一期前后入路全脊椎切除治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤

目的 探讨一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除并脊柱稳定性重建治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院自2001年3月至2007年6月采用一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗9例胸椎骨巨细胞瘤患者.结果 术中无死亡病例,无脊髓医源性损伤等并发症发生.所有患者术后获20-52个月(平均29.6个月)随访,术后患者背部疼痛及放射性疼痛基本缓解,8例有神经压迫症状的患者均有不同程度改善.1例患者术后6个月复发,给予放射治疗.影像学复查内固定物固定良好,无脊柱失稳及假关节发生.结论 一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤可以根治性切除肿瘤,降低肿瘤局部复发的危险,是一种可行且有效的外科治疗技术.     

一期前后入路全脊椎切除治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤

目的 探讨一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除并脊柱稳定性重建治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院自2001年3月至2007年6月采用一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗9例胸椎骨巨细胞瘤患者.结果 术中无死亡病例,无脊髓医源性损伤等并发症发生.所有患者术后获20-52个月(平均29.6个月)随访,术后患者背部疼痛及放射性疼痛基本缓解,8例有神经压迫症状的患者均有不同程度改善.1例患者术后6个月复发,给予放射治疗.影像学复查内固定物固定良好,无脊柱失稳及假关节发生.结论 一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗胸椎骨巨细胞瘤可以根治性切除肿瘤,降低肿瘤局部复发的危险,是一种可行且有效的外科治疗技术.     

颈胸段脊柱骨肿瘤全脊椎切除与重建技术探讨(附11例报告)

目的 探讨颈胸段脊柱肿瘤前后联合入路全脊椎切除方式、内固定重建技术及其预后。方法 自1999年6月至2004年6月，对11例颈胸段脊柱（C3-T4）骨肿瘤患者实施全脊椎切除术。其中原发性骨肿瘤9例，包括骨巨细胞瘤4例，软骨肉瘤3例，动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例。转移性肿瘤2例，原发灶来源于甲状腺癌、前列腺癌各1例。经前后联合入路行单椎节切除9例、两个椎节切除2例。经一期或二期前后联合入路行肿瘤切除与内固定重建。前路采用钛网／植骨加Orion、Zephir等带锁钢板内固定，后路SUMMIT、Vertex内固定系统重建。结果术后随访1年至4年，所有患者局部疼痛和神经症状均有改善或缓解，7例患者神经功能完全恢复。1例软骨肉瘤患者术后2年局部复发，1例骨巨细胞瘤1年后局部复发，但神经功能无下降。其余患者均在进一步随访中。结论 可根据肿瘤的性质和侵犯部位、患者对手术耐受力、预期寿命等选择相应的颈胸段前后联合入路手术进行全脊椎切除术。全脊椎切除能显著降低颈胸段脊柱原发性骨肿瘤局部复发率，改善脊髓神经功能，提高手术疗效。颈胸段脊柱全脊椎切除技术具有较高的难度及风险，应注意熟悉局部的解剖结构，防止或降低手术并发症的发生。     

后正中入路Dynesys置入对腰椎全椎板减压术后生理性稳定性的作用

目的：探讨经后正中入路切除腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤同时行腰椎动态稳定重建系统（ Dynesys ）置入对重建脊柱生理性稳定的作用。方法对采用后正中入路全椎板切除上腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤的6例患者,术后应用腰椎Dynesys进行脊柱稳定性重建。结果神经鞘瘤均完整切除。术后1周、3个月、6个月时X线片复查示腰椎过伸、过屈位各椎体活动度良好,椎间隙等宽;内置物位置良好,无临近节段退变、脊柱失稳、椎体滑脱现象。结论对腰椎椎管内神经鞘瘤采用全椎板切除后置入Dynesys能够充分暴露肿瘤所在区域的视野,完整切除神经鞘瘤,有效避免损伤脊髓神经。 Dynesys既能达到传统强直融合的脊柱稳定性,还能够有效重建生理性稳定,防止临近节段脊椎发生退变。     

半椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜技术治疗胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤

目的 探讨后正中椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜手术切除胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤的方法与可行性.方法 应用半椎板切除联合胸(腹)腔镜技术一期对4例胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤施行了手术.先通过神经外科显微手术切除椎管内肿瘤.再经胸(腹)腔镜切除胸腹腔椎旁肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切3例,次全切1例.手术耗时4-6h,出血量100-200ml.术后临床症状明显改善,无手术并发症.术后随访6个月-3年未见肿瘤生长或复发.结论 后正中入路联合胸(腹)腔镜手术一期切除胸腰椎管哑铃形肿瘤创伤小,术后疼痛轻,并发症少,是一种较为理想的手术方法.     

经椎旁肌间隙入路治疗胸腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤

目的 探讨经椎旁肌间隙入路切除胸腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤的手术方法和效果。方法2003年1月至2009年6月共收集胸腰段哑铃形肿瘤患者32例：神经鞘瘤23例,神经纤维瘤6例,神经纤维瘤病3例。手术采用胸腰椎后路经椎旁肌间隙入路,术中分离多裂肌和最长肌间隙,切除关节突关节后,暴露椎间孔内外的肿瘤,完整切除肿瘤。必要时可经椎弓根螺钉内固定和脊柱植骨融合术重建脊柱稳定性。所有患者获得随访。结果 所有肿瘤均全切除,其中23例行内固定重建脊柱稳定性。神经功能均有改善。术后随访8个月至6年,平均32个月。无内固定松动、断裂,无脊柱后凸、侧凸等畸形。结论 以椎间孔及椎间孔外部分为主的腰椎椎间孔哑铃形肿瘤,可采用经椎旁肌间隙入路椎间孔切开切除,必要时用椎弓根螺钉固定、椎间植骨融合,重建脊柱稳定性。此方法具有肿瘤暴露好、术中出血少、术后可早期下床活动、兼顾脊柱稳定性等优点。     

椎管内外沟通瘤的手术治疗（附98例分析）

目的 探讨椎管内外沟通瘤的临床特征和手术方法及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年4月至2018年4月手术治疗的98例椎管内外沟通瘤的临床资料。采取单纯后正中入路92例、颈外侧入路4例和前后联合入路2例;术中同期行脊椎固定术35例,其中椎板成形术25例,颈段侧块螺钉内固定术或胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定术10例。结果 肿瘤全切除85例,部分切除13例;经单纯后正中入路手术肿瘤全切除率为78.3%（72/92）,经颈外侧入路4例和前后联合入路2例肿瘤均全切除。术后病理证实神经鞘瘤77例,神经纤维瘤7例,脊膜瘤6例,节细胞神经瘤5例,海绵状血管瘤1例,孤立性纤维瘤1例,脂肪瘤1例。所有病人术后随访6~84个月,平均47.6个月。临床症状改善89例,肿瘤复发4例,发生并发症7例。未行任何维持脊柱稳定措施的病人脊柱畸形发生率（17.46%）明显高于颈段侧块或胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定术（0%,P<0.05）以及椎板成形术（4.00%,P<0.05）。结论 椎管内外沟通瘤可经不同手术入路手术全切肿瘤,其中骨质破坏严重者可通过椎板成形术或椎弓根及椎体内螺钉内固定植入术重建脊柱稳定性,可减少术后脊柱畸形发生率。     

椎管内外沟通肿瘤手术中脊柱稳定性的重建

目的 探讨椎管内外沟通肿瘤术中脊柱稳定性的保留及重建.方法 回顾性分析26例椎管内外沟通肿瘤患者的临床资料,16例术前骨质受肿瘤严重侵蚀,10例骨质受肿瘤侵蚀轻微或未侵蚀,但术中需要打开椎间孔切除肿瘤.20例采取半椎板+受累椎间孔后壁切除,6例采取全椎板+受累椎间孔后壁切除.23例采取单纯后正中入路,3例采取前后联合入路.除C3～7行侧块螺钉植入,其余椎体行椎弓根螺钉植入固定.结果 所有患者术后3周内戴外固定支具下地活动,术后3个月～1年复查,未见内固定物脱落及断裂现象,无脊柱滑脱、后凸及侧弯畸形.结论 椎管内外沟通肿瘤手术过程中,不管术前已经影响到脊柱的稳定性,还是术中由于打开椎间孔影响到脊柱稳定性,均需要行内固定.     

椎弓根螺钉对胸腰段椎管内肿瘤术后脊柱稳定性的作用

目的探讨经后正中入路切除胸腰段椎管内肿瘤,同时行椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合后,对提高脊柱稳定性的临床疗效.方法采用后正中入路显微手术切除椎管内肿瘤后,应用椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合技术进行椎管重建12例,其中肿瘤位于胸段7例,腰段5例.结果肿瘤全切除10例,近全切除2例.术后出现固定区憋胀疼痛3例,经X-线或CT复查证实共5枚螺钉位置欠佳.随访9个月～5年,X-线检查显示手术区植骨全部骨性融合,脊柱稳定.结论采用后正中入路显微手术切除胸腰段椎管内肿瘤后,应用椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合技术,能够维持手术后脊柱的稳定性,防止远期后凸畸形的发生.     

半椎板入路切除椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤

目的探讨经半椎板入路切除椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2013年3月—2018年5月于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院神经外科治疗的26例椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 26例均采用了半椎板入路切除肿瘤,其中经后正中入路13例,经前侧方入路12例,前后联合入路分期手术1例;肿瘤全切除25例,次全切除1例。术后随访4～60个月,患者症状均明显缓解,无明显脊柱畸形发生。结论大多数椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤能够经半椎板入路一期手术切除;与传统的全椎板手术方式相比,半椎板入路创伤较小,几乎不影响脊柱的稳定性。     

Total spondylectomy of a symptomatic hemangioma of the lumbar spine.

A vertebral hemangioma with dural compression and neurological deficit is rare. We report a symptomatic lumbar vertebral hemangioma which was successfully managed with total spondylectomy. The patient was a 31-year-old man whose chief complaint was low back pain. He had a slight sensory disturbance in the right thigh. Plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a tumor in the second lumbar vertebra, which extended into the spinal canal, compressing the dura. A percutaneous needle biopsy did not provide a pathological diagnosis. Before surgery, the arteries feeding the tumor were embolized using coils. We performed a total spondylectomy of the second lumbar vertebra with anterior reconstruction with a glass ceramic spacer and posterior instrumentation. The intraoperative pathological examination revealed a hemangioma of the lumbar spine. At the 4-year follow-up examination, the patient is completely asymptomatic without evidence of tumor recurrence.     

Cervical intradural ventral arachnoid cyst resected via anterior corpectomy with reconstruction: a case report

Intradural arachnoid cysts are rare lesions that frequently arise posterior to the spinal cord in the thoracic spine region. Those located at the cervical spine level, anterior to the spinal cord are even rarer. The usual treatment of symptomatic intradural spinal cysts involves surgical removal through a posterior approach using a laminectomy or laminotomy. However, ventrally located intradural cysts are frequently not amenable to complete resection without undue manipulation of the cord and aggressive removal through a posterior approach may result in spinal cord injury. The authors present a 29-year-old male harbouring an intradural ventral cervical arachnoid cyst which was successfully resected via an anterior approach with corpectomy and reconstruction. CONCLUSION: For purely ventral cervical intradural arachnoid cysts, which compress the spinal cord dorsally, an anterior approach can allow access to the lesion without any need for intraoperative manipulation of the spinal cord. For such cases, the anterior approach prevents the consequent risk of neurological injury due to posterior approaches.     

Two-level total en bloc lumbar spondylectomy with dural resection for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Only five reports of multilevel spondylectomy for tumor have been reported in the literature, mostly in the thoracic spine. We report a successful two-level spondylectomy with en bloc dural resection in a patient with metastatic renal carcinoma to the L3 and L4 vertebrae.     

Novel reconstruction of the anterior craniocervical junction using an expandable cage with integrated fixation after total C2 spondylectomy for chordoma

Chordoma is a locally aggressive malignant tumor that generally occurs in the clivus, mobile spine and sacrum. While en bloc resection with wide margins has been advocated as the only cure for chordomas, tumor characteristics and violation of critical anatomical boundaries may preclude pursuing this treatment option in the cervical spine. We present a C2 chordoma in a 35-year-old man with epidural and prevertebral extension that was treated with a single stage anterior–posterior total C2 spondylectomy with novel reconstruction using an expandable cage with integrated fixation followed by stereotactic radiosurgery. Single stage intralesional total C2 spondylectomy via anterior transoral and posterior approaches was performed. The anterior column was reconstructed using an expandable cage with integrated fixation from the clivus to C3. The patient maintained his intact neurological status at 6 month follow-up with full resumption of activities of daily living without any significant morbidity.     

Partial spondylectomy: modification for lateralized malignant spinal column tumors of the cervical or lumbosacral spine.

Total en bloc spondylectomy is a useful technique in treating primary and secondary spinal malignancies, but requires extensive instrumentation to achieve difficult fusions, and requires extensive exposure of neurovascular structures that poses additional risk of nerve root and vascular injury. More limited resections may reduce these risks, especially in the cervical or lumbosacral spine. We report a technique used in two patients with lateralized primary vertebral tumors of the cervical or lumbosacral spine where tumor removal was achieved through a partial spondylectomy. The advantages of a partial spondylectomy included: (i) avoidance of injuring contralateral neurovascular structures during exposure; and (ii) supplementation of instrumentation by additional fixation at the level of spondylectomy. Partial spondylectomy can be an alternative to total en bloc spondylectomy in properly selected patients with lateralized encapsulated malignant spinal tumors and may be performed in the cervical or lumbosacral spinal regions.     

En bloc resection of primary tumors of the thoracic spine: indications,planning, morbidity

Abstract

Objectives:

We aimed to describe surgical planning, technique, and complications of en bloc resection in the thoracic spine in patients who opted for surgery with en bloc resection and a tumor-free margin.

Methods:

Oncologic and functional results were recorded for 134 patients (53% male, age 44 ± 18 years) who had undergone en bloc resection for primary tumors (90 cases) and bone metastases (44 cases). Patients were followed until death or the latest follow-up examination (0–211 months, median 47 months). Surgeries were performed from 1990 to 2007 by the same team. An ongoing critical analysis of local control rates, surgical complications, and expected versus actual loss of function enabled the authors to refine the surgical technique and propose seven different types of resection.

Results and Discussion:

En bloc resection is a demanding procedure and requires careful planning after a careful decision-making process. The patient has to correctly understand the purpose of the surgery, based on oncological staging, in order to accept or decide against the procedure after weighing the possible morbidity and functional loss against the expected final result.

Techniques of En Bloc Resection:

Seven different strategies to perform en bloc resection in the thoracic spine, based on four combinations of surgical approaches (anterior, posterior, anterior followed by posterior, and posterior followed by simultaneous anterior and posterior) are identified and proposed. This planning is based on Weinstein–Boriani–Biagini (WBB) surgical staging. The surgical plan was designed to achieve the required oncologic margin with the minimum achievable morbidity.     

Rib-head osteotomies for posterior placement of expandable cages in the treatment of metastatic thoracic spine tumors

Metastatic spine tumors commonly affect the thoracic spine, and effective tumor control often requires corpectomy with reconstruction. In some instances, anterior approaches for corpectomy may be difficult or less than ideal because of medical co-morbidities, pulmonary disease or difficult access behind the mediastinum. Thus, posterior approaches are commonly used for corpectomies with anterior column reconstruction in the thoracic spine. Expandable cages have the advantage of restoring height, correcting kyphosis, and providing secure wedging between the vertebral bodies. However, the spinal cord and thorax may prevent direct, easy access for placement of expandable cages. Reconstruction has been performed with different materials; however, expandable cages have hitherto been less frequently used because of their size and difficulty expanding the cages posteriorly. We describe a technical note that may facilitate the placement of an expandable cage in the thoracic spine after posterior transpedicular corpectomies.