钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石260例资料分析

目的 观察钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石的疗效,并分析影响手术成败的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析2009年6月～2012年8月于我院采用钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗的260例单侧上段输尿管结石患者的临床资料.结果 本组242例一次碎石成功,成功率93.1％ (242/260);术后1个月彩超及拍片复查,结石排净率98.3％(238/242).患者性别、结石侧别、结石直径、术前是否行ESWL与手术成败无关,结石数量、是否存在输尿管狭窄或迂曲、是否合并息肉、术前肾积水严重程度与手术成败相关(P均＜0.05).结论 钬激光联合半硬性输尿管镜碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石安全有效.结石数目、是否存在输尿管狭窄或迂曲、是否合并息肉、术前肾积水严重程度是影响手术成败的相关因素.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效观察

目的 观察输尿管下镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效.方法 输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石280例.结果 结石粉碎率为95.36%(267/280),平均结石排净时间1.6周,平均手术时间和术后住院时间分别为33 min及3 d.术中3例发生输尿管穿孔.结论 经输尿管钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效较好且较安全.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗复杂输尿管结石60例体会

目的总结输尿管镜钬激光碎石术的体会,进一步提高复杂性输尿管结石的治疗效果。方法对60例复杂性输尿管结石患者（均有不同程度肾积水;并发结石远端输尿管狭窄36例,合并息肉或肉芽组织包裹结石24例,双侧输尿管结石伴肾功能减退2例）行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术,分析手术效果并总结手术体会。结果单次结石粉碎率95%（57例）,2例因输尿管狭窄段较长,经钬激光切开狭窄后,输尿管镜仍无法通过改开放手术取出结石并行输尿管狭窄段切除术;1例输尿管狭窄处呈盲端,导丝无法通过,直接转开放手术。结论腔内钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石高效、安全,结石大小、合并输尿管狭窄、术中出现结石移位是影响手术效果的重要因素。严格把握适应证、禁忌证,操作时认真、仔细、规范是手术成功的关键。     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石900例

目的观察输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法对900例输尿管结石患者（输尿管上段结石260例、中下段640例,结石0．6cm×0．4×0．5cm-2．2cm×1．2cm×0．8cm大）行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗。结果260例输尿管上段结石患者中,原位单次碎石成功220例（86．2％）;640例输尿管中下段结石患者中,单次碎石成功624例（97．5％）。40例结石回漂至肾盏内,留置双J管后改行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）,碎石成功。平均手术时间为34min。无输尿管黏膜严重穿孔、撕脱等并发症发生,术后平均住院时间3．1d。术后平均随访3个月,结石排净率为98％（882／900）。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石疗效好、安全,可作为治疗输尿管结石,尤其是输尿管中下段结石的首选方法。     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石并发急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭（附58例报告）

目的观察输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗并发急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的输尿管结石的疗效。方法采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石并发急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭58例。结果本组53例短期内肾功能恢复正常;4例患者2周后仍有氮质血症;1例为晚期妊娠患者,术后出现持续高热、腰痛,严重肾脏感染,产后感染才得以控制,肾功能恢复。结论输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术急诊治疗并发急性梗阻性肾功能衰竭的输尿管结石安全有效。伴有感染、贫血者须重视防治并发症。     

经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性输尿管结石

输尿管镜技术结合钬激光在尿路结石的治疗中具有明显优势,相比气压弹道碎石,钬激光以其独特的性能在处理复杂性输尿管结石方面表现出较大的优越性。2007年1月-2008年12月,我院应用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗复杂输尿管结石35例,效果良好。现报告如下。     

经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗输尿管结石(附367例报告)

回顾性分析367例经尿道输尿管镜下行气压弹道和钬激光碎石术的输尿管结石患者手术资料。356例一次碎石成功。并发输尿管穿孔5例,黏膜脱套2例,钬激光术后输尿管狭窄2例。输尿管上段结石排净率85%（53/62）,中下段结石排净率99%（303/305）。认为输尿管镜下气压弹道或钬激光碎石术安全有效,损伤小,已成为体外冲击波碎石术无效的输尿管结石首选治疗方法。     

输尿管镜钬激光联合ESWL、输尿管口切开术治疗输尿管中下段结石伴输尿管狭窄

2000年3月～2007年5月,我们通过输尿管镜钬激光联合体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）和输尿管口切开等微创方法治疗输尿管中下段结石伴输尿管狭窄41例,疗效满意。现报告如下。     

输尿管软镜与输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管上段结石对比

目的对比观察输尿管软镜与输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗老年输尿管上段结石的效果,指导老年输尿管上段结石的临床治疗。方法收集40例经输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的老年输尿管上段结石患者临床资料,将其纳入观察组,收集同期40例经输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的老年输尿管上段结石患者临床资料,将其纳入对照组。比较两组手术相关指标、结石一次清除成功率、二次清石率、6个月后复发率及并发症情况。结果观察组术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间、住院时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组一次清除成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);两组二次清石率、六个月后复发率、感染率、血尿发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组输尿管损伤发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论相较于输尿管硬镜下钬激光碎石术,输尿管软镜下钬激光碎石术可减少老年输尿管上段结石患者碎石术中出血量,缩短手术、住院时间,该术式结石一次清除成功率高,可获得更好的治疗效果,且患者输尿管损伤率降低,安全性更高。     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石60例

泌尿系结石是一种常见病,典型的症状是反复发作的肾绞痛,甚至可引起肾积水、急慢性肾衰竭、尿毒症〔1〕。钬激光是目前众多外科手术用激光中最新的一种,为脉冲式激光。利用其产生的能量可使光纤末端与结石之间的水汽化,是安全的泌尿系结石手术治疗方式〔2〕。本文采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石患者,疗效满意。     

套石篮在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石中的应用

目的探讨套石篮在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石中的临床应用价值。方法55例应用上段输尿管结石患者,随机分为对照组（25例）和观察组（30例）,两组均采用硬性输尿管镜和钬激光碎石术：对照组术中不配合应用套石篮;观察组术中配合应用套石篮。结果总的单次碎石成功率为89.1%（49/55）。结石滑落回肾盂或肾盏内6例,其中对照组5例,观察组1例,术后仍需行ESWL治疗,两组比较P〈0.01。两组术中均无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生。结石排净率100%,无输尿管狭窄发生。结论在输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗上段输尿管结石中配合应用套石篮固定结石后再碎石的方法,可降低结石上推至肾盂内的推回率,从而提高上段输尿管结石的碎石成功率。     

Early postoperative changes in regional systolic and diastolic left ventricular function after transmyocardial laser revascularization: a comparison of holmium:YAG and CO2 lasers

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) on regional left ventricular systolic and diastolic function, myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial water content (MWC). BACKGROUND: Clinical studies of TMR have noted a significant incidence of cardiac complications in the early postoperative period. However, the early post-treatment effects of laser therapy on the myocardium and their potential contribution to postoperative cardiac morbidity are unknown. METHODS: Swine underwent holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (holmium:YAG) (n = 12) or carbon dioxide (CO2) (n = 12) laser TMR. Regional systolic function for the lased and nonlased regions was quantitated using preload recruitable work area (PRWA) and regional diastolic function with the ventricular stiffness constant alpha. RESULTS: Preload recruitable work area was significantly decreased in the lased regions both 1 (59.8+/-13.0% of baseline, p = 0.02) and 6 h (64.2+/-9.4% of baseline, p = 0.02) after holmium:YAG TMR. This decreased PRWA was associated with a significant reduction in MBF to the lased regions (13.2% reduction at 1 h, p = 0.02; 18.4% decrease at 6 h post-TMR, p = 0.01). These changes were not seen after CO2 laser TMR. A significant increase in MWC (1.4+/-0.3% increase with holmium:YAG, p = 0.004; 1+/-0.2% increase with CO2, p = 0.002) and alpha (217.4+/-44.2% of baseline 6 h post-holmium:YAG TMR, p = 0.05; 206+/-36.7% of baseline 6 h post-CO2 TMR, p = 0.03) was seen after TMR with both lasers. CONCLUSIONS: In the early postoperative setting, impaired regional systolic function in association with regional ischemia is seen after TMR with a holmium:YAG laser. Both holmium:YAG and CO2 lasers are associated with increased MWC and impaired diastolic relaxation in the lased regions. These changes may explain the significant incidence of early postoperative cardiac morbidity. The impact of these findings on anginal relief and long-term outcome are not known.     

Laser tissue interaction in direct myocardial revascularization.

This investigation examines the various laser choices used for transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR) with emphasis on the laser-tissue interaction. A series of in vivo (porcine model, n=27) and in vitro experiments were performed to study the effects of CO(2), holmium:YAG, and XeCl excimer lasers on the histological outcome of TMR channels. Computerized histopathological analysis has revealed that the CO(2) and holmium:YAG lasers produce substantial unpredictable thermal damage and differ predominantly in the amount of the mechanical injury or tissue shredding. In comparison, the excimer laser appears to produce the most uniform tissue ablation with the least thermal and shockwave damage.     

Quantitation of colonic injury from argon laser, neodymium: YAG laser and monopolar electrocautery applied to flat mucosa and small sessile polyps of the canine colon

This study determined the optimum laser energy for ablation of colonic mucosal lesions and small sessile polyps in the canine colon. Neodymium (Nd):YAG laser, argon laser, and monopolar electrocautery were applied to exposed canine colonic mucosa for various application times at various power settings. At the minimum energy level necessary to ablate mucosa, the Nd:YAG laser caused greater muscularis injury than the argon laser and monopolar electrocautery. At higher energy levels, monopolar electrocautery and Nd:YAG laser caused greater muscularis injury than argon laser. Small surgically created polyps in the canine colon were ablated endoscopically with the three energy sources. Single-session complete polyp ablation occurred most frequently with Nd:YAG laser and least frequently with argon laser. The depth of tissue injury beneath polyp ablation sites was least with argon laser and greatest with Nd:YAG laser. This study suggests that the argon laser is safer than the Nd:YAG laser or monopolar electrocautery for coagulation of flat colonic mucosal lesions. Although the argon laser is safer for the coagulation of small sessile colonic polyps, it may be less effective than monopolar electrocautery or the Nd:YAG laser for the single-session fulguration of polyps greater than 5 mm in diameter.     

Ablation of rabbit liver, stomach, and colon with a pulsed holmium laser

A pulsed holmium laser (wavelength 2.1 microns, pulse duration 250 microseconds) was used to ablate rabbit liver, stomach, and colon in vivo. Microscopic examination of the tissues revealed zones of thermal damage extending 0.5-1.0 mm from ablation sites. In addition, ablation rates were measured using a mass loss technique and found to increase linearly with delivered radiant exposure. The threshold radiant exposure for ablation was calculated to be 50 J/cm2 with a heat of ablation of 7000 J/cm3. Because the holmium laser produces less thermal necrosis than current endoscopic laser systems, such as the continuous-wave neodymium:YAG laser, and because the ablation rate can be precisely controlled, the holmium laser shows promise as an alternative method for endoscopic removal of tissue.     

Holmium laser angioplasty after failed coronary balloon dilation: use of a new solid-state, infrared laser system

A new solid-state laser system was used in a case of saphenous vein graft occlusion untreatable by standard very low-profile balloon angioplasty. The 2100 nm infrared pulsed thulium/holmium: YAG laser successfully recanalized an obtuse marginal bypass graft without complications. The holmium laser has several advantages over excimer systems and may prove an effective adjunct or alternative to coronary balloon angioplasty.     

输尿管上段结石微创治疗进展

输尿管上段结石有多种处理方法,既往对于保守治疗失败的输尿管上段结石的治疗,常常采用开放手术。近年来,随着泌尿外科微创技术的飞速发展,开展了体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)、逆行输尿管镜碎石术(URS)、微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)、经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术和输尿管镜钬激光碎石术以及后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(LUL)等治疗方法。随着泌尿外科微创治疗广泛开展与日益完善,传统开放手术基本消失。然而,输尿管上段结石由于其独特的空间位置结构等原因,在微创外科治疗方式的选择上还存在争议,该文就输尿管上段结石的微创治疗进展及状况作一综述。     

Thermal Effects In Vivo from Holmium: YAG Lasing in the Intracoronary Setting

While the thermal effect of laser energy does ablate atheromatous plaque, thermal injury to adjacent tissue produces high rates of arterial thrombosis and spasm. Holmium:YAG lasers use a pulsed laser source to maximize photoblative effects while minimizing thermal effects. These lasers have been utilized clinically to ablate thousands of complex coronary lesions with low rates of spasm and thrombosis, suggesting that little or no thermal injury occurs with these devices. However, we have been able to detect thermal injury in patients angioscopically in coronary arteries after holmium:YAG lasing. Here we report the use of directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) to òbiopsyó arteries in patients following holmium:YAG laser treatment, allowing direct histologic examination of lased tissue. Thirty such lased DCA samples were matched for patient age, gender, target vessel, and lesion characteristics with thirty control DCA samples obtained from patients undergoing DCA without prior lasing. Blinded pathologic examination correctly identified 27/30 control samples but only 18/30 lased samples. Subsequent unblinded analysis, sometimes with recutting and restaining of tissue blocks, resulted in the detection of thermal effects in 27/30 lased samples. The thermal effects seen included edge disruption, charring, coagulation necrosis, and most commonly, vacuolization. We conclude that holmium:YAG lasing does produce detectable thermal effects in tissue in most patients. These effects can be quite subtle or can be extensive, but do not predict poor patient outcome.     

Comparison of Ho:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones: An analysis of risk factors

The aim was to compare pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones with different locations and to identify the risk factors for complications. Between March 2005 and November 2012, a total of 230 patients underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy for impacted stones. Of the patients, 117 had pneumatic and 113 had laser lithotripsy for the fragmentation of the stones. Treatment outcomes based on evidence of being stone free were evaluated. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative follow-up findings were analyzed and compared. There was a difference between the two groups according to overall stone clearance rate (93.8% vs. 80.3%, p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference for distal location between the laser and pneumatic groups (96.8% vs. 91.7%, p = 0.288). For 10 patients with intrarenally migrated stones who were managed with flexible ureterorenoscopy in the same session, laser lithotripsy was more successful than pneumatic for proximal ureteral stone (94.4% vs. 67.9%, p = 0.007). The overall complication rate was 26.1%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (29% vs. 23%, p = 0.296). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the proximal location was a statistically significant parameter for the occurrence of complications in both groups (p = 0.001 for PL, p = 0.004 for laser). The pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy are effective in the treatment of distal impacted stones. Both treatments with semirigid ureteroscopy are acceptable for proximal impacted ureteral stones, but holmium laser lithotripsy has an advantage of use with flexible ureteroscope for intrarenally migrated stone.     

Laser facilitated angioplasty and thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction complicated by prolonged or recurrent chest pain

To date, application of laser angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (MI) has not been reported. In nine patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by continuous or recurrent severe ischemia and chest pain, a mid-infrared, solid-state, pulse-wave holmium/thulium:YAG coronary laser was applied. In six of these patients the laser was specifically utilized for the purpose of coronary thrombolysis. In each case a guidewire was placed across the stenosis and a multifiber laser catheter was utilized, emitting 250–600 mJ/pulse at 5 Hz, followed by adjunctive balloon angioplasty. Laser success (defined as ability to cross the lesion, reduction of ±20% in stenosis and thrombolysis when a thrombus is present) was achieved in all patients. Final angiograms revealed residual stenosis ±30%, adequate thrombolysis and no major complication (MI, perforation, emergency CABGS, CVA, death) in each patient. Clinically, all nine patients improved, survived the acute infarction and were discharged. This initial clinical experience demonstrates the feasibility and safety of holmium/thulium:YAG laser application in thrombolysis and plaque ablation in selected patients who experience acute myocardial infarction complicated by prolonged or recurrent ischemia and chest pain.