肿瘤抑素41肽重组表达及活性研究

目的：构建肿瘤抑素41肽重组质粒,使其高效表达并纯化得到41肽,研究其抗肿瘤活性。方法人工设计并合成肿瘤抑素41肽基因序列,克隆到表达载体 pTYB21上,转化到大肠埃希菌 BL?21（DE3）中, IPTG诱导融合蛋白高效表达,几丁质亲和层析柱纯化后经Tricine?SDS?PAGE鉴定41肽。利用MTT法、吖啶橙／溴化乙锭（ AO／EB）荧光染色、小鼠H22腹水型转移型肝癌实体瘤模型抑瘤实验并结合组织病理切片来研究肿瘤抑素41肽的生物学活性。结果构建肿瘤抑素41肽重组质粒,获得可溶性肿瘤抑素41肽。体外实验显示,41肽具有抑制人脐静脉内皮 HUVEC 细胞、人胃癌 HGC?27细胞和人肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和促进HUVEC、 HGC?27细胞凋亡的作用。体内实验显示,41肽对小鼠H22腹水型转移肝癌实体瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用,抑瘤率达到34?35％。结论成功构建了pTYB21?41肽重组质粒,肿瘤抑素41肽具有显著的抗肿瘤活性,为肿瘤抑素机制研究和临床应用研究奠定了基础。     

肿瘤抑素抗血管活性相关肽的表达及活性研究

目的利用大肠杆菌表达系统表达肿瘤抑素抗血管活性相关肽-21肽,检测其生物学活性。方法人工合成21肽基因序列(肿瘤抑素75～95位氨基酸),克隆到表达载体pTYB2上,转化大肠杆菌BL-21(DE_3),酶切和测序鉴定后,用IPTG诱导表达融合蛋白。经几丁质亲和层析柱纯化21肽。通过MTT实验,细胞生长曲线测定,小鼠肝癌转移瘤模型的大体抑瘤实验及组织病理学切片研究其活性。结果获得的可溶性21肽对人脐静脉内皮细胞的生长具有抑制作用。小鼠肝癌转移瘤模型的大体抑瘤实验抑瘤率达42.86%。组织病理学切片结果可见H22小鼠肝癌细胞死亡,血管数量减少。结论经初步检测获得具有抗血管活性的21肽,为进一步研究肿瘤抑素的作用机制和肿瘤的临床治疗奠定了基础。     

IL-21基因治疗小鼠H22细胞皮下移植肝癌模型的效果评价

用已构建的mIL-21/pcDNA3.1重组质粒对H22细胞建立的小鼠肝癌模型进行基因治疗,观察IL-21对小鼠体内抗肿瘤免疫应答的影响及对小鼠生存的影响。采用BALB/c小鼠左腋皮下注射腹水型肝癌细胞株H22细胞建立小鼠移植肝癌模型,给荷瘤小鼠瘤体内注射mIL-21/pcDNA3.1进行基因治疗,MTT比色法检测IL-21对荷瘤小鼠T细胞增殖水平及NK细胞杀伤活性的影响,观察治疗后荷瘤小鼠生存情况及肿瘤生长情况的改变。病理检测结果显示,成功建立了小鼠移植型肝癌模型,MTT比色法显示基因治疗后小鼠T细胞增殖水平及NK细胞杀伤活性显著升高,荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长速度减慢,生存期显著延长。IL-21基因治疗肝癌荷瘤小鼠可显著提高荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤免疫应答水平,抑制肿瘤生长,延长荷瘤小鼠生存期。     

人内皮抑素抗肿瘤相关肽基因的克隆表达及活性研究

目的克隆并表达人内皮抑素抗肿瘤相关肽,检测其生物活性。方法人工合成人内皮抑素1~30位氨基酸(30肽,序列25~31由RGIRGAD改为RGDRGD)所对应的核苷酸序列,连接到质粒pTYB2中,再转化至大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)中表达,几丁质亲和层析树脂一步纯化30肽。通过MTT法、鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜(CAM)实验、小鼠体内抑瘤实验比较30肽和内皮抑素抗肿瘤活性。结果MTT证实30肽体外对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)、胃癌7901细胞(SGC-7901)半数抑制浓度IC50为36μg/ml、47μg/ml,显著低于内皮抑素IC50179μg/ml、202μg/ml。CAM实验中30肽对血管的抑制作用更强。30肽在小鼠体内抑瘤率47.8%,效果优于内皮抑素28.7%。结论30肽具有更强抗肿瘤活性,有可能成为治疗肿瘤的一种新药物。     

膜型Tim-3分子促进荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫应答的研究

目的研究膜型Tim-3分子对H22肝癌细胞生长的抑制效应,探讨膜型Tim-3分子对荷瘤小鼠免疫系统的影响。方法以H22肝癌细胞接种于BALB/c小鼠大腿肌肉建立小鼠实体瘤模型,采用原位注射裸DNA的方法在小鼠体内表达膜型Tim-3进行基因治疗,观察Tim-3对肿瘤生长的抑制作用;采用RT- PCR技术在肿瘤生长不同时期检测Tim-3对4-1BB、IFN-γ、galectin-9等免疫相关基因表达的影响;流式细胞术检测膜型Tim-3对脾细胞增殖活性及细胞毒活性的影响;观察Tim-3 4-1BBL协同抗肿瘤作用。结果体内转染表达Tim-3对肿瘤的生长有明显的抑制作用。流式细胞术结果显示,在小鼠荷瘤早期,Tim-3可提高脾细胞在特异性抗原刺激下的增殖反应和对H22肿瘤细胞的细胞毒作用;Tim-3与4-1BBL协同作用时抗肿瘤作用更加明显。结论膜型Tim-3可在免疫启动阶段作为正向免疫调节因子增强抗肿瘤免疫应答,并可与4-1BBL协同产生更强的抑瘤效应。     

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇修饰的小鼠IL-21瘤苗抗肿瘤效应及其机制初探

目的 构建糖基化磷脂酰肌醇(glycosyl phosphafidylinositol,GPI)修饰的小鼠IL-21瘤苗,并对此瘤苗的抗肿瘤效应及其机制作初步探讨.方法 通过重叠PCR方法获得IL-21-GPI融合基因并将其插入空载体pcDNA3.1.将鉴定过的重组载体以脂质体法转染B16F10细胞制成瘤苗,细胞间接免疫荧光法及流式细胞仪检测转染瘤细胞膜表面IL-21的表达,通过对小鼠脾细胞的增殖作用鉴定表达的IL-21的生物学活性.将瘤苗接种小鼠后,通过观察小鼠肿瘤体积和生存率分析瘤苗的抗瘤性,并检测了瘤苗免疫鼠的细胞免疫活性.结果 正确构建了pcDNA3.1/IL-21-GPI重组载体,膜表达的IL-21有良好的生物学活性,制备的瘤苗能发挥抗肿瘤效应,其机制与免疫鼠细胞免疫活性增强有关.结论 成功构建了具有抗肿瘤活性的GPI修饰的IL-21瘤苗,为其进一步抗肿瘤免疫治疗研究奠定了基础.     

LAK细胞提取液的抗肿瘤活性的研究

作者采用自制的LAK细胞冻融提取液作体内外抗肿瘤的实验研究.结果表明:每天每小鼠用LAK细胞冻融提取液0.2ml治疗,可使小鼠肝癌实体瘤H22抑瘤率达51%(腹腔注射)和65%(肿瘤局部注射).体外实验显示,LAK细胞冻融提取液对K562和Raji细胞均有较强的抗瘤作用,其杀瘤活性分别为68.5±0.85%和58.2±2.01%.     

IL-21 gpi和sGM-CSF共同修饰的瘤苗构建及其抗肿瘤效应

目的:构建膜锚定IL-21和分泌性GM-CSF(sGM-CSF)双表达瘤苗,并对其抗肿瘤效应及其机制作初步探讨.方法:用分子生物学方法构建双表达IL-21 gpi和sGM-CSF重组质粒,将鉴定过的重组质粒以脂质体转染B16F10细胞制成瘤苗,用流式细胞仪检测转染瘤苗IL-21 gpi和sGM-CSF的表达.以瘤苗治疗荷瘤鼠,经观察小鼠肿瘤体积、生存率来分析瘤苗的抗瘤性,并检测了瘤苗治疗鼠的细胞免疫活性.结果:正确构建了pRSC/IL-21 gpi-sGM-CSF重组质粒,转染细胞可很好地表达膜锚定IL-21和分泌性GM-CSF,制备的瘤苗能有效地发挥抗肿瘤效应,其机制与瘤苗治疗鼠的脾细胞增殖活性、NK细胞及CD8+细胞细胞毒活性增强有关.结论:成功构建了具有抗肿瘤活性的膜锚定IL-21和分泌性GM-CSF双表达瘤苗,为进一步抗肿瘤免疫治疗研究奠定了基础.     

重组葡萄球菌B型肠毒素超抗原的制备及抗肿瘤活性分析

目的 采用基因工程技术制备葡萄球菌B型肠毒素（SEB），并对其体内外抗肿瘤活性进行分析。方法 对SEB在大肠杆菌中进行高效表达和分离纯化，并对其超抗原活性和免疫学活性与天然SEB进行比较研究，观察重组SEB对人肝癌细胞的体外抑制作用，以及对小鼠肝癌和肉瘤的体内抑瘤效果。结果 SEB获得高效表达，并一步将其纯化至均质，与天然毒素相比较，重组SEB的免疫学活与超抗原活性基本相似，首次证明，即使SEB的浓度为10ng/L，仍然对人肝癌细胞有显著地抑制作用，其对小鼠体内的肝癌和肉瘤有一定的抑制作用。结论 重组SEB在体内外均有一定肿瘤抑制作用。是潜在的肿瘤免疫治疗药物。     

顺铂联合exosomes抗小鼠肝癌效应的实验研究

目的:评价顺铂(DDP)与exosomes联用的抗肿瘤效果,研究其可能机制.方法:采用MTT法检测顺铂对小鼠肝癌H22细胞增殖的影响,用H21源exosomes瘤苗免疫小鼠,3 H-TdR释放法检测exosomes诱导产生的CTL活性及顺铂对CTL杀伤的增敏作用,RT-PCR检测顺铂作用后H22细胞中Fas及exosomes免疫后脾淋巴细胞FasL的mRNA表达水平,Western blot检测顺铂对H22细胞Fas的蛋白表达水平的影响.以小鼠肝癌H22细胞接种BALB/c小鼠建立动物模型,观察顺铂联合exosomes治疗对小鼠生存期的影响.结果:顺铂抑制H22细胞生长呈量效关系;exosomes免疫小鼠可诱导产生针对H22细胞的CTL反应,经2.5 mg/L顺铂预处理24 h的H22细胞对CTL杀伤的敏感性增强(P＜0.05).顺铂在mRNA和蛋白水平,显著增强H22Fas的表达;exosomes免疫小鼠后,脾淋巴细胞FasL表达增加.顺铂联合exosomes组小鼠生存期较单独治疗组及对照组明显延长(P＜0.05).结论:顺铂与exosomes联合治疗有协同抑制肿瘤的作用,产生协同作用的机制与增强CTL活性有关.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.