湖北省襄阳市30~64岁妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的 了解现阶段湖北省襄阳市妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌（“两癌”）流行情况及其发病的影响因素。方法 对襄阳市辖区内30~64岁已婚妇女进行问卷调查,收集一般人口学信息、疾病既往史、家族肿瘤史、月经生育史及妇科疾病患病情况等资料。宫颈癌筛查采用高危型HPV初筛,结合液基薄层细胞学检查、阴道镜和病理学检查的逐级筛查手段开展。乳腺癌筛查采用视诊、触诊和彩色多普勒超声进行初筛,结合乳腺钼靶X线及病理学检查的逐级筛查手段开展。结果 2017年全市共有318 067名30~64岁妇女参与了“两癌”筛查,检出非HPV生殖道感染91 143例（28.66%）;子宫良性疾病44 736例（14.06%）;宫颈癌前病变826例（259.69/10万）,其中CINⅡ 385例,CINⅢ 425例,原位腺癌16例;检出宫颈癌79例（24.84/10万）,其中微小浸润癌18例,浸润癌61例;检出良性乳腺疾病44 097例（13.86%）;检出乳腺癌80例（25.27/10万）。影响因素分析提示：年龄、宫颈癌家族史、多孕、绝经年龄较晚和生殖道感染可能为宫颈癌的危险因素,而年龄、较高文化程度和乳腺癌家族史则可能为乳腺癌的危险因素。结论 襄阳市妇女 “两癌”发病处于中等水平,定期的筛查和积极控制高危因素,对“两癌”的防治意义重大。     

TCT制片质量控制和宫颈癌诊断

目的:探讨液基细胞学(TCT)制片质量控制方法以及筛查宫颈癌的优点.方法: 分析18500例液基细胞学制片技术的取材、涂片、染色等过程质量控制方法,并筛查出阳性者诊断,包括宫颈癌、鳞状上皮内高度病变,与活检和HPV DNA阳性检出率对照.结果: TCT优片率98.8%(18287/18500),TCT检出的和活检检出宫颈癌100%(18/18),CIN3级97%(30/31),CIN2级90%(42/46),HPVDNA阳性检出率与细胞学分级密切相关且在细胞学与组织学相同级别基本一致.结论: TCT制片质量控制有利于提高制片质量及宫颈癌、鳞状上皮内高度病变诊断,TCT检查敏感性高,可作筛查宫颈癌的检查.     

山西省襄垣县2009~2015年农村女性宫颈癌筛查项目结果分析

[目的]通过分析襄垣县2009～2015年农村妇女宫颈癌筛查结果,为国家宫颈癌筛查项目的评价和优化提供理论依据.[方法]对襄垣县35～64岁妇女开展宫颈癌筛查.2009～2013年采用醋酸/碘染色后肉眼观察(VIA/VILI),2014年开始部分引入人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)检测,2015年又引入新柏氏液基细胞学(TCT)检测,根据卫生资源情况在不同人群中分别使用三种方法.任意筛查结果阳性者转诊阴道镜,镜下有病变时取活检,以病理诊断为金标准.通过评价不同方法对宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)2级及以上病变的检出率评价不同方法对宫颈癌的筛查效果.[结果] 2009～2015年共筛查62 618名女性,其中CIN2级及以上(CIN2+)病变的患病率为0.76％,早诊率为90.53％,下生殖道感染率为25.68％,其中滴虫性阴道炎、细菌性阴道炎和宫颈炎与HPV感染相关.根据2014及2015年数据,VIA/VILI的CIN2+病变检出率为0.74％,TCT的病变检出率为0.70％,两者相似,但均低于HPV检测,其病变检出率为1.37％.[结论]HPV检测是首选的宫颈癌初筛方法,在资源匮乏地区,培训合格的基层医生使用VIA/VILI或TCT方法对适龄妇女开展宫颈癌筛查是有效的备选方案.     

山西省襄垣县采用careHPV检测技术进行宫颈癌初筛的效果分析

[目的]评价careHPV检测技术在农村宫颈癌筛查中的应用情况.[方法]对山西襄垣县2270名35～64岁妇女采用careHPV检测技术进行官颈癌初筛,初筛阳性者接受液基细胞学分流,分流阳性者召回阴道镜检查及活检,以病理结果为金标准.[结果]参加筛查的妇女平均年龄45.7±6.8岁,careHPV阳性率为12.9％(292/2270),阴道镜转诊率为4.8％(109/2270),CIN1、CIN2+检出率分别为1.4％(31/2270)和1.7％(38/2270).在既往筛查史上,参加过筛查的妇女CIN2+的检出率要低于从未参加过筛查的妇女(x2=4.50,P=0.042).[结论]careHPV检测技术初筛细胞学分流的筛查策略有助于在降低阴道镜转诊率的同时,提高宫颈病变的检出率,扩大筛查覆盖面.该策略适用于资源相对贫乏的农村地区.     

长春市延吉市女性乳腺癌筛查结果分析

[目的]了解长春延吉两市妇女乳腺癌发病情况。[方法]吉林省2008年中央财政转移支付乳腺癌筛查工作组采取乳腺手诊初筛加钼靶X线、彩超及病理学等进一步诊断的方法,对吉林省延吉市和长春市35～69岁妇女进行乳腺癌筛查。[结果]延吉市完成筛查10224人,检出乳腺癌13例,检出率为127.15/10万,高于同期全国乳腺癌检出率60.91/10万(P<0.05)。长春市完成筛查10067人,检出乳腺癌4例,检出率为39.73/10万,低于全国乳腺癌检出率(P<0.05)。延吉市筛查目标人群中不仅乳腺癌高发,而且其它乳腺疾病包括良性肿瘤和非肿瘤良性病变均高发。延吉市汉族受检人群乳腺癌检出率高达172.36/10万,而朝鲜族仅54.54/10万,后者与全国平均水平相近。数据分析显示朝汉民族乳腺良性疾病的检出率无差异。[结论]吉林省延吉市乳腺疾病包括乳腺癌、乳腺良性肿瘤、非肿瘤良性病变均高发,乳腺良性疾病检出率与目标人群中朝鲜族和汉族人口比例无关,但当地汉族人群乳腺癌检出率明显高于全国平均水平。应对延边地区深入开展乳腺癌及其危险因素流行病学调查。     

HPV检测在农村宫颈癌筛查中的作用

[目的]了解HPV检测在辽宁省沈阳市苏家屯地区农村妇女宫颈癌筛查过程中的作用,为宫颈癌筛查提供科学依据.[方法]对2014～2015年间自愿接受宫颈癌筛查的35～64岁农村常住妇女,进行调查、取样和HPV检测.[结果]对10 000名35～64岁妇女进行宫颈癌筛查,发现宫颈癌癌前病变80人(其中CIN1为36人,CIN2为30人,CIN3为14人),宫颈癌3人.高危型HPV阳性共1209人,高危型HPV阳性感染率随年龄的升高而升高.HPV的感染率随着病变程度加重而升高;宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌组HPV 16型的比例显著性高于其他组.[结论] HPV检测在宫颈癌的筛查过程中对提高早诊率具有重要的意义.     

宫颈癌早诊早治农村示范基地研究报告

[目的]通过对9176名妇女采用醋酸或碘染色肉眼筛查方法（VIA/VILI）筛查宫颈癌的早诊早治结果分析,评价在农村高发区宫颈癌采用该筛查方式推广应用的可行性。[方法]以山西省襄垣县30～59岁的妇女作为研究对象进行以自然人群为基础的宫颈癌筛查,用醋酸染色后肉眼观察（VIA）和碘染色后肉眼观察（VILI）进行宫颈检查,VIA或VILI阳性者进行阴道镜检查,阴道镜异常者在病变处取活检进行病理学诊断。采用同样方法对该人群连续复查两年。[结果]首次筛查人群参与率为73.92%,二次复查率为84.3%。2005年首次筛查了1287例妇女,最终经病理确诊的CINⅠ10例、CINⅡ9例、CINⅢ13例、宫颈癌3例。该方法与已往该地区采用液基细胞学和HPV检测联合筛查方法相比较,CINⅡ和≥CINⅢ病变的检出率略低,但差异无统计学意义。连续两年复查出5例CINⅠ,3例CINⅡ,1例CINⅢ。2006～2008年共筛查7889例,首次筛查最终病理确诊116例CINⅠ,36例CINⅡ,35例CINⅢ,4例早期浸润癌,浸润性鳞癌5例。第二次复查,经病理确诊75例CINⅠ,24例CINⅡ,15例CINⅢ,1例早期浸润癌。[结论]在资源有限．经济不发达的农村地区．用VIA／VILI方法对宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查是可行的．建议进一步在农村地区进行推广。     

VIA、VILI在农村宫颈癌筛查中的应用

目的 寻找适合农村地区子宫颈癌及其癌前病变的筛查方法,为降低子宫颈癌的发病率及病死率提供科学方法.方法 以湖北省五峰县（宫颈癌早诊早治项目县之一）长乐坪镇30-59岁的已婚妇女作为对象,进行以人群为基础的子宫颈癌筛查,对符合条件的妇女进行危险因素、癌症及子宫颈癌认知情况的问卷调查,5%醋酸染色后肉眼观察（VIA）和2%的卢戈氏碘染色后肉眼观察（VILI）结果异常者,进行阴道镜下活组织检查并得到最终的病理学诊断,将病变检出率与同年在五峰县其它乡镇的宫颈刮片细胞学筛查结果进行比较.结果 该次筛查人群参与率为70%,最终经活检病理确诊的CINⅠ患病率为0.5%（10例）,CINⅡ0.5%（11例）,CINⅢ1.0%（20例）,子宫颈癌0.1%（2例）;宫颈癌及其癌前病变有年轻化趋势;该次单纯由肉眼观察对CINⅠ、CINⅡ的病变检出率,与同年在当地其它乡镇宫颈刮片细胞学普查结果相当,差别无统计意义,但对≥CINⅢ的病变检出率高于宫颈刮片细胞学筛查结果,有统计学意义.结论 肉眼观察是一种经济有效的宫颈癌筛查方法,适宜在农村地区推广,能使更多贫困地区的妇女及时得到子宫颈癌的早诊早治.     

液基细胞学、HPV检测及hTERC、C-myc基因检测在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用

[目的]研究液基细胞学(TCT)、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)检测及人类染色体端粒酶基因(hTERC)、C-myc基因检测在宫颈癌筛查中的临床应用价值.[方法]对1 000例患者分别进行TCT、HPV-DNA检测、荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测hTERC、C-myc基因,对以上任一结果阳性者进行阴道镜下宫颈活检术,以病理学结果为金标准,评价上述方法的敏感度及特异性.[结果]1000例患者中,TCT异常者304例(30.4％);HPV阳性者273例(27.3％);hTERC阳性者90例(9.0％);C-myc阳性者59例(5.9％).467例患者行阴道镜下宫颈活检术,结果宫颈慢性炎者244例,宫颈病变者223例,其中宫颈上皮内瘤变CINI 73例(15.6％),CINⅡ87例(18.6％),CINⅢ53例(11.3％),宫颈鳞状细胞癌10例(2.1％).hTERC基因在正常宫颈细胞、CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为4.1％、16.4％、36.8％、50.9％和90％.C-myc 在正常宫颈、CIN Ⅰ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌中的阳性表达率分别为1.6％、9.6％、21.8％、37.7％和90％.[结论]联合筛查方法优于单一检测方法,TCT+hTERC联合检测宫颈癌的效果最好,hTERC、C-myc基因异常扩增率随宫颈病变程度的加重而增加,与宫颈癌发生发展密切相关.     

维、汉族HPV阳性妇女宫颈脱落细胞中L1蛋白的表达差异研究

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨人乳头状瘤病毒( HPV) L1 壳蛋白在维、汉族HPV阳性宫颈不同病变脱落细胞中的表达。［方法］ 收集宫颈脱落细胞标本 300 例,维吾尔族妇女129例：慢性宫颈炎64例(49%),CIN1 24例(19%),CIN2/3 26 例(20%),宫颈癌15例(12%);汉族妇女171例：慢性宫颈炎83例(48%),CIN1 39例(23%),CIN2/3 39例(23%),宫颈癌10例(6%)。采用免疫细胞化学法检测 HPV L1壳蛋白在宫颈脱落细胞中的表达。［结果］ 维吾尔族妇女L1的表达阳性率为：慢性宫颈炎31%（20/64）,CIN1 63% (15/24),CIN2/3 27% (7/26),宫颈癌中无表达,各组间比较差异有统计学意义 (χ2=17.466,P=0.01) ,且随病变程度加重（CIN到宫颈癌）,HPV L1壳蛋白阳性表达率呈下降趋势。汉族妇女L1蛋白表达阳性率：慢性宫颈炎39%（32/83）,CIN1 59% (23/39),CIN2/3 26% (10/39),宫颈癌中无表达。维吾尔族妇女与汉族妇女同级别宫颈病变间L1表达率差异均无统计学意义 (P均＞0.05)。［结论］ HPV L1 壳蛋白在宫颈病变中的阳性表达率随着病变程度加重呈下降趋势（CIN到宫颈癌）,有望成为预测宫颈癌前病变进展的生物标志物。HPV L1壳蛋白在维、汉族同级别宫颈病变间的表达无差异。     

2006-2009年山西省襄垣县VIA/VILI筛查宫颈癌的检出效果评价

目的：通过对2006—2009年山西省襄垣县宫颈癌筛查早诊早治结果分析,评价醋酸或碘染色肉眼观察法（visual inspection with acetic acid/Lugol’s iodine,VIA/VILI）宫颈癌筛查方案在农村高发区推广应用的可行性。方法2006—2009年在山西省襄垣县对30~59岁的妇女进行宫颈癌筛查。用VIA和VILI作为初筛方法,VIA/VILI阳性者进行阴道镜检查,阴道镜异常者在病变处取活检进行病理诊断。对VIA和VILI阴性、VIA/VILI阳性但阴道镜检查正常、VIA/VILI阳性同时阴道镜检查异常且病理活检结果为轻度宫颈上皮内瘤样病变（cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1,CIN1）或正常的妇女一年后用与初筛同样的方法进行复查。结果2006—2010年累计筛查16703人次,其中初筛9618人,复查7085人。4年初筛人群累计阴道镜转诊率、中度CIN及以上（CIN2+）检出率、重度CIN及以上（CIN3+）检出率分别为4.6%（438/9618）、0.9%（82/9618）、0.5%（44/9618）;复查人群上述指标分别为3.1%（221/7085）、0.6%（42/7085）、0.2%（19/7085）;筛查人群累计（包括初筛和复查）上述指标分别为4.0%（659/16703）、1.3%（124/9618）、0.7%（63/9618）。初筛人群阴道镜转诊率、CIN2+检出率和CIN3+检出率均随方案的持续开展呈升高趋势（P<0.001）;复查阴道镜转诊率、CIN2+检出率则呈下降趋势（P<0.001）。结论随着VIA/VILI筛查方案在示范基地的推广,筛查效果越来越显著。VIA/VI-LI是一种经济有效的宫颈癌及其癌前病变筛查方法,适宜在资源有限、经济欠发达的农村地区推广。持续的培训和实践是VIA/VILI筛查方案有效实施的关键措施。     

重庆市宫颈癌机会性筛查方法研究

[目的]分析重庆市宫颈癌机会性筛查的基本现状,探索适合重庆市宫颈癌机会性筛查方法。[方法]收集分析2009年重庆市8家医院机会性筛查资料,筛查方法包括液基细胞学、巴氏涂片、HPVDNA检测,以及专家推荐的三种筛查方案,Ⅰ方案：HPV检测和液基细胞学组合;Ⅱ方案：传统巴氏涂片和HPV检测;Ⅲ方案：仅用肉眼观察（醋酸或碘染色法,VIA/VILI）。病理确诊宫颈病变及宫颈癌,并对受检妇女进行流行病学调查。[结果]筛查过程中医生实际使用液基细胞学2390例（64.26%）,Ⅲ方案2300例（61.84%）,巴氏涂片194例（5.22%）,Ⅰ方案103例（2.77%）,Ⅱ方案52例（1.40%）,HPVDNA检测17例（0.46%）,最普遍采用的方法是液基细胞学、肉眼观察。检出CIN217例,检出率为9.68%;宫颈癌22例,检出率为0.98%。对受检妇女进行流行病学调查显示,愿意选择液基细胞学所占比例（69.69%）最高,其次分别为阴道镜（47.26%）、VIA/VILI（40.04%）、巴氏涂片（4.35%）,所占比例最低为HPVDNA（3.54%）,而经济欠发达、文化程度低、年长者、家人未患有肿瘤者更愿意选择传统筛查方法。[结论]不管是筛查过程中医生实际使用,还是受检妇女的选择,均是以细胞学为重庆市宫颈癌的主要检测手段,液基细胞学正逐步被广泛使用;而肉眼观察仍为重庆市经济欠发达地区宫颈癌筛查的另一主要检测手段。     

VIA-VILI结合电子阴道镜检随访筛查早期发现宫颈病变

目的 在宫颈癌高发区通过对高危人群实施跟踪随访筛查以达到宫颈癌早期诊断和早期治疗。方法 对目标人群的30~59岁适龄妇女应用醋染（VIA）和碘染（VILI）进行初筛,结合子阴道镜检和病理检查进而明确诊断。结果 2006~2007年共筛查5595人,随访检查3676人,最终病理诊断结果证实CIN Ⅰ189例,CIN Ⅱ25例,CIN Ⅲ/原位癌19例,宫颈浸润癌8例。结论 碘染、醋染作为宫颈癌的初筛方法其符合率分别为41.6%和64%,但结合阴道镜及镜下定位活检病理检查可大大提高宫颈癌癌前病变及早期宫颈癌的诊断率。     

Evaluation of Several Screening Approaches for Detection of Cervical Lesions in Rural Shandong,China

Purpose: The study was designed to: (1) investigate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV)infection and cervical neoplasia; and (2) evaluate clinical performance of visual inspection with aceticacid/ Lugol’s iodine (VIA /VILI), Pap smear, high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) DNA test for detectingcervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) and (3) explore appropriate screening approach inrural areas of Shandong Province. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,763 eligible women from Yiyuan Countyin Yimeng mountainous areas of rural Shandong, China, were enrolled and underwent Pap smear, HR-HPVDNA testing by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2), and VIA /VILI tests. Women positive in any test were referred tocolposcopy and biopsy as indicated. Results: The prevalence of HR-HPV infection among all enrolled womenwas 11.1% and that in healthy women was 9.9%. In total 33 cases of CIN1, 16 cases of CIN2, 6 cases of CIN3 butnone of cervical cancer were detected and the crude prevalence of CIN2+ was 0.58%. For detecting CIN2+, thesensitivity of HR-HPV DNA testing, VIA/VILI, Pap smear was 90.9%, 77.3%, 81.8%, respectively. Pap smearhad the best specificity of 98.2%, followed by HR-HPV DNA testing with specificity of 89.4%, VIA/VILI hadthe lowest specificity of 81.2%. Colposcopy referral rate of HR-HPV DNA testing, VIA/VILI, Pap smear was11.1%, 18.5%, 2.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HR-HPV DNA testing alone might beappropriate for primary cervical cancer screening in rural low-resource areas of Shandong Province, China.     

Accuracy of concurrent visual and cytology screening in detecting cervical cancer precursors in rural India

The high burden of cervical cancer and inadequate/suboptimal cytology screening in developing countries led to the evaluation of visual screening tests, like visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI). We describe the performance of VIA, VILI and cytology, carried out in a multinational project called "Screening Technologies to Advance Rapid Testing" in 5,519 women aged 30-49 years, in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). VIA, VILI and cytology were positive in 16.9%, 15.6% and 6.1% women, respectively. We found 57 cases of CIN2, 55 of CIN3 and 12 of cervical cancer; 90% of CIN3 and 43% CIN2 cases were positive for p16 overexpression and high-risk HPV infection, indicating a high validity of histological diagnosis. The sensitivity of VIA, VILI and cytology to detect high-grade CIN were 64.5%, 64.5% and 67.7%, respectively; specificities were 84.2%, 85.5% and 95.4%. A high proportion of p16 positive CIN 3 (93.8%) and 2 (76.9%) were positive on cytology compared with visual tests (68.8% and 53.8%, respectively) indicating a higher sensitivity of cytology to detect p16 positive high-grade CIN. However, the immediate availability of the results from the visual tests permits diagnosis and/or treatment to be performed in the same sitting, which can potentially reduce loss to follow-up when women must be recalled following positive cytology. Organizing visual screening services in low-resource countries may facilitate the gradual building of an infrastructure committed to screening allowing the eventual introduction of more sensitive, highly objective, reproducible and affordable human papillomavirus screening tests in future.     

Test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA) and Lugol's iodine (VILI) in cervical cancer screening in Kerala,India

Simple and inexpensive methods based on visual examination of the cervix are currently being investigated as alternative methods of cervical screening. The test characteristics of visual inspection with 4% acetic acid (VIA), and Lugol's iodine (VILI) and conventional cytology were investigated in a cross-sectional study involving 4,444 women aged 25 to 65 years in Kerala, India. While detection of any acetowhite area constituted a low-threshold positive VIA, detection of well-defined, opaque acetowhite lesions close to or touching the squamocolumnar junction constituted a high-threshold positive VIA test. Detection of definite yellow iodine nonuptake areas in the transformation zone close to or touching the squamocolumnar junction constituted a positive VILI test. Cytology was considered positive if reported as atypia or worse lesions. All screened women were evaluated by colposcopy and biopsies were directed in 1,644 women (37.0%), which allowed the direct estimation of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. The reference diagnosis was based on a combination of histology and/or colposcopy. True disease status was defined as CIN 2 and worse lesions. A total of 149 (3.4%) women had CIN 2 or worse lesions. The sensitivities of low-threshold VIA, high-threshold VIA, VILI and cytology to detect CIN 2 or worse disease were 88.6%, 82.6%, 87.2% and 81.9%, respectively; the corresponding specificities were 78.0%, 86.5%, 84.7% and 87.8%. Our results indicate that VIA and VILI are suitable alternate screening tests to cytology for detecting cervical neoplasia in low-resource settings.     

Pooled analysis of the accuracy of five cervical cancer screening tests assessed in eleven studies in Africa and India

Cervical cancer is the main cancer among women in sub-Saharan Africa, India and other parts of the developing world. Evaluation of screening performance of effective, feasible and affordable early detection and management methods is a public health priority. Five screening methods, naked eye visual inspection of the cervix uteri after application of diluted acetic acid (VIA), or Lugol's iodine (VILI) or with a magnifying device (VIAM), the Pap smear and human papillomavirus testing with the high-risk probe of the Hybrid Capture-2 assay (HC2), were evaluated in 11 studies in India and Africa. More than 58,000 women, aged 25-64 years, were tested with 2-5 screening tests and outcome verification was done on all women independent of the screen test results. The outcome was presence or absence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) of different degrees or invasive cervical cancer. Verification was based on colposcopy and histological interpretation of colposcopy-directed biopsies. Negative colposcopy was accepted as a truly negative outcome. VIA showed a sensitivity of 79% (95% CI 73-85%) and 83% (95% CI 77-89%), and a specificity of 85% (95% CI 81-89%) and 84% (95% CI 80-88%) for the outcomes CIN2+ or CIN3+, respectively. VILI was on average 10% more sensitive and equally specific. VIAM showed similar results as VIA. The Pap smear showed lowest sensitivity, even at the lowest cutoff of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (57%; 95% CI 38-76%) for CIN2+ but the specificity was rather high (93%; 95% CI 89-97%). The HC2-assay showed a sensitivity for CIN2+ of 62% (95% CI 56-68%) and a specificity of 94% (95% CI 92-95%). Substantial interstudy variation was observed in the accuracy of the visual screening methods. Accuracy of visual methods and cytology increased over time, whereas performance of HC2 was constant. Results of visual tests and colposcopy were highly correlated. This study was the largest ever done that evaluates the cross-sectional accuracy of screening tests for cervical cancer precursors in developing countries. The merit of the study was that all screened subjects were submitted to confirmatory investigations avoiding to verification bias. A major finding was the consistently higher sensitivity but equal specificity of VILI compared with VIA. Nevertheless, some caution is warranted in the interpretation of observed accuracy measures, since a certain degree of gold standard misclassification cannot be excluded. Because of the correlation between visual screening tests and colposcopy and a certain degree of over-diagnosis of apparent CIN2+ by study pathologists, it is possible that both sensitivity and specificity of VIA and VILI were overestimated. Gold standard verification error could also explain the surprisingly low sensitivity of HC2, which contrasts with findings from other studies.     

两次醋酸染色肉眼观察在宫颈癌筛查中的价值

[目的]探讨两次醋酸染色肉眼观察(VIA)在宫颈癌筛查中的应用价值。[方法]2011年对2463名河南省新密市25～65岁的妇女进行HPV检测、VIA的联合筛查,任一筛查阳性者和10%随机抽取的筛查阴性者共855名妇女进行第二次VIA和阴道镜检查。[结果]最终完成两次VIA、阴道镜检查及宫颈活检的855名妇女,其中未绝经组561人,绝经组294人。未绝经组和绝经组第一次VIA的阳性率分别为19.8%(111/561)和7.1%(21/294),灵敏度分别为59.1%和20.0%,特异性分别为81.8%和93.6%。未绝经组和绝经组进行第二次VIA的阳性率分别为15.7%(88/561)和5.8%(17/294)。未绝经组和绝经组进行两次VIA检查总的阳性率分别为27.3%和10.2%,两次VIA检查并联的灵敏度分别为81.8%和40.0%,特异性分别为75.0%和91.4%。未绝经组通过两次VIA检查比单独一次VIA检查多发现5例CIN2+的漏诊病例(1例CIN2,4例CIN3),绝经组通过两次VIA检查比单独一次VIA检查多发现3例CIN3的漏诊病例。[结论]宫颈癌筛查中,两次VIA检查不仅可以明显提高单次VIA检查的灵敏度,还可以发现单次VIA检查漏诊的高度CIN病例。两次VIA在未绝经女性宫颈癌筛查中的价值优于绝经组。     

2008年-2010年四省7个筛查点子宫颈癌早诊早治实施情况介绍

在启动“两癌”筛查(子宫颈癌、乳腺癌)重大公共卫生项目前, 我国一直无全国性的、系统的子宫颈癌防治计划, 尤其是广大农村地区更缺乏子宫颈癌的防治技术和经验。2006年卫生部疾病控制局以中央财政转移支付形式在山西襄垣、江西靖安等全国6个高发地区采用肉眼观察法进行子宫颈癌筛查, 2008年始在全国范围内扩大到了43个县市。本研究的实施为之后开始的国家重大公共卫生服务项目“两癌”筛查提供了子宫颈癌筛查方案选择的依据和经验。