经颈静脉肝内门体分流术对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者血流动力学的影响

[目的]观察经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)对肝硬化门脉高压症患者门脉血流动力学的影响,探讨TIPS治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效性及机制。[方法]30例肝硬化门脉高压症患者,TIPS术前及术后,彩色多普勒超声测量门脉主干压、内径、血流速度及脾静脉内径。放射免疫法测定血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)和血管内皮素(ET)浓度。[结果]30例患者术后的门脉压(24.8±3.6)cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)与术前的(44.6±5.8)cmH2O比较;门脉内径(1.28±0.06)cm与术前的(1.65±0.09)cm比较;门脉血流速度(43.5±13.2)cm/s与术前的(11.6±3.8)cm/s比较;脾静脉内径(0.92±0.06)cm与术前的(1.24±0.04)cm比较,均P<0.01。血浆ET、PRA、ATⅡ浓度分别为(84.52±28.15)、(89.92±35.46)、(159.65±62.42)ng/L,与术前的(126.25±40.36)(、186.32±68.74)、(253.48±106.57)ng/L比较,均P<0.01。术后腹水较术前明显减少。[结论]TIPS能有效降低门脉压,降低血浆ET、PRA及ATⅡ的浓度,改善患者门脉系统及全身的血循环。     

缬沙坦对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者血液动力学的影响

目的研究血管紧张素受体Ⅱ拮抗剂缬沙坦对肝硬化门静脉高压症患者血液动力学的影响。方法52例肝硬化门静脉高压患者服用缬沙坦80mg/日，治疗3个月，治疗前后检测门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径、门静脉血流速度、脾静脉血流速度、门静脉血流量、脾静脉血流量。结果在Child-Pugh A、B级患者，治疗前后门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径及门静脉血流量、脾静脉血流量均降低，门静脉血流速度、脾静脉血流速度均减慢（P〈0．01），但在Child-Pugh C级患者虽有变化，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论缬沙坦具有较好的降低肝硬化门静脉高压的作用。     

双介入治疗肝硬化门脉高压和脾功能亢进症

目的 探讨经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)和部分脾栓塞术(Partial splenic embolization,PSE)联合治疗肝硬化门脉高压及脾功能亢进症的疗效.方法 30例均为肝硬化门脉高压及脾功能亢进症患者,行TIPS术后再行PSE术.用超声检测门、脾静脉内径、门脉主干血流速度、脾脏长径和厚度;血细胞分析仪检测血象.结果 30例患者TIPS术后的门脉压力较术前降低(P＜0.01).门、脾静脉内径较术前缩小(P＜0.01),门脉主干血流速度较术前增快(P＜0.01);术后3～6月的脾脏长径及厚度、白细胞、血小板及血红蛋白较术前均无明显变化(P＞0.05).30例患者PSE术后的门、脾静脉内径、门脉主干血流速度与TIPS术后的比较无明显变化(P＞0,05);而白细胞、血小板及血红蛋白较TIPS术后明显升高(P＜0.01),脾脏长径和厚度较TIPS术后缩小(P＜0.05).结论 联合TIPS和PSE术治疗,能有效降低肝硬化患者的门脉压力,同时又能缓解脾功能亢进.     

TIPS用于肝硬化门脉高压对患者远期预后的影响

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)对肝硬化门脉高压(PH)患者远期预后的影响。方法选取我院2015年1月—2018年1月收治的肝硬化门脉高压患者78例。根据随机数字表法分成TIPS组(n=39)、对照组(n=39)。对照组行贲门周围血管离断术,TIPS组行TIPS术。分析两组术前、术后12个月脾静脉内径、门脉压力、门脉内径、门脉主干血流速度、门脉压力梯度值(PSG)的变化。比较两组患者顽固性腹水的疗效,并分析术后12个月内再出血、肝性脑病发生率,记录两组远期生存率。结果 TIPS组顽固性腹水缓解率为86.67%,与对照组的81.25%比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后12个月的脾静脉内径、门脉压力、门脉内径、PSG低于术前,门脉主干血流速度高于术前(P0.05),且TIPS组脾静脉内径、门脉压力、门脉内径、PSG低于对照组,门脉主干血流速度高于对照组(P0.05)。TIPS组术后12个月内再出血发生率为5.13%,低于对照组的20.51%(P0.05)。TIPS组术后12个月内生存率为94.87%,高于对照组的79.49%(P0.05)。结论肝硬化PH患者采用TIPS术治疗,能进一步改善远期门静脉参数,降低再出血率,提高生存率,总体疗效良好。     

内镜套扎-部分脾栓塞联合术治疗门脉高压症的临床疗效观察

探讨内镜套扎-部分脾栓塞联合术治疗门脉高压症的临床应用价值。对2 5例合并食道静脉曲张和脾功能亢进的门脉高压患者进行内镜套扎-部分脾栓塞联合术,对其术前术后外周血象、脾脏大小、门静脉、脾静脉内径的变化进行对比研究。联合术后患者食道静脉曲张得到根治,脾功能亢进明显缓解,脾脏缩小(P <0 .0 1)、门静脉、脾静脉内径缩小(P <0 . 0 1)。内镜套扎-部分脾栓塞联合术治疗门脉高压症具有简便、安全、效果显著、创伤小、并发症少等优点,是治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的一种新的途径。     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压患者的疗效及对血流动力学的影响

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(Tips)治疗肝硬化门静脉高压的疗效、并发症及对血流动力学的影响。方法回顾性分析Tips治疗肝硬化门静脉高压患者259例的临床资料,观察术后的疗效、并发症,应用彩色多普勒超声检测术前、术后门脉系统血流动力学的变化。结果Tips成功率98.8%(256/259),总有效率为96.48%(247/256),术后1年发生分流道狭窄闭塞率为18.36%(47/256),术后再出血率17.19%(44/256),肝性脑病发生率25.39%(65/256);术后门静脉压降为(18.04±4.32)mmHg,明显低于术前的(29.42±5.36)mmHg(P<0.05),治疗后门静脉直径及血流量、脾静脉内径及血流量与术前比较明显较低,而门静脉流速和脾静脉流速均较术前明显增高(P<0.05)。child-pugh分级和支架内径与肝性脑病发生率呈正相关(P<0.05),右肝静脉穿刺组支架狭窄率明显高于肝段下腔静脉穿刺组(P<0.05)。结论 Tips是治疗门静脉高压快速有效安全的微创方法,成功率高,治疗有效率高,能有效降低门脉压。     

TIPS治疗对肝硬化门脉高压症患者血清MMP-2、MMP-9和VEGF水平的影响

目的探讨经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术(TIPS)治疗对肝硬化门脉高压症患者血清基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)、MMP-9和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的影响及意义。方法将2016年1月—2017年5月在青海仁济医院普外科接受TIPS治疗的60例肝硬化门脉高压患者作为研究对象,评估术后疗效并记录术后并发症,观察术后肝功能指标[总胆红素(TBil)、ALT、AST、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)]变化,血流动力学指标[门静脉直径(PVD),门静脉血流量(PVF),门静脉流速(PVV),脾静脉直径(SVD)、脾静脉血流量(SVF)和脾静脉血流速度(SVV)]变化,血清MMP-2、MMP-9和VEGF水平。结果 59例患者TIPS手术获得成功,手术成功率98.33%(59/60),手术总有效率93.33%(56/60);术后门静脉压力(18.91±4.33)cmH2O较术前[(32.54±6.17)cmH2O]明显降低(P0.05);术后1周患者TBil、ALT、AST、γ-GT水平均较术前明显升高(P0.05);术后3个月患者TBil、ALT、AST、γ-GT水平较术后1周明显降低(P0.05),与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月患者PVD、PVF、SVD、SVF较术前明显降低(P0.05),PVV和SVV较术前明显升高(P0.05);术后3个月患者血清MMP-2、MMP-9和VEGF水平较术前明显下降(P0.05);术后1年支架狭窄发生率21.67%(13/60),肝性脑病发生率18.33%(11/60),消化道再出血发生率15.00%(9/60)。结论 TIPS治疗能够降低肝硬化门脉高压患者血清MMP-2、MMP-9和VEGF水平,可能对肝内及门体侧支循环血管生成起抑制作用。     

肝硬化患者食道静脉曲张程度与门静脉高压相关指标的关系

目的：采用多普勒超声技术判断乙型肝炎肝硬化患者上消化道出血的危险性。方法：多普勒超声测定20例Chid-Pugh分级为B或C级的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和10名正常体检者（正常组）门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉的内径以厦最高平均血流速度，电子胃镜测定食道静脉曲张程度，分析食道静脉曲张程度与超声检测指标之间的关系。结果：门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉的内径比正常组显著增加（P〈0．01），但它们的最高平均血流速度与正常组接近（P〉0．05）；食道静脉曲张程度与脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉的内径呈显著性正相关（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），与肠系膜上静脉最高平均血流速度呈正相关（P〈0．05），门静脉的内径和最高平均血流速度均与食道静脉曲张程度无显著相关性（P〉0．05）．脾静脉最高平均血流速度与食道静脉曲张程度亦无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论：脾静脉内径能反映食道静脉曲张程度，肠系膜上静脉血流速度的增加提示上消化道出血的危险性加大。     

软肝冲剂对肝炎肝硬化门脉高压患者血清一氧化氮、内皮素的影响

目的：观察软肝冲剂对肝炎肝硬化门脉高压患者门静脉主干内径及血流量、血流速度和血清一氧化氮（NO），内皮素（ET）的影响。方法：选择肝炎肝硬化门脉高压患者97例，随机分为两组，治疗组口服软肝冲剂，对照级以西药常规治疗，观察治疗后的总有效率、肝功能，门静脉主干内径及血流量、血流速度和血清NO、ET的变化。结果：经治疗后治疗组总有效率优于对照组（P＜0．05），患者ANT，TBil明显降低，Alb和A／G均明显升高，门静脉内径变窄，血流量增多，血流速度变快，同时NO及ET亦显著降低，与对照组比较，差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05或0．01）。结论：软肝冲剂治疗肝炎肝硬化门脉高压疗效显著，能明显改善肝功能，降低门静脉压力，其作用机制之一是降低血清NO、ET水平。     

肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张及曲张程度的早期诊断方法分析

目的 对乙肝后肝硬化门脉高压症患者胃镜、B超、血液检验等进行分析，探讨这些检查在肝硬化门脉高压症患者食管静脉曲张诊断中的意义。方法 148例乙肝后肝硬化患者（合并或无门脉高压者）进行电子胃镜、腹部B超、血液检验，观察食管胃底静脉曲张的情况，测量门静脉主干内径、脾静脉内径及脾脏长径之间的差异，并分析这些指标与食管静脉曲张的关系。结果 食管静脉曲张发生率为61％，食管静脉曲张程度越重，伴胃底静脉曲张比例越高；随食管静脉曲张程度不同，门静脉主干内径、脾静脉主干内径及脾脏长径之间存在差异。血小板记数、脾脏长径、血小板记数／脾脏长径、Child—Pugh分级在合并有食管静脉曲张与未合并食管静脉曲张两组中存在明显差异。多因素分析发现，血小板记数／脾脏长径指数与食管静脉曲张的发生密切相关，独立性强。结论 门静脉主十内径、脾静脉内径、脾脏厚度可为判断门静脉高压提供参考，综合上述3点并结合胃镜检查结果可较准确判断有无食管静脉曲张及程度；血小板记数／脾脏长径指数能够较为准确地预测肝硬化门脉高压症食管静脉曲张的发生。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.