HPLC法测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1和三七皂苷R1的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立同时测定人参三七颗粒中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Sunfire C₁₈（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）分析柱,流动相以乙腈-水梯度洗脱;检测波长为203 nm;柱温30℃;流速1.0 ml·min^-1。结果:人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁之间有较好的分离度,4种成分在线性范围内与峰面积之间线性关系良好,人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁加样回收率分别为99.83%,97.84%,98.43%,97.34%,RSD分别为2.08%,1.66%,1.73%和1.42%（n=5）。结论:本方法可同时测定人参三七颗粒中的人参皂苷Rg₁,Re,Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁含量。     

三七皂苷中人参皂苷Rg1与Rb1口服吸收及其体内药代动力学的研究和比较

分别考察三七总皂苷(PNS)在大鼠灌胃和静脉给药后的人参皂苷Rg₁(Rg₁)、人参皂苷Rb₁(Rb₁)的胆汁排泄；采用平衡透析法测定药物的血浆蛋白结合率；并结合药代动力学的实验结果，研究和比较Rg₁与Rb₁的口服吸收及其体内药代动力学性质。结果表明，静脉给药后10 h，Rg₁及Rb₁胆汁排泄累积量分别为给药剂量的(61.48±18.30)%和(3.94±1.49)%；灌胃给药后12 h，Rg₁及Rb₁胆汁排泄累积量分别为给药剂量的(0.91±0.51)%和(0.055±0.02)%。Rg₁及Rb₁的血浆蛋白结合率分别为6.56%～12.74%和80.11%～89.69%。Rg₁的胃、肠和肝的通过率(F_S，F_I和F_H)分别为49.85%，13.05%和50.56%；Rb₁分别为25.82%，4.18%和65.77%。因此，肠壁吸收差是Rg₁和Rb₁生物利用度低的主要原因。Rg₁具有较高的胆汁排泄和较低的血浆蛋白结合率，Rb₁的胆汁排泄较低，而血浆蛋白结合率较高。Rb₁的肠黏膜透过性和体内消除速度都低于Rg₁，但前者的平均滞留时间(MRT)和血药浓度曲线下面积(AUC)均大于后者。     

HPLC-MS/MS测定同济2号颗粒剂中黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rb1和三七皂苷R1

目的 建立HPLC-MS/MS同时测定同济2号颗粒中5个主要活性成分黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁及三七皂苷R₁的方法。方法 以水(0.1%甲酸)-乙腈(0.1%甲酸)为流动相,梯度洗脱,体积流量为0.4 mL/min。YMC-Pack Pro C₈色谱柱分离,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI源),负离子模式,以选择性离子监测模式(SIM)进行测定。监测离子分别是m/z 829(黄芪甲苷)、m/z 353(绿原酸)、m/z 845(人参皂苷Rg₁)、m/z 1 108(人参皂苷Rb₁)、m/z 932(三七皂苷R₁)。结果 黄芪甲苷、绿原酸、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb₁和三七皂苷R₁分别在0.075～2.4、0.95～30.3、1.71～54.72、1.12～35.92、0.45～14.28 μg/mL与峰面积呈良好线性关系。结论 该方法专属性好,灵敏度高,准确快捷,适用于同济2号颗粒的快速检测,为该药的质量标准提供依据。     

人参皂苷Rg1及其肠内菌代谢产物Rh1对小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响

目的初探人参皂苷Rg₁及其肠内菌代谢产物Rh₁对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法用Rh₁与Rg₁分别处理脾T细胞,B细胞及腹腔巨噬细胞(Mφ);MTT比色法测T和B细胞增殖能力;中性红比色法测Mφ的吞噬功能;Griess法测Mφ释放NO的水平。结果Rh₁能促进脾细胞增殖、下调Con A诱导的T细胞增殖;Rh₁与Rg₁对LPS诱导的B细胞增殖均无明显作用;Rg₁和Rh₁能提高Mφ的吞噬能力和促进NO的释放。结论Rg₁及其代谢产物Rh₁可共同作用于T细胞和Mφ而产生免疫调节作用。     

UFLC法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1及Rb1

目的 探索建立超快速液相色谱（UFLC）法测定复方丹参片中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁。方法 采用SHIMADZU Shim-pack XR-ODS Ⅲ（2.0 mm×75 mm, 1.6 μm）色谱柱;以乙腈-水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱;体积流量为0.4 mL/min;检测波长为203 nm;进样体积为3 μL。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁分别在0.025 7～0.257 0、0.101 2～1.012 0、0.104 4～1.044 0 μg与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为96.7%、98.1%、98.8%。结论 本方法在15min内可以将三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁及Rb₁有效分离,节省了大量人力和流动相的消耗,为中药的质量控制技术提供参考方法。     

参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg1和Re药代动力学研究

目的研究参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re人体药代动力学。方法采用已建立的LC/MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度，并计算其药代动力学参数。结果人参皂苷Rg₁和Re线性范围为1.023-1 023 μg·L^-1和1.05-1 050 μg·L^-1，方法回收率在99%-105%和99%-104%，日内、日间RSD值均小于15%。参麦注射液60 mL经静脉滴注后人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的药时曲线均符合二房室开放模型，T_1/2α分别为0.28 h和0.10 h，T_1/2β分别为2.1 h和1.2 h。结论该法简便、灵敏、特异，适用于血浆中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re浓度的测定。参麦注射液中人参皂苷Rg₁和Re在人体内血药浓度较低，分布和消除速度较快，药代动力学行为符合二房室模型。     

人参皂苷Rg1对H2O2诱导的HaCaT细胞氧化损伤保护作用研究

目的 观察人参皂苷Rg₁对H₂O₂诱导的HaCaT细胞氧化损伤保护作用,并探讨其机制。方法 体外培养HaCaT细胞, H₂O₂诱导细胞建立氧化应激损伤模型,分为空白组、H₂O₂损伤组、人参皂苷Rg₁保护组。细胞增殖与毒性检测试剂盒(CCK-8)检测细胞存活率,Hochest染色法检测细胞凋亡情况,活性氧检测试剂盒测定细胞活性氧(ROS)水平,Western blot检测细胞中caspase-3、caspase-6、caspase-8、GAPDH蛋白表达。结果 H₂O₂诱导HaCaT细胞半数抑制浓度为100 μg?mL^-1;与H₂O₂损伤组比较,5、10和15mg?L^-1人参皂苷Rg₁预处理后,HaCaT细胞存活率明显升高(P<0.05),细胞核皱缩损伤状态明显改善,细胞凋亡数量显著减少。同时,人参皂苷Rg₁预处理可显著降低HaCaT细胞ROS水平,下调凋亡相关标志蛋白-活化型caspase-3、caspase-6、caspase-8蛋白表达水平。结论 人参皂苷Rg₁对H₂O₂诱导的HaCaT细胞氧化应激损伤具有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与增强细胞清除自由基能力及抑制凋亡相关。     

脑5-HT1A/1B、α2受体及腺苷酸环化酶参与了胍丁胺的抗抑郁作用

为了在单胺受体及受体后腺苷酸环化酶(adenylate cyclase,AC)水平探讨胍丁胺(agmatine,AGM)抗抑郁作用的精细机制,采用小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验观察AGM抗抑郁行为改变。采用放射免疫方法测定大鼠前额皮层突触膜蛋白AC活性。结果表明,AGM(5～40 mg·kg^-1,ig)在小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验模型上均有显著抗抑郁活性。同时伍用β受体/5-HT_1A/1B受体阻断剂吲哚洛尔(pindolol, PIN, 20 mg·kg^-1, ip)、 α₂肾上腺素受体拮抗剂育亨宾(yohimbine, YOH, 5～10 mg·kg^-1, ip)或咪唑克生(idazoxan, IDA, 4 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性具有显著拮抗效应; 而β受体阻断剂普萘洛尔(propranolol, PRO, 5～20 mg·kg^-1, ip)或5-HT₃受体拮抗剂曲匹西隆(tropisetron, TRO, 5～40 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性无显著影响。AGM(0.1～6.4 μmol·L^-1)与大鼠前额皮层提取的突触膜共孵可剂量依赖地激活AC活性, 而PIN(1 μmol·L^-1)或YOH(0.25～1 μmol·L^-1)均显著拮抗AGM(6.4 μmol·L^-1)对AC的激活作用; 慢性给予大鼠AGM(10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid)或氟西汀(fluoxetine, FLU, 10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid) 2 w也显著增强大鼠前额皮层基础及Gpp(NH)p 预激活的AC活性。本研究表明, 调节脑内5-HT_1A/1B和α₂等受体功能, 并激活前额皮层AC可能是AGM抗抑郁活性的重要机制之一。     

HPLC-ELSD同时测定跌打丸中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1的含量

目的 建立同时测定跌打丸中三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁和人参皂苷Rb1含量的HPLC-ELSD检测方法。方法 采用Phenomenex Kinetex C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,2.6 μm),柱温30 ℃,流速0.5 mL·min^-1,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,ELSD检测器,漂移管温度110 ℃,载气(空气)体积流量3.0 L·min^-1。结果 三七皂苷R₁、人参皂苷Rg₁、人参皂苷Rb1分别在0.158~3.16 μg(r=0.999 8),0.407~8.14 μg(r=0.999 5),0.446~8.92 μg(r=0.999 9)内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为97.55%(RSD=1.04%),98.09%(RSD=1.03%),97.34%(RSD=0.81%)。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于跌打丸的质量控制。     

基于近红外光谱分析技术的注射用益气复脉(冻干)红参醇提过程在线监测

目的 利用近红外光谱分析技术建立注射用益气复脉（冻干）主要原料红参醇提过程中3种单体皂苷——人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的定量模型,实现提取过程中关键指标的快速检测。方法 在线采集红参醇提过程的近红外光谱,以超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法测定提取过程药液中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量为参考值,采用偏最小二乘法建立光谱与测定值之间的定量校正模型,进而对提取过程进行在线分析。结果 人参皂苷Rg₁和Re的建模波段均为9 403.7～7 498.3 cm^-1和6 102～5 446.3 cm^-1组合波段;人参皂苷Rb₁的建模波段为5 774.1～5 446.3 cm^-1。人参皂苷Rg₁、Re、Rb₁定量模型的交叉验证决定系数（R²）分别为99.40、99.44、99.41,交叉验证均方根误差分别为5.18、2.77、11.00。结论 所建立的3种单体皂苷定量模型预测性能良好,能够有效测定红参醇提过程中人参皂苷Rg₁、Re和Rb₁的量。     

人参皂甙Rb1和Rg1对原代培养大鼠海马神经细胞的保护作用

用大鼠海马神经细胞原代培养的实验模型,观察了人参皂甙Rb1和Rg1对原代培养的大鼠海马神经细胞生长的影响。结果发现Rb1和Rg1可明显延长培养神经细胞的存活时间、降低神经细胞的死亡率,并对抗谷氨酸介导的神经毒性作用。实验证明其机制在于选择性抑制大剂量谷氨酸引起的钙离子浓度异常升高。     

参三七皂甙Rg1对实验性血栓形成的影响及其机制探讨

用大鼠动静脉血栓形成模型,研究参三七皂甙Rg₁抗血栓作用。结果表明,参三七皂甙Rg₁可明显降低实验性血栓形成,对大鼠血浆纤溶系统亦有明显作用,可升高血浆中组织纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)活性和活性型t-PA百分比,降低组织纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(PAI)活性。同时利用培养大鼠血管内皮细胞实验,发现Rg₁可以剂量依赖性提高血管内皮细胞一氧化氮(NO)释放。提示Rg₁抗血栓作用与增强纤溶系统活性,促进血管内皮NO释放有关。     

人参皂苷Rb1对小鼠性功能的改善作用及其机制探讨

目的　研究人参皂苷Rb1对小鼠性功能的影响及其作用机制。方法　小鼠ip Rb₁,每天进行性行为检测, 3周后,测定小鼠血清睾酮浓度、阴茎海绵体组织(MCC)cGMP及NO水平; 离体温孵破坏内皮组织的兔海绵体组织(RCC),检测在NO供体硝普钠（SNP）存在下,Rb1对RCC中cGMP水平的影响。结果　Rb₁ 5.0,10.0 mg.kg^-1给药后d 14及d 16,小鼠跨骑和交配次数显著增加,血清睾酮浓度、MCC中cGMP及NO水平提高;Rb₁ 0.05,0.50, 5.00 μmol.L^-1可明显提高离体RCC cGMP浓度。结论　Rb₁可显著改善小鼠性功能,其作用机制可能通过提高雄激素水平、激活NO/cGMP通路而起作用。     

Cerebral cortical 5-HT1, and 5-HT2, receptors of morphine tolerant-dependent rats

The effect of chronic administration of morphine to rats on 5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂ receptors in the cerebral cortex was determined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted subcutaneously with 6 pellets of morphine (each containing 75 mg of morphine free base) during a 7 day period. Animals which served as controls were implanted with placebo pellets. The procedure for implantation of pellets produced a high degree of tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in the rat. The tolerance to the analgesic and hyperthermic effects of morphine was demonstrated by decreased responses in the rats implanted with morphine pellet in comparison to the placebo-treated controls. The physical dependence was shown by the greater weight loss after removal of the pellet in the rats implanted with morphine pellets when compared to rats implanted with placebo pellets. The pellets were removed (withdrawn) and, after 6–8 h, the rats were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex was isolated. In another experiment the pellets were left in place (tolerant-dependent rats). The 5-HT₁ and 5-HT₂ receptors were characterized by using [^3H]5-HT and [^3H]spiroperidol as the ligands and unlabelled 5-HT and ketanserin, respectively, to determine non-specific binding. The [^3H]5-HT bound to 5-HT₁ receptors on membranes from the cerebral cortex of rats implanted with placebo pellets, at a single high affinity site, with a B_max of 102 ± 10 fmol/mg protein and a K_d of 6.02 ± 0.98 nM. Implantation of morphine pellets, followed by removal of the pellets resulted in a 50% increase in the B_maxvalue of [^3H]5-HT but the K_d values did not change. In rats from which the pellets were not removed, the B_max and K_d values of [^3H]5-HT in placebo- and morphine-treated groups did not differ. [^3H]Spiroperidol bound to 5-HT₂ receptors on cortical membranes of rats implanted with placebo pellet at a single high affinity site with B_max and K_d values of 131 ± 5 fmol/mg protein and 0.22 ± 0.01 nM, respectively. The implantation of pellets of morphine followed by removal of the pellets did not alter the characteristics of 5-HT₂, receptors, however in rats with the pellets in place, the B_max for 5-HT₂ receptors in placebo- and morphine-treated groups did not differ but the K_d values were much smaller in morphine-treated rats compared to rats implanted with placebo pellets. It is concluded that the development of tolerance to, and physical dependence on, morphine by implantation of pellets results in up-regulation of 5-HT₂ receptors whereas in morphine-abstinent rats there is a selective up-regulation of 5-HT₁ receptors on the membranes in the cerebral cortex.     

人参皂苷Rb1磷脂复合物的制备及其理化性质研究

目的:制备人参皂苷Rb1磷脂复合物,并研究其理化性质。方法:以人参皂苷Rb1与磷脂的复合率为评价指标,对制备工艺进行单因素考察,并采用正交实验设计对处方进行优化。利用紫外光谱法、差示扫描量热法等对所得的磷脂复合物进行鉴定。测定磷脂复合物中Rb1的含量,并考察磷脂复合物在不同体系中的表观油水分配系数。结果:人参皂苷Rb1与磷脂形成了分子型复合物。最佳制备方法的复合率为99.92%±0.14%,其中Rb1的含量在99.00%以上。磷脂复合物在不同体系中的表观油水分配系数与原药相比均显著增加。结论:确定了人参皂苷Rb1磷脂复合物的最佳制备工艺,并且其磷脂复合物明显的提高了原药的脂溶性。     

注射用血栓通(冻干)透过血脑屏障研究

目的 研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注后,血栓通主要成分人参皂苷Rb₁、Rg₁、Re、Rd及三七皂苷R₁在脑内的分布状况。方法 采用超高效液相色谱质谱联用法(UPLC-MS/MS)测定给予不同浓度的血栓通后,不同时间点血栓通主要成分在正常脑组织和缺血脑组织中的含量。结果 结果表明,血栓通活性成分在脑缺血大鼠脑中的分布远高于正常大鼠,并且其在脑内的含量随再灌注时间的延长降低。结论 脑缺血再灌注后,血脑屏障开放,注射用血栓通(冻干)可以透过血脑屏障发挥作用。     

Alterations in brain monoamines and GABAA receptors in transgenic mice overexpressing TGFα

This study investigated the possibility that overexpression of transforming growth factor α (TGFα) changes those neurotransmitter systems that have been associated with behaviors found to be altered in the transgenic TGFα CD-1 mice. The female TGFα mice showed elevated levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus and serotonin (5-HT) in the cortex and brain stem when compared with nontransgenic CD-1 females. The concentrations of monoamines were not altered in the male transgenic brain. The 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA)/5-HT ratio was significantly reduced in the brain stem of the male TGFα mice and frontal cortex in the female transgenics. The binding of the [³H]GBR 12935-labeled DA transporter was lower in the frontal cortex in the transgenic male TGFα mice than in the female TGFα mice. No gender difference in dopamine (DA) transporter binding was noted between the nontransgenic male and female mice. Serotonin and GABA_A receptors were measured only in males. No differences in the number of 5-HT_1A and 5-HT₂ receptors were found in the cortex or hippocampus. Maximal GABA stimulation of [³H]flunitrazepam binding in the forebrain hemispheres and cerebellar binding of an imidazobenzodiazepine, [³H]Ro 15-4513, were not different between transgenic and nontransgenic male mice. However, forebrain [³⁵S]TBPS binding in male TGFa mice was less affected by the blockade of the GABA agonist sites by the specific GABA_A antagonists SR 95531 and bicuculline than the binding of the controls, suggesting either altered endogenous GABA concentrations or a change in receptor populations. Taken together, the previously reported behavioral alterations in male TGFa mice, including increased levels of aggressive behavior, locomotor activity, voluntary alcohol consumption, and immobility in the swim test, or the altered behavioral responses to alcohol and monoamine uptake inhibitors, may be due to a reduced 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio, [³H]GBR 12935-labeled DA transporter binding, or altered regulation of [³⁵S]TBPS binding by endogenous GABA in the brain. Reduced aggressive behavior and shortened immobility in the swim test in the female TGFa mice, on the other hand, might reflect elevated levels of NE and 5-HT in the brain. It is possible that TGFα-induced increase in plasma estrogen levels in the transgenic mice is the common mechanism of action that causes gender-specific changes in certain neurotransmitter systems.     

Differential regulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A-deficient mice

The serotonin (5HT) transporter (5HTT) removes 5HT from the synaptic cleft and is thus critical to the control of serotonergic neurotransmission. Mice with a targeted inactivation of the 5HTT represent a novel and unique tool to study serotonergic system functioning. Because the release of 5HT is regulated by adenosine, we investigated 5HTT-deficient mice for possible adaptive changes of adenosine A₁ and A_2A receptors. A₁ and A_2A receptors were studied by means of quantitative autoradiography using the radioligands [³H]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine and [³H]CGS 21680, respectively. A comparison of 5HTT knockout versus control mice revealed upregulation of A₁ receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN, +21%), but not in any of the serotonergic projection areas, and downregulation of A_2A receptors in basal ganglia. The adaptive changes of A₁ and A_2A receptors in 5HTT-deficient mice are likely to represent a compensatory neuroprotective effect mediated by the adenosinergic modulatory system. For comparison, these receptors were also studied in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) knockout mice and in 5HTT/MAOA double knockout mice. 5HTT/MAOA double knockout mice showed adaptive changes of adenosine A₁ and A_2A receptors similar to 5HTT knockout mice, while investigation of MAOA-deficient mice revealed an upregulation of A_2A receptors, which may relate to a role of both MAOA and adenosine A_2A receptors in anxiety.