采用肿瘤标志物检测新手段提升甲状腺疾病管理水平

<正>甲状腺相关血清肿瘤标志物在甲状腺癌鉴别诊断、治疗监测、术后评估及随访中的重要价值逐渐得到认可。合理利用肿瘤标志物检测,可有效提升甲状腺癌的诊疗水平。根据临床和病理学分型,甲状腺癌主要分为分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)、甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)和甲状腺未分化癌。1.Tg、Tg Ab-DTC术后管理重要指标。在甲状腺癌患者     

改良根治性颈清在甲状腺癌中的应用

在甲状腺癌的治疗中,改良根治性颈清术比传统根治性颈清术能保瘤较多的功能,又不影响肿瘤的根治,它适用于甲状腺髓样癌,分化性甲状腺癌及部分甲状腺微小癌, 而对未分化癌是否有必要尚有争议。     

甲状腺癌免疫治疗的研究进展

摘 要：甲状腺癌是内分泌系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤,其组织学类型主要有乳头状癌(PTC)、滤泡状癌(FTC)、髓样癌(MTC)和未分化癌(ATC)4种病理类型,其中PTC是最常见的一种类型,约占85%。近年来,甲状腺癌的发病率呈逐年快速上升趋势。目前,手术、内分泌治疗、核素内放疗是分化型甲状腺癌的三大治疗手段,总体效果良好。但部分甲状腺癌,如碘抵抗远处转移分化型甲状腺癌、低分化癌、未分化癌、远处转移髓样癌等难治性甲状腺癌,预后不良且治疗手段匮乏。免疫治疗近年来逐渐成为研究热点,甲状腺癌的免疫治疗有望成为治疗这部分复杂病例的一种新方法。目前应用于甲状腺癌的免疫治疗方法主要有肿瘤疫苗治疗,免疫检查点抑制剂治疗,过继免疫细胞治疗,单克隆抗体治疗和免疫调节细胞靶向治疗等。     

桥本病合并甲状腺癌15例治疗分析

目的探讨并发甲状腺癌的桥本病外科治疗的临床效果.方法总结1993年5月～2001年2月外科治疗并经病理证实的桥本病合并甲状腺癌15例,分析手术方式和手术范围与术后疗效.结果全组病例均证实桥本病合并甲状腺乳头状癌13例,髓样癌1例,未分化癌1例.根据不同情况均采取了不同范围的甲状腺切除术,其中一侧或双侧甲状腺全切除和(或)次全切除术占比例86.7%;全组病例均服用甲状腺素片.结论并发甲状腺癌的桥本病应予以手术治疗,手术方式应根据具体情况而定.术后服用甲状腺素片.肿瘤防治杂志,2001,8(特)251-252     

《CSCO甲状腺髓样癌诊疗指南2022》指南解读:术前诊断

甲状腺髓样癌起源于甲状腺滤泡旁C细胞,属于神经内分泌肿瘤,其恶性程度介于分化型甲状腺癌和未分化癌之间。术前诊断包括实验室检查、影像学检查及病理检测,需要多学科协作。本文对《CSCO甲状腺髓样癌诊疗指南2022》中的术前诊断部分进行解读。     

颈、甲状腺

头颈部肿瘤近距离超分割放疗的临床研究；超声在头颈部恶性肿癌颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值；F1t4在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达与淋巴道转移关系研究；甲状腺结节钙化的临床意义；甲状腺切除联合同期双侧颈淋巴结清扫术治疗分化型甲状腺癌；分化型甲状腺癌126例临床与分析。     

信息动态

甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌系统恶性肿瘤,发病率有逐渐增高的趋势[1].甲状腺癌有4种类型,即乳头状癌、滤泡状癌、未分化癌和髓样癌[2].乳头状癌和滤泡状癌又被称为分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma,DTC).目前131I治疗是DTC术后主要的治疗方法之一,通过131I治疗后动态观察甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)水平的变化可预测肿瘤的转移与复发.     

48例甲状腺癌术后放疗的临床分析

目的　评价甲状腺癌术后放疗疗效。方法　对 1991年 3月～ 1996年 9月间 ,接受术后放疗的48例甲状腺癌进行总结分析。照射范围 :对分化型者 (乳头状癌、滤泡状癌、髓样癌 )包括瘤床及双颈 ;对未分化型者 (未分化癌 )包括瘤床、双颈及上纵隔 ;采用60 Coγ线加深部 180kvX线或电子流照射 ,照射剂量DT45～ 6 5Gy/ 5 - 7周 ,常规分割照射。结果　全组总的 5年生存率为 81.3% ,其中分化型为 90 .5 % ,未分化型为 16 .7% ,两者比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。死亡 9例 ,1例缘于局部复发 ,8例因为远处转移。结论　分化型甲状腺癌首选手术治疗 ,术后T4 N1者需补充放疗 ,未分化型者需采用放化疗综合治疗措施。     

甲状腺癌术后131I治疗58例报告

目的　探讨甲状腺癌术后应用 1 31 I治疗的疗效及影响因素。方法　临床诊断明确的各型甲状腺癌 5 8例 ,手术痊愈后行 1 31 I治疗。治疗前均行 1 31 I- SPECT检查 ,作为治疗前后的对照 ,并作为治疗后疗效判断。结果　分化型甲状腺癌明显好于未分化型甲状腺癌残留细织和转移灶 ,两组 χ2值为 3.9(P<0 .0 5 ) ,差异有显著性。结论　1 31 I对乳头状癌和滤泡状癌 (分化型甲状腺癌 )的疗效明显好于未分化癌和髓样癌 (未分化型甲状腺癌 ) ,但术后残余病灶大小、年龄、肿瘤转移部位对疗效有一定影响     

结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺癌的关系以及甲状腺切除术后复发的原因

目的 探讨结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺癌的关系以及甲状腺切除术后复发的原因.方法 选择甲状腺结节患者,一共260例,回顾性分析患者术后复发有关的因素.结果 良性结节性甲状腺肿235例,伴有乳头状增生35例,占14.89％;伴有非典型增生30例,占12.77％,伴有癌变均为微小癌5例,占2.13％.甲状腺癌25例,其中乳头状癌15例,占甲状腺癌60％;滤泡癌5例,占20％;髓样癌1例,占4％,未分化癌4例,占16％.甲状腺癌周围组织伴有结节性甲状腺肿病变为20例,占甲状腺癌的80％.随访期间复发病例一共20例,占7.69％.肿瘤大小、手术方式、病理类型、是否行淋巴结清扫与术后复发具有显著相关性.影响手术预后情况的独立因素包括肿瘤最大直径>4 cm、手术方式为单侧腺叶加峡部切除、病理类型为未分化癌、未作淋巴结清扫.结论 结节性甲状腺肿是甲状腺癌的癌前病变,甲状腺切除术后患者复发的危险因素广泛而复杂.     

The role of external beam radiation and targeted therapy in thyroid cancer

The initial management of thyroid cancer is usually surgery, followed by radioactive iodine in differentiated thyroid cancer. The role of external beam radiotherapy for gross residual or unresected disease is discussed. For both differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer, the role of external beam radiotherapy after resection of gross disease when there is a high risk of local regional failure is reviewed. In anaplastic thyroid cancers, although most patients present with unresectable disease and radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment, the benefits of the addition of chemotherapy to radiation therapy will be discussed. Patient selection, radiation volumes, and radiation doses will be discussed. As in other tumor sites, external beam radiation has an import role in the palliative management of patient with metastatic thyroid cancer of all histologies, especially of metastases to bone but also brain and lung, but this role is not described in the review.     

External radiotherapy of thyroid cancer.

Differentiated thyroid cancer comprises papillary, mixed papillary-follicular and follicular adenocarcinomas. They are mostly hormone-sensitive and respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression. The standard treatment is total thyroidectomy, (131)I therapy and thyroid hormone suppression therapy. Adjuvant external radiotherapy is discussed controversially. Most authors recommend adjuvant external radiotherapy for extra-capsular tumor extension. Decision on an individual basis should be made for patients with lymph node involvement. In the case of incomplete surgical resection, external radiotherapy should be applied if second surgery is not possible. For medullary thyroid cancer, external beam radiotherapy seems to be beneficial for patients with surgically inaccessible disease, with microscopic residual or gross tumor after surgery, with recurrent locoregional disease, or with surgically unmanageable metastases. Patients suffering from anaplastic thyroid cancer should receive combined treatment consisting of extensive surgery, external irradiation with total doses up to 60 Gy, and chemotherapy. The combined treatment modality leads to higher local control rates and prolongs survival.     

甲状腺髓样癌的放射治疗新进展

甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）是一种源自甲状腺滤泡旁C细胞的神经内分泌肿瘤。 甲状腺髓样癌的初始治疗通常是手术。临床分期较晚的患者,尽管进行了积极的手术治疗,但局部复发风险仍很高。随着辐射技术的改进,足够的放疗剂量可以有效地照射到高危区域,同时最小化周围关键组织结构的受照剂量。因此放射治疗应该是局部晚期甲状腺髓样癌的治疗选择,以提高局部区域控制。     

Thyroid carcinoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnostic methods and treatment options for differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma are continuously influenced by new trends and techniques. Our review therefore displays the most recent clinical practices for diagnosis and operative treatment of differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS: Among the new diagnostic methods, high-resolution ultrasonography plays an important role for both the evaluation of thyroid nodules and the detection of enlarged suspicious cervical lymph nodes. The results of ultrasound will definitely influence operative decisions. A second step to diagnose medullary thyroid carcinoma is calcitonin measurement before surgery, which is sensitive and specific enough to detect medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients with thyroid nodules. Surgical treatment for differentiated or medullary thyroid carcinoma mostly consists of total or near-total thyroidectomy. An additional central or lateral modified-radical neck dissection might help to reduce local recurrence, especially in medullary carcinoma, but still does not influence significantly the survival rates. Monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery is used increasingly. According to the newest literature, however, compared with visual identification of the laryngeal nerve, it cannot be considered as superior. SUMMARY: Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma are still subjected to changes and the different options of surgical treatment in particular will be continuously discussed in the future.     

The management of advanced thyroid cancer

Although the prognosis of the majority of patients with thyroid cancer is excellent there are some patients with advanced thyroid cancer in whom the prognosis is poor. Such patients include: patients with locally invasive or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer and medullary thyroid cancer, and all patients with anaplastic cancer. The management of patients with advanced thyroid cancer is reviewed with emphasis on the role of external beam radiotherapy.     

External Beam Radiotherapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

The management of differentiated thyroid cancer involves a combination of surgery, thyroid stimulating hormone suppression and radioactive iodine for most patients. In a small subset of patients, external beam radiotherapy is also used. However, its role remains controversial and there are no randomised controlled trials to guide practice. In this overview we review the evidence from the published literature for the use of external beam radiotherapy in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer and discuss the indications for which it is most commonly used. The technique of external beam radiotherapy, including the emerging role for intensity-modulated radiotherapy, will also be discussed.     

Place de la radiothérapie externe dans les cancers de la thyroïde

Anaplastic thyroid cancers represent 1–2% of all thyroid tumours and are of very poor prognosis even with multimodality treatment including external beam radiation therapy. Conversely, differentiated thyroid carcinomas (at least 80% of thyroid cancers) hamper good prognosis with surgery with or without radioiodine and there is hardly any room for external beam radiation therapy. Insular and medullar carcinomas have intermediary prognosis and are rarely irradiated. We aimed to update recommendations for external beam irradiation in these different clinical situations and put in light the benefits of new irradiations techniques. A search of the French and English literature was performed using the following keywords: thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic, chemoradiation, radiation therapy, surgery, histology and prognostic. Non-mutilating surgery (often limited to debulking) followed by systematic external beam radiation therapy is the standard of care in anaplastic thyroid cancers (hyperfractionated-accelerated radiation therapy with low-dose weekly doxorubicin with or without cisplatin if possible). Given anaplastic thyroid cancers’ median survival of 10 months or less, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy may also be discussed. Ten-year survival rates for patients with papillary, follicular and Hürthle-cell carcinomas are 93%, 85%, and 76%, respectively. Massive primary incompletely resected iodine-negative disease indicates external beam radiation therapy. Older age (45 or 60-year-old), poor-prognosis histological variants (including tall cell cancers) and insular cancers are increasingly reported as criteria for external beam radiation therapy. Massive extracapsular incompletely resected nodal medullary disease suggests external beam radiation therapy. Radiation therapy morbidity has been an important limitation. However, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) offers clear dosimetric advantages on tumour coverage and organ sparing, reducing late toxicities to less than 5%. The role of radiation therapy is evolving for anaplastic thyroid cancers using multimodal strategies and new chemotherapy molecules, and for differentiated cancers using minor criteria, such as histological variants, with IMRT becoming a standard of care.     

Palliation of advanced thyroid malignancies

While most thyroid cancers are slow-growing and have an excellent prognosis after appropriate treatment, a subset of thyroid cancers behave aggressively, and approximately 1500 individuals in the US will die of the disease in the year 2007. Advanced thyroid malignancies can cause distressing and life-threatening symptoms by local invasion in the neck, growth of distant metastases in the lung, bone, and other organs, and tumor production of bioactive substances in the case of medullary thyroid cancer. This article will review palliative modalities, including surgery, radioactive iodine, external beam radiation, and chemotherapy, as well as novel targeted therapies, for the treatment of patients with advanced thyroid malignancies.     

Die Rolle der externen Strahlentherapie bei der Behandlung des Schilddrüsenkarzinoms

Results of retrospective studies on differentiated thyroid cancer suggest that patients with true invasion of adjacent organs (stage T4 in TNM 2002) benefit from external beam radiotherapy regarding locoregional control and in an R2 situation even regarding disease-specific survival. The German MSDS trial could only partly clarify the role of external beam radiotherapy in differentiated thyroid cancer with extracapsular extension. International guidelines currently recognize a small high-risk group which benefits from external beam radiotherapy after optimal surgery and radioiodine treatment. In undifferentiated thyroid cancer external-beam radiotherapy is usually indicated even in the presence of distant metastases. It should be administered with at least 40 Gy and achieves locoregional control in 60-80% of cases. Patients without distant metastases and at least macroscopically complete resection might benefit from trimodal treatment.     

Thyroid cancer

Four types of thyroid cancer comprise more than 98% of all thyroid malignancies. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may have a very benign course while undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (UTC) belongs to the most aggressive human malignancies. A variety of genes have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma. Somatic Ras mutations seem to be an early event and are frequently found in follicular thyroid carcinomas. Somatic rearrangements of RET and TRK are almost exclusively found in PTC and may be found in early stages. Germline RET missense mutations lead to hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In contrast, the significance of somatic RET mutations in sporadic MTC is unknown. p53 seems to play a crucial role in the dedifferentiation process of thyroid carcinoma. The precise role of PTEN remains to be elucidated. The only clearly identified exogenous factor that may lead to thyroid carcinoma (mainly PTC) is radiation. Of interest, radiation is capable to induce RET rearrangements. In general, early diagnosis is mandatory to enable the chance of cure. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Depending on the tumour type, surgery in combination with either radioiodine, external radiation or chemotherapy often enables the control of local tumour burden. In MTC and UTC, once thyroid cancer is spread to distant organs, efficacious therapeutic agents are almost non-existing. However, our growing knowledge of genes involved in thyroidal oncogenesis may contribute to the development of more effective treatment modalities. Some preliminary data on gene therapy are quite promising.