咽炎合剂的质量控制

目的建立咽炎合剂的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱（TLC）对咽炎合剂中金银花、玄参、甘草进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对主药金银花中绿原酸进行含量测定。色谱柱为WondasiC18柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸（20：80：1）,检测波长为327nm;柱温为室温,流速为1．0ml／min。结果咽炎合剂中金银花、玄参、甘草的TLC中,在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的斑点;绿原酸在0．074～1．184μg间有良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）平均回收率为99．30％,RSD为1．17％。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为咽炎合剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方金银花颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定复方金银花颗粒中绿原酸和黄芩苷的含量。方法：色谱柱为Zorbax SB—C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为含1％乙酸的水-甲醇梯度洗脱，检测波长为280nm；柱温为25℃。结果：绿原酸在0．0465～0、2324μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均加样回收率为100．6％，RSD为0．6％；黄芩苷在0．2505～1．2525μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9995），平均加样回收率为100．1％，RSD为1．1％。结论：该方法简便、准确、重现性好，可作为复方金银花颗粒含量控制方法。     

咽喉爽口服液质量标准研究

目的研究咽喉爽口服液的质量控制方法。方法用薄层色谱（TLC）法鉴别制剂中的金银花、甘草、玄参,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定样品的绿原酸含量。结果TLC鉴别中,金银花、甘草、玄参的薄层色谱在与对照药材及对照品色谱相应位置上显相同的斑点,阴性对照无干扰;含量测定中,绿原酸进样量在0．2068～2．0680μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为101．72％,RSD为1．01％（n=6）。结论定性定量方法专属、简便、快速、准确,可作为控制咽喉爽口服液质量的方法。     

复方苦参泡腾片的质量标准研究

目的建立复方苦参泡腾片的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱法对苦参、冰片、蛇床子进行鉴别，并用高效液相色谱法测定苦参碱的含量。结果薄层鉴别色谱斑点清晰，阴性对照无干扰；苦参碱进样量在0．16928—8．464μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系（r=0．9997），平均加样回收率为99．12％，RSD为1．13％（n=6）。结论该方法简单、易行、重现性好，可用于复方苦参泡腾片的质量控制。     

复方止咳冲剂中甘草酸和绿原酸的高效液相色谱法测定

复方止咳冲剂由甘草、金银花等十几味中药与大量赋形剂制成，甘草酸与绿原酸是其中重要的化学组成，本文建立了同时测定甘草酸与绿原酸的RP－HPLC－UV方法，用C18不锈钢柱为色谱柱，以甲醇（0．5％醋酸）－水（0．5％醋酸）为流动相，梯度法洗脱，用外标法定量，测定了三批样品，回收率均大于90％，相对标准偏差均小于3％。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定双黄连口服液中绿原酸的含量

目的：建立一种反相高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定双黄连口服液中绿原酸含量的方法。方法：十八烷基硅烷健合胶柱：甲醇-水-冰醋酸（22：78：1）为流动相，流速1．0ml／min，检测波长327nm，柱温为室温。结果：线性范围0．0402-0．402μg，r=0．9993（n=6）；绿原酸的加样回收率为99．78％（n=-6）（RSD=0．5％）。结论：该法快速、灵敏、准确，适合双黄连口服液中绿原酸含量的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量

目的：建立复方冰片搽剂中冰片、薄荷脑和樟脑的含量测定方法。方法：采用气相色谱法，色谱柱：10％PEG-30M石英毛细管色谱柱；柱温：150℃；进样口温度250℃；程序升温；FID检测器。结果：冰片、樟脑和薄荷脑平均回收率分别为：99．6％（RSD为0．8％）、99．8％（RSD为0．9％）、98．5％（RSD为1．0％）。结论：本法简便准确灵敏，可用于本品的质量控制。     

复方柳菊片的质量标准研究

目的建立复方柳菊片的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱（TLC）法对旱柳叶进行定性鉴别；用高效液相色谱（HPLc）法测定复方柳菊片的绿原酸含量，选用Agilent Hypersil C18色谱柱，流动相为乙腈-0．1％磷酸（12：88），检测波长327nm。结果TLC检出了旱柳叶的特征斑点；绿原酸进样量在0．077～1．93μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均加样回收率为99．63％．RSD=1．60％（n=6）。结论所用方法简便、稳定、可靠，可作为复方柳菊片的质量控制方法。     

秀山金银花、叶、茎中绿原酸的检测及其抑菌作用研究

目的测定金银花及其叶片、茎中绿原酸的含量，考察其抑菌效果。方法采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC法）和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）测定法。色谱柱为Phenomenex C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-pH=2．04的0．4％磷酸（13：87，V／V），流速为0．5mL／min，检测波长为327nm。结果金银花及其叶片、茎中绿原酸的含量分别为6．1％，1．8％，0o金银花提取液和金银花叶片提取液对大肠杆菌的MIC分别为18．75mg／mL和150mg／mL，对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为4．6875mg／mL和37．5mg／mL。结论金银花及其叶片中绿原酸含量高，抑菌作用强。仝银花叶片具有较高的开发价值，药效可代替金银花。     

RP—HPLC测定复方感冒止咳颗粒中绿原酸含量

目的 建立反相高效液相色谱法测定复方感冒止咳颗粒中绿原酸含量。方法 采用Shim-pack VP-ODS C18反相色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）,以乙腈-0．2％磷酸溶液（12：88）为流动相;流速为1．0mL·min^-1;检测波长为327nm;柱温：30℃。结果 绿原酸对照品进样量在0．101-0．805μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999,n=5）,平均加样回收率为99．67％,RSD为1．02％（n=6）。结论 方法简便快捷,结果准确可靠,可作于该制剂的含量测定。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.