促红细胞生成素的神经保护功能与视网膜保护作用

促红细胞生成素(EPO)是一种主要影响红细胞生成的体液因子,在中枢神经系统缺氧缺血性脑损伤中发挥抗细胞凋亡、抗兴奋性氨基酸神经毒性、抗自由基、抗氧化作用和神经营养作用,在视网膜疾病的神经元损伤中具有神经保护和促进神经再生的功能.     

核因子-E2相关因子2在眼底病中的研究现状与进展

核因子-E2相关因子2（Nrf2）是细胞氧化应激反应中的关键因子,它通过与抗氧化反应元件（A RE）相互作用启动下游抗氧化应激酶和Ⅱ相解毒酶基因表达.Nrf2具有抗炎、免疫抑制、抗凋亡、神经保护等多种作用,与眼底疾病,如年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜缺血缺氧性病变密切相关.本文就Nrf2在眼底病中的研究现况与进展进行综述.     

载脂蛋白A1及其模拟肽在眼科疾病中的研究新进展

近年来,脂质代谢紊乱与眼科疾病关系密切.体外研究和临床前模型显示,高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)及其主要蛋白成分载脂蛋白A1(apolipoprotein A1,apoA1)对内皮细胞具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗凋亡作用,对血管具有强大的保护作用.ApoA1模拟肽能够模拟apoA1功能...     

三萜类化合物在眼部疾病治疗应用研究的进展

三萜类化合物是一大类地表和海洋植物以及动物体内的代谢产物,具有多种生物活性和广泛的药理特性,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、抗过敏、抗病毒等,近年来已成为各领域的研究热点.而氧化应激、炎性、新生血管形成等又参与了多种眼部疾病的发生发展,三萜类化合物在角膜疾病、葡萄膜炎、青光眼、白内障、视网膜疾病、视神经病变、视网膜母细胞瘤等治疗中的作用已有广泛研究.     

APO A-I与眼部疾病关系的研究进展

载脂蛋白A-I (apolipoprotein A-I,APO A-I)作为高密度脂蛋白的重要组成部分,具有维持高密度脂蛋白结构稳定、参与胆固醇逆转运、抗炎和抗氧化的作用.APO A-I水平异常会导致一系列疾病,如:心肌梗死、阿尔茨海默病、遗传性淀粉样变性等.近来研究发现,APO A-I的水平与糖尿病视网膜病变、年龄相关性黄斑变性等眼科疾病密切相关.本文就APO A-I与眼部疾病关系的研究现状进行综述.     

虾青素对1型糖尿病大鼠代谢性白内障的预防作用及其机制

背景 糖尿病性白内障的发病机制尚未完全明了,研究认为多种代谢通路参与其发病,其中包括氧化应激机制.研究表明虾青素有强大的抗氧化作用,可有效抑制氧化应激损伤及脂质过氧化,但目前鲜见虾青素对糖尿病性白内障防治作用研究的相关报道. 目的 观察虾青素对1型糖尿病大鼠代谢性白内障的预防作用及其机制.方法 将38只SPF级6周龄雄性SD大鼠纳入研究,其中30只大鼠用一次性腹腔内注射质量分数1％链脲佐菌素(STZ)方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型,连续3d血糖值＞16.7 mol/L者为造模成功,应用随机数字表法将造模成功的24只大鼠随机分为糖尿病模型组、低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组,正常对照组8只大鼠同法注射等容量生理盐水.低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组大鼠分别给予50mg/(kg·d)和100 mg/(kg·d)虾青素以及橄榄油和饲料混合物连续喂养3个月,糖尿病模型组大鼠以等容量橄榄油混合饲料喂养,正常对照组以正常饲料喂养.造模后用裂隙灯显微镜行眼前节照相并对晶状体混浊的严重程度分为1～5级;收集大鼠双侧眼球制备晶状体切片,采用苏木精-伊红染色法观察大鼠晶状体的组织病理学改变;采用免疫组织化学法观察晶状体中糖基化终末产物(AGEs)的阳性表达并进行定量分析;采用ELISA双抗体夹心法测定各组大鼠晶状体内AGEs质量浓度、丙二醛(MDA)浓度、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量浓度.结果 造模后2、4、6、8、10和12周糖尿病模型组、低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组大鼠血糖水平均明显高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),而糖尿病模型组、低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组间大鼠血糖水平的差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).正常对照组大鼠晶状体透明,为1级,糖尿病模型组晶状体混浊均为5级,不同剂量虾青素组大鼠晶状体混浊度多为3～4级.低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组大鼠晶状体匀浆内的AGEs质量浓度分别为(7.23±0.50) μg/ml和(7.01±0.37) μg/ml,MDA浓度分别为(1.43±0.22) mmol/L和(1.35±0.16)mmol/L,均低于糖尿病模型组的(7.61±0.45) μg/ml和(1.62±0.42) mmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).低剂量虾青素组和高剂量虾青素组大鼠晶状体中GSH质量浓度分别为(272.70±12.53) ng/L和(283.52±16.17) ng/L,SOD含量分别为(55.45±6.47)μmol/(min·L)和(56.73 ±5.12) μmol/(min·L),CAT含量分别为(2.91±0.41) μmol/(min· L)和(3.02±0.13) μmol/(min·L),均明显高于糖尿病模型组的(241.52±15.13) ng/L、(51.67±5.45) μmol/(min·L)和(2.72±0.27)μmol/(min·L),差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),低剂量虾青素组大鼠晶状体中GSH质量浓度和SOD含量明显低于高剂量虾青素组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05). 结论 虾青素能够延缓1型糖尿病大鼠代谢性白内障的发生和发展,其作用机制与其抗氧化应激反应有关.     

米诺环素对视网膜神经节细胞保护作用的研究进展

视网膜神经节细胞作为中枢神经系统的一部分,是青光眼和视网膜疾病的主要受损细胞。米诺环素是一种半合成的四环素类衍生物,除广谱抗菌功效外,还具有抗氧化、抗凋亡和抑制小胶质细胞活化的作用,对神经元具有一定的保护作用。研究证明米诺环素对视网膜神经节细胞也具有保护作用,在视神经外伤、青光眼和多种视网膜疾病的研究中均显示了不同程度的效果。本文就米诺环素对视网膜神经节细胞的神经保护作用及其作用机制作一综述。     

氢气在眼科的应用研究现状

氢气具有选择性抗氧化、抗凋亡、抗炎症、抗过敏等作用,其抗氧化作用主要通过选择性与羟自由基反应而发挥.氢气对大鼠视网膜缺血再灌注损伤模型具有视神经保护作用,对氧诱导视网膜病变、蓝光诱导视网膜损害和糖尿病视网膜病变具有一定保护作用.此外,氢气对大鼠碱烧伤诱导角膜新生血管模型具有抑制作用.     

促红细胞生成素的神经保护功能与视网膜保护作用

促红细胞生成素（EPO）是一种主要影响红细胞生成的体液因子，在中枢神经系统缺氧缺血性脑损伤中发挥抗细胞凋亡、抗兴奋性氨基酸神经毒性、抗自由基、抗氧化作用和神经营养作用，在视网膜疾病的神经元损伤中具有神经保护和促进神经再生的功能。(中华眼底病杂志,2005,21:196-199)     

明目中药活性单体的研究现状

中医中药是祖国传统医药学的瑰宝,随着传统中药的标准化和国际化进程的推进,中药的有效单体亟待明确与开发.目前,国内外学者对中药的活性单体成分研究报道逐渐增多,但单体数量庞杂,缺少系统性归纳.本文对2015版《中国药典》第1部中记载的对眼部有治疗作用的56种中药中已知的相关药理作用与其对应的活性组分或单体进行归纳总结,并将这些具有眼部治疗作用的中药材中含有的主要成分或单体按照治疗眼部疾病的作用机制,从抗病原微生物、抗炎及免疫调节、抗氧化应激损伤、神经保护、血管保护作用几个方面分类阐述其最新的眼科研究进展,以期为致力于眼科疾病治疗及中药开发研究的科研人员提供一定的参考.     

Strabisme Alternant - Etude clinique - traitement

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term alternation should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true.The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition. Working from clinical observations of cases of motor alternating strabismus, the author selects 2 types of binocular sensory relations which allow one to differentiate between:- cases of primary alternating strabismus- cases of secondary alternating strabismusThese forms will develop in different ways; in both cases a cure is possible providing that the right treatment is prescribed and once prescribed carefully followed, etc. It is always a case of serious forms of strabismus whose developmental period is spread over several years.According to the authors, the frequency of cases of true primary strabismus is from 1–3%, the frequency of cases of secondary alternating strabismus varies according to the type of therapy practised on cases of monocular strabismus with amblyopia. These latter will become cases of alternating strabismus under the influence of certain types of therapy carried out over several years (penalization, rocking, alternated occlusion, etc...).Experimental data on kittens confirm clinical data; kittens placed in abnormal environments during the sensitive period will show modification in the distribution of cortical cells and the absence of binocular cells (either because the excitation of the two eyes was not simultaneous, or not identical: artificial strabismus, occlusion, opaque glasses). This disturbances become irreversible after a certain period of exposure (a function of age, length of exposure, etc...).It is thus necessary to bear in mind: 1) the iatrogenic risks of certain orthoptic treatments, 2) the necessity for a binocular form of treatment as soon as possible, as once a certain stage is passed, cortical plasticity diminishes and the elaboration of normal binocular relations becomes impossible.

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Effects of Adenosine Agonists on Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Cynomolgus Monkeys

The effects of single or multiple topical doses of the relatively selective A₁adenosine receptor agonists (R)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) on intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow (AHF) and outflow facility were investigated in ocular normotensive cynomolgus monkeys. IOP and AHF were determined, under ketamine anesthesia, by Goldmann applanation tonometry and fluorophotometry, respectively. Total outflow facility was determined by anterior chamber perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. A single unilateral topical application of R-PIA (20–250 μg) or CHA (20–500 μg) produced ocular hypertension (maximum rise=4.9 or 3.5 mmHg) within 30 min, followed by ocular hypotension (maximum fall=2.1 or 3.6 mmHg) from 2–6 hr. The relatively selective adenosine A₂antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 320 μg) inhibited the early hypertension, without influencing the hypotension. Neither 100 μg R-PIA nor 500 μg CHA clearly altered AHF. Total outflow facility was increased by 71% 3 hr after 100 μg R-PIA. In conclusion, the early ocular hypertension produced by topical adenosine agonists in cynomolgus monkeys is associated with the activation of adenosine A₂receptors, while the subsequent hypotension appears to be mediated by adenosine A₁receptors and results primarily from increased outflow facility.