珠心算训练对儿童认知能力的影响

目的 观察珠心算训练对儿童认知能力的影响。方法 采用《基本认知能力测验》软件,对经过珠心算训练和未经过珠心算训练的三、四年级儿童进行测验。结果 ①珠心算训练对于提高儿童的心算效率、数字记忆广度和无意义图形记忆有显著影响。②珠心算训练可以提高儿童的感知速度并且对数字记忆广度和无意义图形的记忆成绩的提高作用发生较早。结论 珠心算训练对儿童的认知能力有一定影响。     

珠心算练习对儿童数字记忆能力的影响

目的 观察珠心算练习对儿童数字记忆能力的影响,从而说明珠心算练习对儿童数字的记忆能力有提高作用.方法 采用基本认知能力测验的方法来观察珠心算练习儿童与非珠心算练习儿童对数字记忆能力的影响差别.结果 殊心算练习儿童与非珠心算练习儿童对数字快速拷贝、心算效率、工作记忆广度、无意义图形再认有显著不同(P＜0.05).结论 珠心算练习能促进儿童对数字的记忆能力,对感觉记忆、短时记忆、长时记忆都有提高作用;通过珠心算练习,儿童对数字的记忆可以迁移到对图形的记忆和识别能力上,说明练习珠心算形成的记忆能力具有正迁移性.     

减法心算事件相关电位早成分的研究

目的观察珠心算训练儿童减法心算早成分的特点,探讨珠心算训练对儿童早期认知加工的影响。方法随机选取16名经过珠心算训练儿童(训练组)和16未经训练儿童(未训练组),使用事件相关电位技术,采集减法心算过程的脑电信号,观察P1,N1,N170和P2出现的主要脑区,并对P1,N1,N170和P2波幅和潜伏期进行比较。结果在减法心算的早期阶段,训练组儿童枕部P1、额中央区N1波幅与未训练组有显著性差异(波幅增大),颞枕区N170以及额中央区P2波幅显著减小。结论通过珠心算训练,儿童对心算过程的感知、识别以及认知加工比未训练的儿童要早,珠心算训练提高了儿童的早期认知加工能力。     

行为问题儿童精神运动功能配对研究

目的：探讨行为问题儿童精神运动功能。方法：用Achenback儿童行为问卷（CBCL）和中国联合型天文测验（CRT－C2）筛选行为问题儿童，并按同性别，同年龄进行1：2配对；用津医精神运动成套测验（JPB）评价儿童精神运动功能。结果：（1）选择反应时，数字符号，连接数字成绩是儿童行为问题的保护因素，选择反应时的标准差和JPB影响是儿童行为问题的危险因素，连接数字是内向问题的保护因素，选择反应时的标准差是外向问题的危险因素，连接数字是外向问题的保护问题，选择反应时、划消数字，数字符号，JPB总T分是混合问题的保护因素，JPB影响是混合问题的危险因素，混合问题儿童的JPB影响的检出率高于单一问题儿童，（2）CBCL总分与JPB总T分，数字符号，连接数字的T分有显著负相关。结论：行为问题儿童精神运动功能较差，有轻微脑损伤的可能。     

工作记忆、执行功能、加工速度与数学障碍儿童推理和心算能力的关系

目的：探讨工作记忆、执行功能、加工速度与数学障碍儿童推理和心算能力的关系。方法：采用智力测验、成就测验、教师提名、学业成绩相结合的综合标准甑选数学障碍儿童，在长沙市三所小学随机选取4-6年级共12个班，从中抽取24名数学障碍儿壹和24名学习正常儿童。对两组儿童进行工作记忆、执行功能、加工速度以及数字推理、图案推理和心算测验。结果：数学障碍组的工作记忆、执行功能及加工速度测验成绩均屁著低于学习正常组（P〈0．001—0．05），数学障碍组数字推理、图案推理和心算成绩也湿著低于正常组；数字推理、图案推理及心算成绩与听觉工作记忆、视觉工作记忆、执行功能和加工速度均有显著相关；逐步回归分析结果显示，进入推理能力回归方程的自变量有听觉工作记忆和视觉工作记忆；进入心算的回归方程的是听觉工作记忆和加工速度。结论：数学障碍儿童存在工作记忆、执行功能和加工速度缺陷；数学障碍儿童的推理能力低于正常学习儿童，主要可由工作记忆能力不足来解释，而心算能力低下则可由听觉工作记忆和加工速度共同解释。     

壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱防治轻度认知功能障碍的P300研究

目的采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),研究轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者服用壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱前后在执行单位加法心算任务时的脑内时程的P300波幅和潜伏期的差别,旨在探讨壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱对MCI患者P300的影响。方法采用纵向研究配伍组设计方案,根据MCI的诊断标准选取15例MCI患者,采用事件相关电位(ERP)分析技术,通过单位加法心算实验,分析其P300成分的变化。结果①MCI患者用药前后反应时比较有显著性差异(P=0.000);②用药后MCI患者的P300波幅比用药前波幅显著降低(F=28,P=0.038)。结论①壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱可以提高MCI患者的心算能力和心算速度;②壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱可以提高MCI患者注意、记忆等认知能力;③服用壳聚糖磷脂酰胆碱后,MCI患者对算式视觉刺激的感知、辨别变得敏感,神经细胞在对算式的认知加工阶段兴奋性增高,短时间内动用相对较多的资源,从而提高了心算效率。     

心率变异性生物反馈对高血压前期患者应激反应的干预效果

目的探讨心率变异性生物反馈（HRV BF）干预高血压前期患者心血管应激反应的效果。方法比较高血压前期者与正常血压者应激反应上血压变化的差异;将36位高血压前期受试者随机分为心率变异性生物反馈（HRV BF）组、慢腹式呼吸（SAB）组和空白对照组。干预组受试者接受每次30 min,每周2次,持续2个月共15次的训练;空白对照组不予干预。实验间隔期嘱受试者每天进行不少于20 min的家庭训练。所有受试者在实验开始前及实验结束后均接受连续2 d同一时间点进行的两种应激测试。结果高血压前期者较正常血压者在应对心算应激时收缩压和舒张压反应性更大。干预2个月后,HRV BF和SAB组收缩压和舒张压平均降压幅度分别为15.4/10.2 mmHg、11.6/7.4 mmHg;空白对照组干预后血压无明显变化。HRV BF能显著降低受试者心算应激时收缩压反应性,较SAB更为明显。结论高血压前期者应激反应性较高,HRV BF训练可以降低受试者应对心理应激时心血管的反应,并降低高血压前期者血压。     

弱智儿童听觉中潜伏期反应和40Hz相关电位

目的：对弱智儿童４０Ｈｚ听觉相关电位（４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ）、听觉中潜伏期反应（ＭＬＲ）和听性脑干反应（ＡＢＲ）检测结果进行比较和评估。方法：在作过ＡＢＲ测试的基础上，对６５例（１３０耳）弱智儿童和３０例（６０耳）正常儿童记录４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ和ＭＬＲ，对两组各项结果进行比较。结果：弱智组４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ和ＭＬＲ波形出现率在２０ｄＢ（ｎＨＬ）声强刺激时明显低于正常组（Ｐ＜０．００１）；４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ反应阈较正常儿童增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；弱智组ＭＬＲ波潜伏期较正常儿稍延长；ＭＬＲ各波振幅较正常组明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ检测弱智组的波形出现率、反应阈值等与正常组儿童的差异小于ＡＢＲ。结论：弱智组平均听力较正常儿童差；４０ＨｚＡＥＲＰ在评价弱智儿童听力时敏感性比ＡＢＲ高，更能检测出患者存在的低频残余听力     

运用反应时探究小学生情绪认知发展特点

目的：探究小学儿童情绪认知的发展特点。方法：采用计算机实验方法和反应时评价指标，运用80对情绪词汇推测小学儿童对四个不同类别情绪（基本积极情绪、基本消极情绪、积极自我意识情绪、消极自我意识情绪）的认知发展差异，以及对引发情绪的原因、情绪的外在行为反应、情绪的后继调节三个维度的认知发展差异。结果：小学儿童对引发情绪的原因、外在行为反应、后继调节三个维度的反应时差异有统计学意义（1289．5、1164．6、1295．7，F=13．535，P〈0．001），且三个维度认知反应时2年级学生均长于4、6年级（P〈0．01），对四个不同类别情绪认知的反应时差异无显著性（1237．1、1269．8、1222．8、1305．2，F=1．520，P=0．220），四个类别的情绪认知反应时2年级均长于4、6年级（P〈0．01）。结论：儿童对情绪行为认知的加工速度最快，对消极自我意识认知的发展相对较慢，且均在2—4年级间发展迅速。     

歼击机飞行员“基本认知能力测验”信效度分析

目的歼击机飞行员“基本认知能力测验”信效度分析。方法采用中科院心理所制定的基本认知能力测验系统（2．0版）,对分层随机抽取的378名歼击机飞行员进行测试。结果①各分量袁重测信度高,相关系数分别是：数字拷贝0．920,汉字比较0．787,心算0．790,汉字旋转0．607,数字工作0．872,双字词再认0．617,无意义图形再认0．592,均达到显著水平（P〈0．05）;②因素分析发现基本认知能力测验存在6个纬度,分别是：数字拷贝、双字词再认、数字加工、数字工作、汉字比较、心算。结论基本认知能力测验信效度较好,可以较好地测试歼击机飞行员认知功能状况。     

Evaluation of Myocardial and Peripheral Vascular Responses During Reaction Time, Mental Arithmetic, and Cold Pressor Tasks

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the covariation of cardiac output and forearm blood flow during reaction time, mental arithmetic, and cold pressor tasks. Cardiac output was indexed using impedance cardiography, whereas impedance venous occlusion plethysmography was used lo index forearm blood flow. Cardiac output increased significantly over resting values in all three tasks, hut the pattern of these increases differed. Large heart rate increases during mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks more than offset stroke volume decreases; the increases in the reaction time task were due to relatively smaller heart rate increases with stroke volume augmentation. For forearm blood flow, all task levels were higher than resting levels, but only mental arithmetic levels were statistically higher. The correlation between cardiac output and forearm blood flow change was significant for the reaction time task, but not for the mental arithmetic or cold pressor tasks.     

Effect of Noise Distraction during Mental Arithmetic on Phasic Cardiovascular Activity

The present study investigated the effects of four experimental variations of mental arithmetic on subjective stress, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. The four conditions were: 1) mental arithmetic only, 2) mental arithmetic with steady 90dB(A) white noise distraction, 3) mental arithmetic with steady real-life noise distraction averaging 90dB(A), and 4) mental arithmetic with varying real-life noise distraction averaging 90dB(A). Subjects were 63 healthy young adults of both genders. The statistical analyses evaluated gender and conditions as independent variables and initial response magnitude as well as within-task adaptation of blood pressure and heart rate. Observed differences for the various experimental conditions were remarkably few: 1) more systolic blood pressure adaptation was found during steady real-life noise distraction than in other conditions; 2) there was a trend toward diastolic blood pressure adaptation for all conditions except the variable real-life noise; and 3) enhanced heart rate responses were displayed during varying real-life noise distraction relative to the other conditions. Overall, the findings are held to indicate that blood pressure and heart rate initial reactivity and adaptation are unaffected by noise distraction with the exception of an exaggerated heart rate response in conditions of high stimulus variability.     

New Approaches to the Diagnosis of Mental State in Children Experiencing Extreme Stress Events

Studies of children from refugee and forced migrant families from international (military) conflicts revealed the characteristics of the mental state and behavior of children and the principles of organization of the treatment and rehabilitation of these children. Mental and behavioral impairments at specific times after mental trauma (the acute, subacute, and long-term periods) were described in relation to age (preschool and school-age/adolescent children), and also in relation to parents’ behavior. The organization of treatment is addressed in relation to the cooperation of different medical specialists (psychiatrists, psychotherapists), psychologists, and social workers. General recommendations are given.     

Cardiovascular Responses to Mental Arithmetic and Handgrip During Different Conditions of Postural Change

Twenty healthy male subjects, aged 18–29 yrs, were studied during three sequences of four different postural trials-sitting, sitting to standing, standing, and standing to sitting. The first sequence was a baseline, without other stimulation. In the remaining two, subjects performed a mental arithmetic task and an isometric handgrip task during each trial (counterbalanced). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and skin conductance were recorded during the trials. The physiological responses to the two tasks were shown to vary as a function of the specific postural trial. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were generally more sensitive to these effects than heart rate or skin conductance. The two tasks facilitated increases in blood pressure during the sitting to standing trials, especially during the standing phase. The increases in blood pressure were comparable to those reported previously for voluntary control and biofeedback procedures. Mental and physical strategies are effective in increasing blood pressure during postural change and may be useful in the management of orthostatic hypotension.     

网络成瘾大学生的心理训练研究

目的探讨心理训练在解决网络成瘾大学生问题中的作用。方法应用台湾陈淑惠教授编制的《中文网络成瘾量袁（CIAS）》对参与心理训练的23名网络成瘾大学生进行了训练前后测试，运用SPSS13．0对数据进行处理分析。结果网络成瘾大学生接受训练前后各项测量指标的平均值均存在显著性差异，与接受心理训练前的各指标平均值相比，接受心理训练后的各指标平均值均显著降低。结论心理训练对改善大学生的网络成瘾症状和缓解相关问题有明显的效果。     

Cardiovascular Effects of Mental Arithmetic in Type A and Type B Females

The cardiovascular responsivity of women demonstrating the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern was investigated by presenting female Type A and Type B subjects with a challenging mental arithmetic task. Female subjects responded to the task with elevations in heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow, but did not show the active vasodilatation in the forearm vasculature seen in males in an earlier study. Type A females as a group were not hyperresponsive compared to Type B. However, measures of Type A behavior interacted with family history of hypertension such that, in the subgroup with a positive family history, the Type A behavior pattern was associated with larger cardiovascular responses. The results suggest that sex differences could be present in the expression of the cardiovascular concomitants of Type A behavior. Both gender and family history of cardiovascular disease may represent additional dimensions in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms linking Type A behavior and coronary disease.     

Computerized Cardiovascular Monitoring: Method and Data

This paper describes the development of a digitized, real-time, microcomputer-based signal processing system which records the following variables: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pulse transit time, blood volume pulse, and R-, S-, and T-wave amplitudes of EKG signals. Forty-eight healthy subjects participated in a three-task stress response study in order to gather initial data for evaluating the reliability and validity of this monitoring system. The three tasks represented replications of earlier studies: 1) reading aloud of a monotonous neutral text (Reading Only, RO); 2) mental arithmetic without vocalization (Arithmetic Quiet, AQ); and 3) mental arithmetic with vocalization (Arithmetic Aloud, AA). The findings provided support for the reliability and validity of the new monitoring system given that few data were lost, and resting values as well as differential task responses were found to be comparable with earlier data sets derived via similar experimental protocols.     

广西壮族少年儿童心理卫生特点

目的:探讨广西壮族儿童心理卫生特点。方法:采用艾森克个性问卷(儿童版)(EPQ)、Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)、儿童主观生活质量问卷、Conners儿童行为量表父母问卷和教师评定量表、儿童适应行为评定量表、儿少一般情况调查表对7033例4岁-16岁各民族儿童进行测试,重点分析壮族儿童的心理卫生特点。结果:壮族儿童的E分低于汉族(P<0.01),N分和P分与汉族无明显差异(P>0.05),自我意识和主观生活质量总分低于汉族(P<0.01)。适应商数与汉族无明显差异(P>0.05)。共检出各类心理问题2678例,检出率38.08%。其中壮族1614例(40.1%),汉族811例(33.4%),瑶族176例(41.5%),其他少数民族76例(32.8%),差异有高度显著性(P<0.01)。不同性别、年龄儿童在行为问题、自我意识降低、行为偏差上检出率有显著性差异(P<0.01)。农村儿童的心理卫生问题明显高于城市儿童(P<0.01)。结论:壮族少年儿童的心理卫生状况有与其他民族不同的特点,心理卫生问题的检出率处于较高水平,应引起有关部门和社会的广泛关注。