC在临床上较为罕见,且尚无应用18F-FDG PET/CT进行诊断的文献报道,笔者通过对该病例的18F-FDG PET/CT显像特点进行分析,旨在提高影像科医师对该病的认识,避免误诊。     

全身MRI与PET/CT在淋巴瘤骨髓浸润诊断及预后中的作用

淋巴瘤是一种血液系统恶性肿瘤。淋巴瘤骨髓浸润(BMI)使疾病分期上升至IV期, 是疾病进展、预后较差的标志。常规部位的骨髓活检(BMB)具有创伤性, 且检出率低。PET/CT与全身MRI的出现, 丰富了BMI的检测手段。PET/CT与全身MRI对于淋巴瘤, 尤其是侵袭性淋巴瘤BMI均具有较高的检出率, 二者孰高孰低, 尚未定论。对于红骨髓、良性骨髓病变(炎症等)、淋巴瘤BMI病灶以及肿瘤治疗后骨髓的变化与骨髓残留或复发病灶, 全身MRI很难区分, 而PET/CT却可以很好地鉴别这些病灶。但是, PET/CT存在电离辐射; 对于惰性淋巴瘤的BMI, 超出PET/CT分辨率的病灶, 可能出现假阴性; 某些情况会限制PET/CT的使用, 包括18F-FDG生理性摄取量可能发生改变的正常组织、18F-FDG摄取相关性炎症、高血糖或高胰岛素血症导致的18F-FDG分布的改变、肿瘤患者治疗后出现的骨髓活化等。然而, 这些情况可以使用全身MRI。因此, 全身MRI和PET/CT相辅相成, 优势互补, 但二者均不能代替BMB。对于常规BMB阴性, 但影像学提示阳性的患者, 在影像学引导下进行BMB, 可以提高BMI的检出率。另外, 全身MRI阳性的淋巴瘤BMI患者与全身MRI阴性的淋巴瘤BMI患者相比, 前者预后可能较差。     

Cavernous Hemangioma of the Ilium Mimicking Aggressive Malignant Bone Tumor with Increased Activity on 18F-FDG PET/CT

Osseous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor, and it usually occurs in the vertebrae and the skull. However, hemangiomas of flat bones are rare, and there are very few reports that describe the radiologic findings of osseous hemangioma of the ilium. We report a unique case of large cavernous hemangioma mimicking a chondrogenic malignant bone tumor originated from the ilium in a 22-year-old female. The mass showed stippled calcifications, heterogeneous enhancement with thick septa and enhanced soft tissue components on CT and MR, and also this mass demonstrated heterogeneous 2-fluoro [fluorine-18]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (¹⁸F-FDG) uptake on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT.     

Increased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in benign, nonphysiologic lesions found on whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT): accumulated data from four years of experience with PET/CT

The use of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) in the field of oncology is rapidly evolving; however, (18)F-FDG is not tumor specific. Aside from physiological uptake (18)F-FDG also may accumulate in benign processes. Knowledge of these (18)F-FDG-avid nonmalignant lesions is essential for accurate PET interpretation in oncologic patients to avoid a false-positive interpretation. Through the systematic review of the reports of PET/computed tomography (CT) studies performed in oncologic patients during a 6-month period, we found benign nonphysiological uptake of (18)F-FDG in more than 25% of studies. In half of these, (18)F-FDG uptake was moderate or marked in intensity, similar to that of malignant sites. A total of 73% of benign lesions were inflammatory in nature, with post-traumatic bone and soft-tissue abnormalities (including iatrogenic injury) and benign tumors accounting for the remainder. The differentiation of benign from malignant uptake of (18)F-FDG on PET alone may be particularly challenging as a result of the low anatomical resolution of PET and paucity of anatomical landmarks. Fusion imaging, namely PET/CT, has been shown to improve not only the sensitivity of PET interpretation but also its specificity. Aside from better anatomical localization of lesions on PET/CT, morphological characterization of lesions on CT often may improve the diagnostic accuracy of nonspecific (18)F-FDG uptake. Correlation with CT on fused PET/CT data may obviate the need for further evaluation or biopsy in more than one-third of scintigraphic equivocal lesions. Familiarity with (18)F-FDG-avid nonmalignant lesions also may extend the use of (18)F-FDG-PET imaging beyond the field of oncology. We have tabulated our experience with benign entities associated with increased (18)F-FDG uptake on whole-body PET/CT from 12,000 whole-body (18)F-FDG-PET/CT studies performed during a 4-year period.     

Malignant involvement of the spine: assessment by 18F-FDG PET/CT.

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of secondary malignant involvement of the spinal column. METHODS: In 51 patients, 242 lesions at the spinal region detected on (18)F-FDG PET/CT were interpreted separately on PET, CT, and fused PET/CT images, including differentiation between benign and malignant lesions and the level in the vertebral column. CT evaluation also included the type of bony lesion (osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed) and accompanying soft-tissue abnormalities; for example, epidural masses and tumor involvement of the neural foramina. RESULTS: Of the 242 lesions detected on PET/CT, PET alone identified 220 lesions and CT alone identified 159; 217 (90%) were malignant and 25 benign. (18)F-FDG PET alone detected significantly more malignant lesions than did CT alone (96% vs. 68%, respectively, P < 0.001). The specificity was 56% for both PET alone and CT alone. PET alone was incorrect in determining the level of abnormality within the vertebral column in 33 (15%) lesions and in determining the part of the vertebra involved in 40 (18%) lesions. In 17 (33%) patients, either epidural extension of tumor (n = 7 lesions), neural foramen involvement of tumor (n = 7 lesions), or a combination of both (n = 11 lesions) was detected. On a patient-based analysis, the sensitivity of PET and of PET/CT for the detection of spinal metastasis was 98% and 74%, respectively (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET/CT has better specificity for detection of malignant involvement of the spine than does (18)F-FDG PET. It allows for precise localization of lesions and identifies accompanying soft-tissue involvement, which is of potential neurologic significance.     

18F-FDG双时相及18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像在原发性肝细胞肝癌中的诊断价值

目的 探讨18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(FDG) PET/CT双时相显像及18F-FDG联合11C-胆碱(CHO) PET/CT多模态显像对原发性肝细胞肝癌(HCC)的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年12月于内蒙古医科大学附属医院就诊的临床疑似原发肝占位性病变的73例患者的临床资料,其中男性41例、女性32例,年龄58~72岁;47例患者行18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像,26例患者行18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像。分别测量并计算每个病变的最大标准化摄取值(SUV_max)、肝本底SUV_max、肿瘤SUV_max/肝本底SUV_max比值（T/L）。以病变良恶性为状态变量,分别以18F-FDG、18F-FDG延迟、18F-FDG双时相的SUV_max和18F-FDG、11C-CHO、18F-FDG联合11C-CHO的SUV_max为检验变量绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线并进行两两比较,以组织病理学检查或临床随访结果为“金标准”,对比分析各种显像方法的诊断效能。计量资料的比较采用配对t检验;采用Z秩和检验比较各组间ROC曲线的差异。 结果 （1）18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像:47例患者共检出49个病变（其中32个为高代谢病变）,经组织病理学检查或临床随访结果证实,40个为HCC（高分化8个、中低分化32个）,9个为良性病变。中低分化HCC的病变SUV_max、肝本底SUV_max和T/L的差异均有统计学意义（t=4.51、?2.53、4.80,均P<0.05）;高分化HCC的病变SUV_max和T/L的差异均有统计学意义（t=2.76、2.62,均P<0.05）;良性病变SUV_max的差异无统计学意义（t=0.00,P>0.05）。18F-FDG PET/CT显像分别与其延迟显像、双时相显像的SUV_max的ROC曲线间的差异均有统计学意义（Z=2.315、2.376,均P<0.05）;而延迟显像与双时相显像的SUV_max的ROC曲线间的差异无统计学意义（Z=0.252,P>0.05）。(2) 18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT显像:26例患者共检出26个病变（其中18个为高代谢病变）,经组织病理学检查或临床随访证实,22个为HCC（高分化9个、中低分化13个）,4个为良性病变。高分化HCC的病变SUV_max、肝本底SUV_max间的差异均有统计学意义（t=9.49、6.57,均P<0.001）,而T/L的差异无统计学意义（t=2.01,P>0.05）;中低分化HCC的病变SUV_max的差异无统计学意义（t=?1.68,P>0.05）,肝本底SUV_max、T/L间的差异均有统计学意义（t=8.41、?5.43,均P<0.001）;良性病变的SUV_max的差异无统计学意义（t=1.51,P>0.05）。18F-FDG 与其联合11C-CHO PET/CT的SUV_max的 ROC曲线间的差异有统计学意义（Z=2.037,P<0.05）。 结论 18F-FDG PET/CT双时相显像及18F-FDG联合11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像可分别提高中低及高分化原发性HCC的检出率,对肝癌患者治疗方案的决策及临床预后判定有重要的指导价值。     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT对不明原因发热病因的诊断价值

目的：探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖（FDG）PET/CT显像对不明原因发热（FUO）的影像学表现及病因诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析常规检查未能明确诊断FUO病因的45例患者^18F-FDG PET/CT显像资料,根据病理检查或临床随访结果分析^18F-FDG PET/CT显像结果,测量异常摄取病灶最大标准摄取值（SUVmax）。采用SPSS 11.0软件进行数据处理,SUVmax两样本均数比较采用t检验。结果：45例患者中35例^18F-FDG PET/CT全身显像发现至少有1处异常放射性浓聚灶,随访证实其中9例为恶性肿瘤,26例为感染或炎性病变,二者病变的SUVmax分别为6.09±1.46和2.57±1.33,差异有显著性意义（t=6.67,P〈0.05）;10例^18F-FDG PET/CT显像阴性患者,6例病因不明,4例为风湿性疾病。^18F-FDGPET/CT显像有助于临床FUO病因诊断。结论：全身^18F-FDG PET/CT显像在其它检查方法未能明确诊断FUO病因时,可为临床进一步诊断提供重要的参考价值。