重组人可溶性血管内皮细胞

血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子（Vascular Endothelial GrowthInhibitor,VEGI）是从人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）cDNA文库筛选到的一个TNF超家族新成员。为研究重组可溶性人VEGI对新生血管形成抑制活性,检测了重组可溶性人VEGI对建株人脐静脉内皮细胞（ECV304）增殖抑制活性以及对兔角膜诱生血管、鸡胚尿囊膜（CAM）血管的抑制活性。表明可溶性人VEGI可以直接抑制ECV304内皮细胞的增殖,抑制兔角膜诱生血管、CAM血管形成。VEGI是一种新的血管内皮细胞生长抑制因子,强烈抑制新生血管形成,有望应用于肿瘤的治疗。     

姜黄素和肿瘤坏死因子α调节淋巴瘤细胞VEGF的表达及抗血管形成的研究

目的：探讨姜黄素和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）对淋巴瘤细胞系Raji细胞血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）的表达、合成分泌以及对基质胶中ECV304（人类脐静脉内皮细胞起源的细胞系）细胞血管形成的影响。方法：ELISA法检测Raji细胞培养上清VEGF含量；基质胶中ECV304细胞血管形成实验检测姜黄素和TNF-α对血管形成的影响；RT-PCR检测VEGFmRNA及NotchlmRNA的表达。结果：①Raji细胞培养上清VEGF的含量上TNF-α组明显高于对照组，姜黄素组则明显低于对照组，两者比较差异有极显著性（P〈0．01）；②RT-PCR半定量检测结果可以看出，Raji细胞内VEGFmRNA主要为VEGF165和VEGF121，与对照组相比，其含量在TNF-α组明显增加，而在姜黄素组则明显降低；③血管形成实验结果表明Raji细胞培养上清、VEGF（10μg·L^-1）和TNF-α（10 μg·L^-1）处理的Raji细胞培养上清可促进基质胶中ECV304细胞的血管形成，而姜黄素（50μmol·L^-1）处理的Raji细胞培养上清和以RPM11640培养基作为对照加入基质胶中作用ECV304细胞未见血管形成；①ECV细胞内可见NotchlmRNA表达，但在VEGF（10μg·L^-1）组与对照组其表达无明显差异。结论：①TNF-α促进Raji细胞VEGF的表达而姜黄素抑制其表达；②TNF-α处理的Raji细胞培养上清在基质胶中促进血管形成，而姜黄素则抑制血管形成。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物重组腺病毒载体的构建及其转染ECV304细胞后对血管内皮细胞生长因子表达的影响

目的 评估外源性组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)对ECV304细胞中血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响.方法 应用细菌内同源重组技术快速构建Adt-PA腺病毒重组质粒,转染不同病毒滴度Adt-PA至ECV304细胞,转染比率(MOI)分别为1∶10、1∶50、1∶100,选取合适MOI值;病毒转染后检测ECV304细胞内t-PA蛋白的表达.然后将培养的ECV304细胞分为二组,在培养液中加入Adt-PA混合培养24 h和48 h分别作为实验组1和实验组2,加入空病毒Ad混合培养48 h作为对照组,比较各组细胞中VEGF mRNA的转录和蛋白表达水平.结果 成功构建了重组腺病毒Adt-PA.当MOI为1∶50时,细胞转染效率为(69.6±21.2)%,且对ECV304细胞增殖具有一定的促进作用;Adt-PA转染ECV304细胞后在72 h内随着时间的延长其蛋白表达量逐渐升高(P<0.01);细胞内VEGFmRNA的转录水平和蛋白表达量在实验组1和2中较对照组均有明显升高(P<0.01).结论 构建的t-PA腺病毒表达载体可有效感染ECV304细胞并可显著增加其VEGF的表达水平.     

吡格列酮对血管内皮细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的观察吡格列酮对血管内皮细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法四唑盐比色试验(M TT法)检测吡格列酮对正常血管内皮细胞(ECV 304)生长的抑制作用。结果吡格列酮在终浓度为1×10-8mm o.lL-1-1×10-4mm o.lL-1时对ECV 304细胞的增殖具有抑制作用,而且此作用呈浓度依赖性。结论吡格列酮对ECV 304细胞具有浓度依赖性的抑制增殖作用。     

转tPA基因血管内皮细胞的功能表达

目的 观察组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（tPA）基因转导血管内皮细胞后的功能表达。方法 利用携带tPA基因的假型逆转录病毒转导血管内皮细胞株ECV304，用G418筛选法观察基因是否成功转导，采用发色底物显色法检测转基因ECV304细胞培养上清液中tPA纤溶活性变化。结果 转tPA基因后的血管内皮细胞经G418筛选后2周左右见大量克隆形成；转tPA基因ECV304细胞培养上清液中tPA纤溶活性在转导24h后增高，48h后增高更明显，72-96h浓度达高峰。结论 假型逆转录病毒载体成功介导tPA基因转导血管内皮细胞，并呈有效功能表达，为心血管手术后预防血栓形成的基因治疗提供实验依据。     

海洋微藻体外抗肿瘤血管生成活性的研究

目的研究海洋微藻提取物对肿瘤血管生成的影响。方法采用MTT法测定6种海洋微藻的12种提取物对正常的血管内皮细胞、肿瘤细胞培养液诱导的内皮细胞的增殖影响;采用创伤愈合法测定了肿瘤细胞培养液诱导的内皮细胞迁移影响。结果亚心形扁藻、新月菱形藻、小球藻、米氏凯伦藻的70%乙醇提取物均在一定程度上抑制肿瘤细胞培养液诱导的ECV304细胞的增殖;小球藻、米氏凯伦藻的水提取物、70%乙醇提取物能够抑制肿瘤细胞诱导液对ECV304迁移的促进作用。结论一些海洋微藻具有抑制肿瘤血管生成活性。     

MG132诱导人血管内皮细胞凋亡及对caspase-3表达的影响

目的　观察蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132对人血管脐静脉内皮细胞(ECV -304)的致凋亡作用及其对凋亡相关的天冬氨酸特异的半胱氨酸蛋白酶3表达的影响。方法　采用两个浓度(2, 5μmol·L-1 )的蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132处理ECV -304细胞;DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和细胞凋亡率;RT -PCR检测细胞内凋亡相关基因caspase -3的转录水平;免疫细胞化学检测细胞caspase 3蛋白表达。结果　对照组ECV -304细胞凋亡率低于5%,在2μmol·L-1MG132作用下,凋亡率为11. 3%,MG132浓度升至5μmol·L-1,细胞凋亡率增致44 .5%,MG132诱导ECV 304细胞凋亡具有量-效关系;RT -PCR检测发现细胞内凋亡相关基因caspase 3mRNA表达上调;免疫细胞化学检测细胞caspase- 3蛋白表达水平升高。结论:蛋白酶体抑制剂MG132能够诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡,其机制可能与MG132抑制UPP活性,促进caspase- 3基因转录,使细胞内caspase -3增加而促进细胞凋亡。     

2种海参胶原蛋白多肽对血管内皮细胞保护作用的比较研究

目的 观察革皮氏海参和北极刺参胶原蛋白多肽对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)损伤的血管内皮细胞的保护作用,探讨其保护内皮细胞的作用机制。方法 采用ox-LDL处理血管内皮细胞(ECV304)建立氧化应激损伤模型,以MTT法测定ECV304的增殖活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测定细胞内的丙二醛(MDA)含量,比色法测定一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力和一氧化氮(NO)释放量,Hoechst33258染色法检测细胞的凋亡,Western blotting法检测caspase-3蛋白的表达。结果 经2种海参胶原蛋白多肽预处理后,ECV304细胞的增殖率显著升高 (P<0.05,P<0.01),细胞凋亡比率和MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),细胞NOS活力和NO释放量均显著提高 (P<0.05,P<0.01),凋亡蛋白caspase-3的表达量显著降低。结论 2种海参胶原蛋白多肽均能有效保护脂质过氧化物损伤的血管内皮细胞,其中北极刺参胶原蛋白多肽在抑制细胞凋亡和提高NOS活性方面效果更突出,可能与其氨基酸组成有关。     

β-榄香烯对血管内皮细胞增殖及成血管能力的影响

目的观察β-榄香烯对血管内皮细胞增殖,细胞周期以及成血管能力的影响,探讨β-榄香烯对肿瘤血管生成的抑制作用。方法人脐静脉内皮细胞ECV-304体外培养,β-榄香烯干预;四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测β-榄香烯对细胞增殖的抑制作用;流式细胞仪检测细胞周期;Matrigel胶检测细胞成血管能力。结果ECV-304细胞经过β-榄香烯干预,其存活率明显降低,并呈计量依赖性。细胞周期检测结果显示,β-榄香烯干预后,G1期细胞增多,进入S期及G2期细胞明显减少,细胞周期被阻滞于G1期;接种于Matrigel胶的ECV-304细胞经β-榄香烯干预后,形成管腔数目减少,成血管能力明显降低。结论β-榄香烯可直接干扰血管内皮细胞的增殖及细胞周期,阻滞细胞从G1期进入S期及G2期,并降低其成血管能力。     

海洋溴酚BTDE抑制内皮细胞血管生成的研究

目的 探究海洋溴酚化合物双（2,3,6-三溴-4,5-二羟基苄基）醚（BTDE）处理肿瘤细胞和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞所获得的条件培养基对内皮细胞血管生成的影响。方法 MTT法检测BTDE对肿瘤相关巨噬细胞RAW264.7增殖的影响；Transwell实验检测BTDE对细胞迁移和侵袭的影响；明胶酶谱法检测BTDE对细胞分泌的基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP9）活性的影响；Western Blot检测BTDE对细胞中β-catenin、VEGF表达的影响；体外获取BTDE处理肺癌A549后的条件培养基（BTDE/A549-CM）和处理肿瘤相关巨噬细胞RAW264.7后的条件培养基（BTDE/RAW264.7-CM），采用Transwell和Tube formation实验检测条件培养基对人脐静脉内皮细胞HUVEC迁移和成管的影响。结果 BTDE抑制RAW264.7细胞的迁移、侵袭和分泌的MMP9活性；BTDE/A549-CM和BTDE/RAW264.7-CM抑制HUVEC细胞的迁移和血管生成，血管内皮细胞的血管生成率在5 μM和10 μM BTDE/A549-CM处理下为75.0％和23.8％，在2.5 μM，5 μM和?10 μM BTDE/RAW264.7-CM处理下为54.1％，35.69％和18.8％。 结论 海洋溴酚BTDE处理肺癌细胞A549和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞RAW264.7后的条件培养基能够抑制血管内皮细胞HUVEC的迁移和血管生成，提示BTDE有潜力发展为临床抗肿瘤血管生成治疗药物。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.