异搏定对失血性休克犬肾脏的保护作用及机制的研究

复制犬失血性休克模型。动物随机分为两组：失血对照组（ｎ＝５），失血＋异搏定组（ｎ＝６）。结果发现，异搏定治疗后肾脏组织内黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量均较失血对照组明显降低，而锰－超氧化物歧化酶活性却显著高于失血对照组；肾脏组织电镜观察显示其超微结构操作也较失血对照组轻。提示钙拮抗剂异搏定治疗失血性休克可以减轻肾脏损伤，其机理与改善内脏灌流，减少氧自由基生成有关。     

体外反搏治疗失血性休克中一氧化氮合酶的变化

目的：探讨反搏治疗失血休克中一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）的变化。方法：复制狗的失血休克模型，用同位素方法测定反搏前后各组织的ＮＯＳ活性。结果：体外反搏后平均动脉压较反搏前明显上升（Ｐ＜００１）。脑ＮＯＳ测定值假手术对照组明显高于失血休克组Ｐ＜００１）及失血休克克反搏组（Ｐ＜００１），失血休克组则明显低于失血休克反搏组（Ｐ＜００１）；心肌ＮＯＳ活性假手术对照组与失血休克反搏组均明显高于失血休克组（Ｐ＜００５，Ｐ＜００１），但假手术对照组与失血休克反搏组之间无显著差异（Ｐ＞００５）；主动脉ＮＯＳ活性假手术对照组明显高于失血休克组（Ｐ＜００１）及失血休克反搏组（Ｐ＜００５），但失血休克组与失血休克反搏组间无明显差异（Ｐ＞００５）。结论：体外反搏可以增强小血管ＮＯＳ活性，ＮＯＳ活性的恢复则可能在反搏治疗中起重要作用     

TRH抗高原创伤失血性休克大鼠的作用

目的：大量文献及本实验室以前的研究表明，促甲状腺素释放激素（ＴＲＨ）对平原创伤失血性休克有很好的治疗作用，对低压舱模拟高原创伤失血性休克大鼠、山羊也有较好的治疗作用。为了进一步验证其抗高原创伤失血性休克作用，本实验在西藏拉萨现场观察了ＴＲＨ对高原创伤失血性休克大鼠的治疗作用。方法：初进高原大鼠１５只，分生理盐水对照组（７只），ＴＲＨ治疗组（８组），右侧股骨粉碎性骨折加放血（６０ｋＰａ，维持１ｈ）复制创伤失血休克模型，观察静脉一次性输注ＴＲＨ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和等容量生理盐水对创伤失血休克大鼠血流动力学指标和动物存活时间的影响。结果：ＴＲＨ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）一次性静脉输注能显著提升休克大鼠血压，改善包括左室内压（ＬＶＳＰ），左室内压最大变化速率（±ｄｐ／ｄｔｍａｘ），心肌最大收缩速度（Ｖｐｍ），心肌收缩向量环面积（Ｌｏ）在内的血流动力学指标，维持时间超过２ｈ，同时可明显延长休克动物的存活时间。结论：ＴＲＨ一次静脉输注有较好抗高原创伤失血休克作用，值得进一步临床验证。     

三种莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的影响

氧耗是正常组织细胞生命活动的一个基本标志,不同组织氧耗又不尽相同。失血休克后不同组织细胞氧耗量的测量,文献报道甚少,应用莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的测量亦未见文献报道,故此本文着重探讨莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的影响,为休克的防治提供依据。１　材料和方法１．１　实验动物、药品及仪器由本院动物实验室提供Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠,体重２２０～２５０ｇ,雌雄不拘,分组如下：（１）正常对照组（１０只）,（２）失血休克组（１０只）,（３）盐酸莨菪碱组（１０只,简称６５４２）,（４）溴…     

钙拮抗剂对出血性休克犬重要器官组织中黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

在休克过程中，体内活性氧代谢与细胞内钙超负荷存在着相互影响。为了研究林克和复苏过程中钙拮抗剂对脂质过氧化的影响，用１７只杂种犬快速放血使平均动脉压为５．３２ｋｐｄ，并维持９０ｍｉｎ。然后回输全部失血。在休克３０ｍｉｎ时，各组别静脉注射（１５ｍｉｎ内）硫氮酮（４０ｇ／ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）），异搏定（１０μｇ／ｋｇ·ｍｉｎ￣（－１）），或等量生理盐水。复苏后１５０ｍｉｎ处死动物，取心、肝、肺、肾、胰和小肠组织备检。结果显示，用硫氮酮和异搏定治疗组，各主要脏器组织中黄嘌呤氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量均显著低于休克对照组。而各检测组织中超氧化物歧化酶活性变化不一。这些资料显示钙拮抗剂抗休克的机制与其阻滞Ｃａ２＋内流，降低组织中黄嘌呤氧化酶活性，抑制脂质过氧化有密切关系。     

失血性休克及复苏后不同组织代谢变化与组织损伤差异性的研究

目的：从能量代谢的角度探讨肠组织与心肌、骨骼肌等肠外组织在失血性休克及复苏后组织损伤的差异性。方法：采用大鼠失血性休克复苏模型，高效液相色谱法测定三磷酸腺苷（ATP）、二磷酸腺苷（ADP）和一磷酸腺苷（AMP）含量；生化及比色法测定黄嘌呤氧化酶（XO）、丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平。结果：失血性休克后肠组织、心肌和骨骼肌ATP含量明显低于对照组，分别为对照的26.3%、30.7%和62.8%；复苏后,心肌、骨骼肌ATP含量明显高于休克组；失血性休克及复苏后，肠组织XO活化及MDA含量均明显高于对照组，SOD活力则明显低于对照组，其脂质过氧化程度较心肌和骨骼肌严重。结论：失血性休克及复苏后不同组织能量代谢变化及组织损伤程度存在差异性，肠组织能量代谢障碍及损伤程度重于心肌、骨骼肌等肠外组织。     

高渗盐水对低氧条件下失血性休克家兔肾脏微循环的影响

以低氧条件下失血性休克为动物模型，利用活体微球示踪技术、透射电镜观察和其它生物化学方法，探讨了高渗盐水对低氧条件下失血性休克兔肾脏微循环的影响。实验结果表明，输入高渗盐水能明显改善低氧条件下失血性休克兔肾功能，增加其尿量，降低血尿素氮（ＢＵＮ）、血肌酥（Ｃｒ）、钠排泄分数（ＦＥＮａ）和肾衰指数（ＰＦＩ），同时能减轻肾脏组织损伤程度，从而具有明显的保护休克肾作用。产生这一作用的主要机制在于高渗盐水能较快地恢复肾脏血流灌注，改善肾脏微循环。实验同时证明，用高渗盐水作低氧失血性休克的复苏是安全的，不会引起高血钾或输液反应。     

乳酸林格氏液和羟乙基淀粉对失血性休克大鼠血气的影响

目的乳酸林格氏液、羟乙基淀粉单用与合用对失血性休克大鼠血压与血气指标的影响。方法SD大鼠放血45％复制重度失血性休克模型，分别观察不同量的乳酸林格氏液（LR），羟乙基淀粉（HES）单用与合用对失血性休克大鼠血气指标的影响，同时观察动物的存活时间。结果3倍失血量的LR，HES20输注后的pH值优于LR，HES其他剂量组；1倍失血量的LR＋HES输注后PCO2明显低于其2倍和3倍剂量组。3倍失血量的LR，20mL／kgHES，及1倍失血量的LR＋HES组输注PO2优于其他各剂量组。动物存活时间以1倍失血量的LR＋HES组较好，其他各剂量组间无显著差异。结论不同剂量LR、HES单用及合用对失血性休克大鼠血气指标和存活时间具有一定影响，其中以1倍失血量的LR＋HES复苏血气指标和动物存活情况改善较好。     

三种莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的改变

三种莨菪类药物对失血性休克大鼠不同组织氧耗量的改变解放军总医院微循环研究室（北京１００８５３）刘凤英宋欣田牛应用生物组织氧耗仪测量了正常对照组（１０只）、失血性休克组（１０只）、山莨菪碱组（６５４－２，１０只）、解痉灵组（１０只），樟柳碱组（１０只）...     

肝门阻断对远隔脏器的影响

肝门阻断对远隔脏器的影响为研究肝门阻断对远隔脏器的影响，将３０只实验家兔随机分成４组：假手术对照组（Ｓ组，ｎ＝１０）；全肝门阻断加再灌组（Ｄ组，ｎ＝１０）；全肝门阻断无再灌组（Ｎ组，ｎ＝１０）；部分肝门阻断加再灌组（Ｌ组，ｎ＝５）。分别检测血及组织中...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.