肱骨小头骨折的手术治疗

肱骨远端以肱骨小头-滑车间沟为界,分为内髁和外髁.外髁包括关节面和非关节面两部分,关节面部分即为肱骨小头,关节面位于外髁前、下部,肘关节屈曲时桡骨头与前关节面相关节,肘关节伸直时桡骨头与下关节面相关节.肱骨小头骨折(eapitellar fracture)累及肱骨外髁关节面及其软骨下骨,也可累及相邻的滑车桡侧部,故肱骨小头骨折也被称作肱骨小头一滑车骨折[1-4].     

高频超声在肱骨外上髁炎诊断中的应用

目的 :探讨高频超声在肱骨外上髁炎诊断中的应用价值。方法 :对2013年9月至2014年9月在我院临床诊断肱骨外上髁炎的57例患者,行高频超声切面扫查患侧伸肌总腱,观察肱骨外上髁伸肌总腱的边界、厚度、内部回声、血流分布情况及外上髁骨面是否光整,并与健侧对比检查。常规扫查桡侧副韧带、桡骨环状韧带、肱桡关节间隙。结果:57例均有异常回声表现,其中18例伸肌总腱增厚、边界欠清晰光整,内部可见局灶性无回声区,纤维纹理连续中断,CDFI示局灶无回声区内部见少量血流信号;26例伸肌总腱增厚、边界欠清晰光整,内部呈片状回声减低不均匀,纤维纹理欠清,CDFI示回声减低区域血流信号丰富;3例伸肌总腱仅稍增厚或不增厚,内部回声欠均匀,与外上髁骨面间不规则无回声区,CDFI示不规则无回声区内部无血流信号;10例伸肌总腱增厚、边界不清,内部回声高低不均匀,纤维纹理不清,可见弧形高回声钙化灶伴声影,外上髁骨面粗糙不光整或伴骨刺凸起,CDFI示肌腱内少量血流信号或无血流信号。57例健侧肱骨外上髁对比探查显示,伸肌总腱为纤维带状结构扇形止于肱骨外上髁,边界清晰光整,纤维连续性好,内部回声均匀一致,CDFI示内部无血流信号。患侧肘关节桡侧副韧带、桡骨环状韧带、肱桡关节间隙与健侧对比未发现异常。结论:高频超声能清楚显示肱骨外上髁及伸肌总腱结构与病变情况,能够为肱骨外上髁炎的临床诊断提供客观可靠的依据。     

肘关节周围韧带肌腱附着处骨化对氟骨症的诊断价值

目的 探讨肘关节周围韧带肌腱附着处骨化对氟骨症的诊断价值.方法 分析2011-03在燃煤型地氟病区人群调查中发现的23例氟骨症氟性肘关节病患者的肘关节X线征象.结果 肱骨内、外上髁肌腱附着处骨化各7例,桡骨头环状韧带骨化6例,肘关节间隙狭窄18例,肘关节面下骨小梁粗大或细密改变10例,肘关节面下骨质囊性变4例,滑车外侧骨嵴骨赘形成4例,肱尺关节内缘骨赘形成8例,上尺桡关节相对面骨赘形成3例.结论 桡骨头环状韧带骨化及肱骨内、外上髁屈伸肌腱附着处骨化是氟性关节病具有特征性的重要征象,对氟骨症的诊断有重要意义.     

儿童肘关节常见骨折的DR诊断体会

目的:总结儿童肘关节常见骨折DR片的诊断经验.方法:有确切肘关节外伤史伴肿胀且DR诊断为3种常见骨折的患儿114例.其中肱骨髁上骨折81例,外侧髁骨折20例,内侧髁上骨折13例.观察明确显示的骨折线、肱骨前线征、肱桡小头线征、骨化中心位置和排列顺序及有无前后脂肪垫征、泪滴变形.结果:肱骨髁上骨折中明确显示骨折线比例为97.5％,肱骨前线征为92.6％,泪滴变形为81.5％,前后脂肪垫征为21％;外侧髁骨折中明确显示骨折线比例为85％,肱桡小头线征为65％,骨化中心位置和排列顺序改变为25％,前后脂肪垫征为20％;内侧髁上骨折中骨化中心位置和排列顺序改变比例为76.9％,明确显示骨折线为23.1％,前后脂肪垫征为15.4％.结论:诊断肱骨髁上骨折和外侧髁骨折主要依靠直接显示的骨折线,诊断内上髁骨折主要依靠肘部骨化中心位置和排列顺序的改变,肱骨前线征、泪滴变形、肱桡小头线征、脂肪垫征都是十分重要的辅助诊断征象.     

儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折6例手术体会

儿童陈旧性孟氏骨折的治疗较困难 ,单纯桡骨小头切除效果不理想。 1990～ 1997年 ,我们采用不同术式治疗此类骨折 6例。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　男 4例 ,女 2例 ;年龄 8～ 11岁 ,平均 9 5岁。均为闭合损伤 ,曾在外院手法复位和小夹板固定。骨折至手术 10个月～ 2 5年。肌力均减弱 ,但手和腕的活动度无明显改变。Ｘ线表现 :桡骨小头和桡骨颈均细长 ,向近侧移位并增长 ,其中 ,突出肱桡关节外 0 5ｃｍ者 2例 ,2ｃｍ者 2例 ,3ｃｍ者 1例 ,4ｃｍ者 1例。鹰嘴半月切迹均变浅 ,尺骨畸形愈合 2例 ,尺肱关节组合不良合并肘前骨化性肌炎、下尺桡…     

肱骨上髁炎的磁共振诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振成像（MRI）在肱骨内、外上髁炎的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析12例肱骨内、外上髁炎病变患者的MRI图像。部分患者与关节手术对照。结果：12例患者中,1例同时患有内、外上髁炎;余11例中,内上髁炎1例,外上髁炎10例;10例外上髁炎显示伸肌总腱增粗,其内不规则高信号,伴或不伴周围程度水肿,其中2例可见肱骨外上髁局部信号异常,1例伴外侧副韧带部分撕裂;2例内上髁炎显示屈肌总腱增粗,伴有信号增高,肱骨内上髁未见明显异常。结论：MRI能显示肌腱的急慢性损伤,显示骨髓水肿,同时,MRI有助于正确诊断和了解较为复杂的肘关节损伤。     

肱骨外上髁炎临床表现与伸肌总腱损伤程度的相关性研究

目的：探讨肱骨外上髁炎临床表现与伸肌总腱损伤程度的相关性。方法：对经-临床确诊的23例肱骨外上髁炎患者共24个肘关节行MRI常规扫描,采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法（VAS）将肱骨外上髁炎疼痛程度分为轻、中和重度。分析MRI图像,将伸肌总腱损伤分为轻、中扣重度。对肱骨外上髁炎患者的VAS疼痛等级和伸肌总腱损伤程度进行Spearman等级相关分析。结果：24个肘关节中,根据VAS评分轻度疼痛关节8个,中度10个,重度6个;MRI图像分析和统计显示伸肌总腱轻度损伤10个,中度7个,重度7个。肱骨外上髁炎VAS疼痛等级与伸肌总腱损伤程度呈正相关（rs=0．784,P〈0．01）。结论：MRI是诊断肱骨外上髁炎的重要辅助检查手段;随着肱骨外上炎疼痛等级增加,伸肌总腱损伤程度也明显增加,对患者诊疗具有重要的指导作用。     

Dubberley 3B型后外侧粉碎性肱骨小头-滑车骨折内固定手术治疗

肱骨远端冠状面的剪切骨折主要累及肱骨小头及滑车,是一类特殊的肘关节损伤[1],致伤机制是当上肢处于外展伸直位时摔伤,桡骨头的垂直剪切暴力作用于肱骨小头,导致肱骨小头的冠状面剪切骨折,伴或不伴有肱骨滑车的骨折[2].随着对此类骨折认识的深入,发现创伤越严重,此类骨折越容易累及肱骨远端外髁,并导致外髁后外侧壁的粉碎.单独的肱骨小头骨折并不常见,80％的病例累及部分滑车,伴随外侧副韧带损伤患者达60％[3].对伴有后外侧壁粉碎的肱骨小头骨折固定难度大,通常的外侧钢板或无头加压螺钉固定方式无法达到坚强内固定的要求.对于此类复杂骨折手术治疗方法仍存在较大争议.笔者医院创伤骨科应用微型钢板重建后外侧壁的支撑,并在肱骨小头前侧附加微型钢板对其进行抗滑钢板固定,形成了坚强的"三明治样"夹心内固定方式.本研究回顾性分析2016年1月—2020年2月应用该内固定方法治疗Dubberley 3B型后外侧粉碎的肱骨小头—滑车骨折22例,获得了满意的临床疗效.     

可吸收棒内固定治疗儿童陈旧性GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的评价町吸收棒内固定治疗陈旧性GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的可行性及疗效。方法采用直径为2mm或1．5mm的超高分子聚-DL-乳酸（PDLLA）可吸收棒治疗陈旧性GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折56例。经肘后正中“S”形切口,从肱三头肌两侧暴露,外侧由肱三头肌、肱桡肌间隙进入,内侧由肱三头肌与肱肌间隙进入,不破坏肌纤维及伸肘装置。切开复位后2～3枚钉棒内固定,术中检查稳定性是否良好,术后行长臂石膏托外固定3～4周,2～3周后间断拆石膏进行关节功能训练,每3～4周定期复查X线片,观察骨折愈合情况。结果本组56例得到完全随访,术后平均随访19个月（3～36个月）,术后X线片示骨折解剖复位38例,无术后骨折再移位。骨折全部愈合,无伤口感染,无Volkmann缺血性挛缩、骨化性肌炎及继发性尺神经损伤,发生肘内翻畸形3例;术前检查有神经损伤症状的患者均在2个月内恢复,无后遗症;按Flynn肘关节评定标准,本组优49例、良4例、可3例,优良率为94．6％。结论PDLLA可吸收棒内固定治疗儿童陈旧性GartlandⅢ型肱骨髁上骨折,固定牢靠,效果理想,不影响骨骺发育。因避免了再次手术取内固定,患者家属乐于接受,满意度高。     

运用MRI对肱骨外上髁炎的综合性评价

目的 探讨肱骨外上髁炎MRI的综合表现.方法 对经临床诊断的23例肱骨外上髁炎患者共24个肘关节分别行MRI检查,按伸肌总腱损伤程度分为轻、中和重度,观察患者是否合并其他损伤,包括桡侧尺副韧带损伤,桡侧副韧带损伤,内侧副韧带损伤,伸肌损伤、骨质损伤、关节腔积液、肱二头肌腱损伤等.将韧带的损伤分为轻、中和重度三级.对伸肌总腱和桡侧尺副韧带的损伤程度作Spearman等级相关分析,P＜0.05认为有显著相关.结果 伸肌总腱轻度损伤10例,中度7例,重度7例.合并桡侧尺副韧带损伤22例(轻度9例,中度6例,重度7例),桡侧副韧带损伤8例,内侧副韧带损伤3例,伸肌损伤7例,骨质损伤5例,关节腔积液6例,肱二头肌腱损伤1例,肘肌损伤7例.伸肌总腱与桡侧尺副韧带的损伤程度呈正相关(r,=0.852,P＜0.01).结论 肱骨外上髁炎并非单一的伸肌总腱病变,多合并其他改变,并且随着伸肌总腱损伤的加重,桡侧尺副韧带损伤也加重,对诊疗具有重要的指导作用.     

肱骨下端骺软骨血供的研究

通过对３具尸体肱骨下端骺软骨血供的研究，发现肱骨下端４块化骨核的血供有独立分布的规律性，其中肱骨小头及外上髁骺软骨的血供最丰富，内上髁骺软骨亦较丰富，而滑车骺软骨血供最差，从而可以解释肘关节创伤后产生肱骨下端畸形愈合的原因，以便为骨科临床处理肘关节创伤提供依据。     

Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of treatment response of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment response in lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) by MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 30 patients with clinical symptoms of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow using T1-, T2- and T2-weighted fat-saturated (FS) sequences. The patients were randomised to either i.m. corticosteroid injection (n=16) or immobilisation in a wrist splint (n=14). Magnetic resonance imaging of the elbow was performed on a 1.5-T MR system at baseline and after 6 weeks. The extensor carpi radialis (ECRB) tendon, the radial collateral ligament, lateral humerus epicondyle at tendon insertion site, joint fluid and signal intensity changes within brachio-radialis and anconeus muscles were evaluated on the MR units workstation before and after 6 weeks of treatment. The MRI was performed once in 22 healthy controls for comparison and all images evaluated by an investigator blinded to the clinical status of the subjects. The MR images showed thickening with separation of the ECRB tendon from the radial collateral ligament and abnormal signal change in 25 of the 30 patients on the T1-weighted sequences at inclusion. The signal intensity of the ECRB tendon was increased in 24 of the 30 patients with lateral epicondylitis of the elbow on the T2-weighted FS sequences. In the patients there were no associations between pathologically signal intensity within the ECRB tendon on T1- and T2-weighted sequences and the degree of self-reported pain (Dumbells test) at inclusion. In general, the MRI changes persisted in the patients at follow-up after 6 weeks despite clinical remission. The increased signal intensity within the extensor tendon is indicative of lateral epicondylitis humeri. The changes in signal intensity and morphology of ECRB tendon seem to be chronic and may persist despite clinical improvement.     

News briefs

Elbow fractures are common injuries in active patients. When the fracture is nondisplaced, nonoperative treatment is frequently successful. Because stiffness is a common complication, early mobilization is an important aim of treatment; this may necessitate surgical fixation. This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the distal humerus, lateral epicondyle, medial condyle, lateral condyle, olecranon, coronoid process, radial head, and radial neck, as well as supracondylar fractures and Monteggia's fracture.     

MR imaging of epicondylitis

Objective. To systematically evaluate the MR findings in patients with epicondylitis compared with asymptomatic volunteers. Design and patients. We imaged 43 elbows: 24 with epicondylitis (22 lateral, 2 medial) diagnosed by clinical examination, and 19 in 16 normal volunteers. MRI was performed at 1.5 T using axial T1-weighted, axial fat-saturated FSE, and coronal or sagittal Fast STIR sequences. Two independent observers evaluated the images for intratendon signal, tendon thickening, periosteal reaction, fluid in the radial head bursa, and anconeus edema. Results. All 24 patients with epicondylitis had increased signal on fat-saturated FSE and Fast STIR images. Twenty-two of these patients had increased intratendon T1 signal, and 19 had tendon thickening. No patient demonstrated fluid in the radial head bursa or periosteal reaction. Only two patients had subtle anconeus edema, while three patients unexpectedly had increased T2 signal within the involved epicondyle. One asymptomatic volunteer (high-performance athlete) had increased T1 and T2 signal with tendon thickening. An additional two asymptomatic volunteers had increased T1 signal only. Conclusion. MRI of epicondylitis demonstrates tendon thickening with increased T1 and T2 signal, but these findings may be seen in a small minority of asymptomatic individuals. Anconeus edema, previously demonstrated on MRI in epicondylitis, was only rarely found, and distension of the radial head bursa, surgically described, was not seen. Increased marrow T2 signal within the involved epicondyle is occasionally seen.     

MR imaging findings of lateral ulnar collateral ligament abnormalities in patients with lateral epicondylitis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to use MR imaging to determine whether a relationship exists between lateral epicondylitis and abnormalities of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 35 consecutive patients who were referred for MR imaging to rule out lateral epicondylitis. On MR imaging, "lateral epicondylitis" was defined as increased signal intensity of the extensor tendons close to their insertion on the lateral epicondyle. The severity of the lateral epicondylitis was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The origin of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex was characterized, and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament was graded as normal, thickened, partially torn, or torn. Eleven patients underwent elbow surgery after the initial MR examination. RESULTS: In 15 patients, MR imaging revealed characteristics of mild lateral epicondylitis. In 13 of these patients, the lateral ulnar collateral ligament was normal; one patient showed a thickened ligament; and one patient had a thinned ligament. In 11 patients, MR imaging showed features of moderate lateral epicondylitis. In eight of these patients, the lateral ulnar collateral ligament was thickened, and in the remaining three patients the ligament was normal. All nine patients with severe lateral epicondylitis showed abnormalities of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament on MR imaging. In one of these patients the lateral ulnar collateral ligament was thickened, in three patients we saw a partial tear, and in the remaining five patients we saw a complete tear of the ligament. CONCLUSION: In our study, MR imaging features of lateral epicondylitis were often associated with thickening and tears of the lateral ulnar collateral ligament.     

Medial condyle fracture of the distal humerus in an adolescent with pre-existing fishtail deformity. A case report

Medial condyle fractures of the humerus are rare in any age group. We report a unique case of a humeral medial condyle fracture in a 15-year-old boy with posttraumatic fishtail deformity. The fracture line extended up from the top of the sharp trochlear wedge to the incomplete medial supracondylar cortical aperture. The appearance of the upward displacement and computed tomography imaging with three-dimensional reconstruction at the two different elbow positions suggested that an edge of the semilunar notch of the olecranon acted as a wedge to break and split the trochlea directly. This is the first visualized case of a wedge type injury and may provide evidence that humeral medial condyle fractures can be produced by the wedge force besides the valgus avulsion one.     

Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous fracture of the humeral shaft in throwers is a rare but well-known phenomenon. Although it has been hypothesized that the biomechanics of the throw cause such fractures, it is not clear how or when the fractures occur in the pitching motion. METHODS: The torque acting about the long axis of the humerus was calculated in 25 professional baseball pitchers throwing in game situations. RESULTS: Peak humeral axial torque reached a mean value of 92 +/- 16 Nm near the time of maximum shoulder external rotation at the end of the cocking phase. This torque tended to externally rotate the distal end of the humerus relative to its proximal end. The direction of the torque was consistent with the external rotation spiral fractures of the humerus noted to occur in throwers. The magnitude of the peak humeral torque averaged 48% of the theoretical torsional strength of the humerus, suggesting that repetitive stress plays a role in humeral shaft fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures are most likely to occur near the time of maximum shoulder external rotation when humeral torque peaks. Pitchers whose elbows were more extended at stride foot contact tended to have lower peak humeral torques.     

Treatment of recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis with suture anchor repair

BACKGROUND: Chronic lateral epicondylitis has been treated with various surgical procedures with varying and often less-than-satisfactory outcomes. HYPOTHESIS: The use of suture anchor repair of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the lateral epicondyle in the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis will result in a more anatomical repair, with resultant improvements in strength, pain, and return to previous sport. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A total of 20 patients (22 elbows) were treated surgically and were observed for a minimum of 2 years. All patients had debridement of the degenerative tissue, followed by repair of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the lateral epicondyle with a suture anchor. The average time to follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 2.2-9.5 years). All patients completed a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire to assess residual disability, and 16 patients underwent a physical examination. The objective evaluation included the assessment of range of motion, grip strength, and pinch strength. Pain was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using a visual analog pain scale. Patients were also questioned with regard to a return to their previous level of activities. RESULTS: The grip and pinch strengths achieved for the operative extremity were 110% and 106%, respectively, of the nonoperative limb. The 16 patients who underwent a physical examination had achieved full range of motion, with 15 (94%) returning to their previous level of activity at an average time of 4.1 months. The mean preoperative pain score was 8.1 (range, 4.0-10.0), whereas the mean postoperative pain score was 0.41 (range, 0-1.5), indicating significant pain relief (P < .001). The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores demonstrated only mild residual disability (mean, 6.6) at follow-up. CONCLUSION: The use of a suture anchor to repair the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the epicondyle after debridement was a satisfactory procedure for recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis with regard to strength, return to previous activities, and pain relief.