C反应蛋白及降钙素原在小儿脓毒症血流感染及其他部位感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的：评估入住PICU 6 h内血清CRP及PCT水平在脓毒症血流感染及其他部位感染患儿临床诊断中的价值。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年1月期间,中国医科大学附属盛京医院PICU收治的30名明确诊断SIRS患儿,脓毒症血流感染及脓毒症其他部位感染患儿各15名,收集入住6 h内的血清CRP、PCT及D-二聚体含量资料,进行差异性比较并通过ROC曲线分析其诊断价值。结果：脓毒症血流感染组患儿的血清CRP及PCT水平较脓毒症其他部位感染组显著升高（P0.05）。血清PCT水平较CRP水平在诊断与鉴别脓毒症血流感染与其他部位感染性疾病方面有明显优势,PCT10 ng/mL时诊断脓毒症血流感染具有较高的可信度（阳性预测值：77%）。结论：入院6 h内的血清PCT水平较CRP水平在早期鉴别入住PICU脓毒症血流感染与其他部位感染患儿具有更好的诊断价值;当血清PCT水平>10 ng/mL时,脓毒症血流感染的诊断可能性较大。     

脓毒症与外伤后MODS时降钙素原的测定及意义

目的了解血清降钙素原(PCT)在严重感染性疾病和外伤中的变化及其临床意义。方法采用免疫发光测量法,测定22例脓毒症患儿和14例外伤患儿血清PCT。结果所有患儿血清PCT水平均升高,并且脓毒症组与外伤组比较有显著差异(P<0.001)。结论高水平PCT是脓毒症的重要诊断依据。     

轮状病毒感染性脓毒症患儿血清降钙素原、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α水平变化的意义

目的探讨急性轮状病毒感染性脓毒症患儿血清中降钙素原(PCT)、IL-6、TNF-α水平变化的意义。方法根据小儿脓毒症诊断标准,将本院儿科86例轮状病毒肠炎患儿分为非脓毒症组46例和脓毒症组40例,同期选取35例健康儿童作为健康对照组。采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定其血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平,比较脓毒症组、非脓毒症组及健康对照组血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平的差异。轮状病毒肠炎肠外脏器损害的41例中根据是否伴有脓毒症分为非重症感染组(肠外脏器损害+非脓毒症)18例和重症感染组(肠外脏器损害+脓毒症)23例,比较2组血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平的差异。结果 1.非脓毒症组血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显高于健康对照组(Pa<0.05),脓毒症组血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平明显高于健康对照组(Pa<0.01),脓毒症组血清IL-6、TNF-α水平明显高于非脓毒症组(Pa<0.01),但血清PCT水平脓毒症组与非脓毒症组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2.重症感染组血清PCT、IL-6水平高于非重症感染组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.01);重症感染组血清TNF-α水平高于非重症感染组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小儿轮状病毒感染后血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α水平升高,临床表现为脓毒症时血清PCT、IL-6、TNF-α升高更明显,尤其是PCT升高时提示轮状病毒感染可能引起肠外多个脏器功能损害。     

抗凝血酶Ⅲ、D-二聚体和血小板检测在儿童脓毒症中的价值

目的探讨检测血浆抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)活性、D-二聚体(DD)水平和血小板(PLT)数量在儿童脓毒症中的临床价值。方法选取儿科重症监护病房住院患儿103例,其中普通感染组30例,脓毒症组73例;另选择30例健康儿童为正常对照组。检测并比较血浆AT-Ⅲ活性、DD水平和PLT数量。结果与正常对照组和普通感染组比较,脓毒症组AT-Ⅲ活性和PLT数量明显降低,DD水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01);而正常对照组和普通感染组间三项指标的差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);脓毒症患儿中严重脓毒症组、DIC组和死亡组的AT-Ⅲ活性和PLT数量明显降低,DD水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01),DIC组三项指标同时异常的发生率为70.37%。结论儿童脓毒症存在明显的凝血纤溶功能紊乱,血浆AT-Ⅲ活性、DD水平和PLT数量检测有助于儿童脓毒症时DIC的早期诊断,并且对患儿的病情估计和预后判断有一定的临床价值。[临床儿科杂志,2013,31(6):530-532     

利用C-反应蛋白和铁蛋白水平评估儿童脓毒症的死亡风险

目的基于COVID-19疫情期间的观察和经验, 我们对利用床旁检测C-反应蛋白(CRP)和铁蛋白水平识别适于使用抗炎治疗的高炎症反应性脓毒症患者产生了兴趣。首先我们在儿童脓毒症患儿中确认了CRP和铁蛋白变化趋势并分组, 然后评估其与炎症因子水平, 系统炎性反应和死亡风险的关系。设计前瞻性、观察性队列研究。选择诊断脓毒症后两个时间点(中位数第2天和第5天)检测血浆CRP(mg/dL)、铁蛋白(ng/mL)和31种细胞因子水平。利用群组轨迹模型(GBMTM)识别CRP和铁蛋白变化轨迹, 并确定其与不同炎性因子水平的关系。场所 9个美国儿科重症监护病房。对象诊断脓毒症和器官衰竭的患儿。干预措施无。研究方法和主要结果纳入255例患儿, 分为5组。第1组:CRP和铁蛋白水平正常(8例, 病死率0%);第2组:CRP先升高后降至正常, 铁蛋白水平始终正常(80例, 病死率5%);第3组:仅铁蛋白水平升高(16例, 病死率6%):第4组:CRP和铁蛋白水平均显著升高(121例, 病死率11%):第5组:CRP和铁蛋白水平均极度升高(30例, 病死率40%)。5组中细胞因子水平不同, 铁蛋白与巨噬细胞...     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白测定对危重症患儿急性肾损伤的早期诊断意义

目的 评估尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,uNGAL）对PICU患儿急性肾损伤的早期诊断价值.方法 对象是上海交通大学附属儿童医院2013年4月至6月期间PICU收治的80例危重症患儿.入PICU后连续观察72 h,根据急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI） pRIFLE标准将患儿分为AKI组15例和非AKI组65例.根据脓毒症的诊断标准将患儿分为脓毒症组31例和非脓毒症组49例,于入科6h内、24 h、48 h及72 h留取患儿尿液和血液测定uNGAL和血肌酐（serum creatinine,Scr）.比较AKI组与非AKI组、脓毒症未合并AKI组与非脓毒症非AKI组、脓毒症合并AKI组与脓毒症未合并AKI组间uNGAL水平的差异,以及AKI组Scr和uNGAL之间的相关度,绘制ROC曲线评价48 h uNGAL和Scr对危重症患儿AKI诊断的敏感性和特异性.结果 80例患儿中有13例进展为AKI.（1）AKI组6h内、24 h、48 h、72 h uNGAL[M（QR）,ng/ml]水平分别为863.00（696.00）、700.50（580.00）、365.50（285.00）、289.50（319.30）,明显高于非AKI组[20.00（106.00）、20.00 （85.30）、20.00（101.00）、20.00（36.00）] （P ＜0.01）.（2）新发展AKI组患儿uNGAL值各时间点均明显高于非AKI组,两组48 h Scr水平间差异有统计学意义.（3）脓毒症未合并AKI组uNGAL水平病初时升高,48 h后逐渐降至正常,与非脓毒症非AKI组比较差异无统计学意义.（4）脓毒症合并AKI组uNGAL水平持续明显升高,与脓毒症未合并AKI组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.（5）48 h uNGAL和Scr的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.902（95％ CI：0.801 ～1.004）和0.874（95％ CI：0.768 ～0.981）.结论 uNGAL在儿童危重症合并AKI时较Scr提前24 ～ 48 h升高,反映疾病的严重程度,可以作为PICU患儿AKI的早期诊断标志物.     

脓毒症患儿血清白蛋白水平与预后的相关性分析

目的 探讨脓毒症患儿血清白蛋白水平与其病情严重程度和预后的相关性。方法 回顾性收集2010年2～7月在湖南省儿童医院PICU住院诊断为脓毒症的连续病例的病史资料,提取一般情况、临床表现、实验室检查指标、疾病严重程度和预后等资料。依据入住PICU 24 h内的血清白蛋白水平分为重度低白蛋白血症组（≤25 g·L-1）,中度低白蛋白血症组（～30 g·L-1）,轻度低白蛋白血症组（～35 g·L-1）和正常白蛋白组（>35 g·L-1）。分析血清白蛋白水平与脓毒症患儿的临床表现、实验室指标、疾病严重程度和预后的相关性。采用Logistic回归分析血清白蛋白水平和预后的相关性。结果 符合脓毒症诊断标准的212例患儿进入分析,其中重度低白蛋白血症组24例,中度低白蛋白血症组50例,轻度低白蛋白血症组61例,正常白蛋白组77例。①重度低白蛋白血症组腹泻、腹胀、肠鸣音减弱、应激性溃疡、水肿和脏器功能衰竭数量>3个的发生率显著增高（P<0.05）。②随着血清白蛋白水平的降低, WBC计数、CRP≥8 mg·L-1和PCT＞2 mg·L-1的发生率呈升高趋势（P<0.05）;血糖≥6.7 mmol·L-1的发生率和乳酸水平呈升高趋势（P<0.05）。③随着血清白蛋白水平的降低,PRISM Ⅲ评分、严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克发生率呈升高趋势（P<0.05）,PICS评分呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。④多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克、重度低白蛋白血症、PRISMⅢ评分≥8分是脓毒症患儿死亡的危险因素,OR值(95%CI)分别为8.20（1.33～18.96）、2.85（1.34～10.73）和1.22（1.02～15.78）。⑤存活患儿第1、3和7天血清白蛋白水平呈升高趋势,且显著高于死亡患儿。结论 血清白蛋白水平与炎症感染指标的相关性较好,血清白蛋白水平≤25 g·L-1可作为脓毒症患儿死亡的危险因素。     

微小RNA-223及高迁移率族蛋白-1在脓毒症患儿中的表达及意义

目的 观察脓毒症患儿血浆中微小RNA-223(miR-223)及血清高迁移率族蛋白-1(HMGB-1)的表达.方法 选取49例脓毒症患儿,其中一般脓毒症24例、严重脓毒症25例,同时选取50例健康儿童作对照组,检测及比较血浆中miR-223及血清HMGB-1的表达水平.结果 严重脓毒症组、一般脓毒症组及对照组miR-223、HMGB-1表达的差异有统计学意义(F=63.02、76.32,P<0.05).miR-223和HMGB-1预测脓毒症的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积分别为0.904(95%CI:0.821-0.998),0.748(95%CI:0.625-0.903).miR-223与HMGB-1呈正相关(r=3.532,P<0.05).结论 脓毒症患儿外周血中miR-223及HMGB-1表达水平升高,两者联合检测对早期诊断脓毒症具有一定的临床价值.     

脓毒症早期诊断的生物标志物研究进展

脓毒症是由感染引起的全身炎症反应综合征.脓毒症可加重发展为严重脓毒症、脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍.由于抗菌药物的使用、液体复苏以及生命支持的发展,脓毒症的治疗水平已较过去有了明显的提高,但其病死率仍居高不下.对脓毒症早期、迅速、准确作出诊断是降低脓毒症高病死率的一项关键因素.近年来,医学界发现一些生物标志物与脓毒症早期诊断有密切关系,且有助于临床治疗.这些与脓毒症早期诊断相关的生物学标志物包括Presepsin(sCD14-亚型)、可溶性髓样细胞触发受体-1、中性粒细胞CD64、可溶性CD163、微小RNA和肽素等.这些生物标志物的单独或联合检测为早期确诊脓毒症带来新的机遇,且有望拓宽脓毒症的治疗思路.该文就上述新兴的脓毒症早期诊断的生物标志物作一综述.     

脓毒症患儿血清总胆汁酸变化及其相关因素研究

目的了解脓毒症患儿血清总胆汁酸(TBA)与其他肝功能指标的相关性,探讨TBA与脓毒症患儿肝脏损伤及预后的关系。方法选择收住PICU的脓毒症和严重脓毒症患儿224例作为研究对象,并选择同期住院的92例普通感染患儿作为对照,测定TBA及肝功能并进行危重病例评分。结果224例脓毒症和严重脓毒症患儿中,TBA升高128例(57.12%)。TBA水平严重脓毒症组较脓毒症组高,脓毒症组高于普通感染组(P均<0.01);Pearson相关分析显示,血清TBA与丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、总胆红素(STB)呈正相关,与危重病例评分、白蛋白呈负相关,多元线性回归分析示TBA与ALT、γ-GT、STB、白蛋白均相关。TBA升高,预后相对较差。结论TBA在一定程度上体现脓毒症患儿病情的危重程度,是反应脓毒症患儿肝脏损伤的敏感指标,对判断脓毒症患儿预后有参考价值,炎症反应的参与可能是TBA升高的原因之一。     

Presepsyna (rozpuszczalny podtyp CD14-ST) jako diagnostyczny biomarker posocznicy u noworodków

Background

Determination of sCD14-ST (presepsin) concentration as a marker for infections in newborns was not performed till now.

Aim

1. Assessment of blood presepsin concentration in newborns, including their sex, fetal maturity, birth weight, early-onset sepsis. 2. Determination of correlation between presepsin value and CRP, procalcitonin concentrations and some hematological parameters.

Material and methods

The study comprised 45 newborns, among them 27 septic and 18 without infection, but with perinatal risk factors or symptoms suggesting infection, in which by rapid chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, using Pathfast TM analyser from Mitsubishi Kagaku Iatron, sCD14-ST concentration in whole blood was measured.

Results

The mean presepsin concentration in septic newborns (1772 ± 1009 pg/ml) was significantly higher than in group without infection (556 ± 158). Positive correlations between sCD14-ST and CRP, procalcitonin concentrations and negative correlations between the value of presepsin and Ht, Hb, platelet count, birth weight and fetal maturity were noted.

Conclusions

1. In newborns with early-onset sepsis, independently of their sex, birth weight, fetal maturity, significant increase presepsin concentration, correlating with increase of CRP and procalcitonin values and with decrease of platelet count, Hb and Ht. 2. Measurement of presepsin concentration in neonatal whole blood may be usefulness in diagnosis of early-onset sepsis.     

New diagnostic possibilities in systemic neonatal infections: metabolomics

Systemic neonatal infection is a serious complication in preterm and term infants and is defined as a complex clinical syndrome caused by bacteria, fungi and virus. Sepsis remains among the leading causes of death in both developed and underdeveloped countries above all in the neonatal period. Earlier diagnosis may offer the ability to initiate treatment to prevent adverse outcomes. There have been many studies on various diagnostic haematological markers like acute phase reactants, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukins and presepsin. However, there is still no single test that satisfies the criteria as being the ideal marker for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. In this regard, metabolomic analysis seems to be a promising method for determining metabolic variations correlated with systemic neonatal infections.     

The Role of Presepsin Obtained from Tracheal Aspirates in the Diagnosis of Early Onset Pneumonia in Intubated Newborns

Objectives

To investigate the role of presepsin obtained from tracheal aspirate of intubated newborns in the diagnosis of early neonatal pneumonia.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was performed on 60 intubated newborns during the two-year period. Tracheal aspirate for examination was taken in aseptic conditions in usual toilets, by lavage with 2 ml of 0.9% NaCl in Mucus suction set. On the same day, presepsin (blood) was measured.

Results

There were 34 newborns in the examined group (with pneumonia) and 26 in the control group. Patient groups were similar regarding demographic characteristics related to gender and Apgar score. The coefficients of simple linear correlation revealed the statistically significant connection between presepsin (from tracheal aspirate) and birth body weight, presepsin (plasma), maternal infection and pneumonia. Significant differences in the values of presepsin (from tracheal aspirate) (p?<?0.001) and birth body weight (p?=?0.036) were found.

Conclusions

In intubated newborns, measurements of presepsin obtained from tracheal aspirate suggested that it can be used as a complementary marker in diagnosing early onset neonatal pneumonia.

     

儿童脓毒症生物标记物的研究进展

脓毒症是机体对感染的反应失调而导致危及生命的器官功能障碍,是当今危重病医学所面临的焦点和难点问题.目前世界范围内儿童脓毒症的发生率仍居高不下,若治疗不及时可发展成脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征,严重威胁人类健康.因此脓毒症的早期识别、诊断、治疗对降低病死率有重要意义.而生物标记物在脓毒症的早期诊断、病情及预后判断,疗效评估中发挥重要作用.本文就近年来脓毒症的生物标记物进行总结.     

Neonatal endocarditis due to staphylococcus aureus as a complication of neonatal sepsis

We present the case of a newborn with bacterial endocarditis with mitral valve involvement as a complication of late-onset sepsis due to Staphylococcus aureus with associated pyelonephritis and meningitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiogram and blood culture with growth of S. aureus. Treatment was medical and surgical. Neonatal bacterial endocarditis is extremely difficult to diagnose. The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific and cannot be distinguished from those of sepsis or congenital heart disease. Consequently, a high degree of suspicion is needed for the early diagnosis of this condition. Echocardiography should be performed in children who present sepsis and heart murmur and even in those with staphylococcemia (sepsis due to S. aureus) without associated heart murmur. This investigation enables an early diagnosis of endocarditis to be made and appropriate treatment to be given without having to wait for the development of signs and symptoms that frequently go undetected.     

Sepsis in the newborn

Systemic infection in the newborn is the commonest cause of neonatal mortality. Data from National Neonatal Perinatal Database 2000 suggest thatKlebsiella pneumoniae andStaphylococcus aureus are the commonest causes of neonatal sepsis in India. Two forms of clinical presentations have been identified. Early onset sepsis, probably related to perinatal risk factors, usually presents with respiratory distress and pneumonia whthin 72 hours of age. Late onset sepsis, related to hospital acquired infections, usually presents with septicemia and pneumonia after 72 hours of age. Clinical features of sepsis are non-specific in neonates and a high index of suspicion is required for the timely diagnosis of sepsis. Although blood culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sepsis, reports are available after 48–72 hours. A practical septic screen for the diagnosis of sepsis has been described and some suggestions for antibiotic use have been included in the protocols.     

Sepsis in the newborn

Infections are the single largest cause of neonatal deaths globally. According to National Neonatal Perinatal Database (2002–03), the incidence of neonatal sepsis in India was 30 per 1000 live-births; klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus were the two most common organisms isolated. Based on the onset, neonatal sepsis is classified into two major categories: early onset sepsis, which usually presents with respiratory distress and pneumonia within 72 hours of age and late onset sepsis, that usually presents with septicemia and pneumonia after 72 hours of age. Clinical features of sepsis are non-specific in neonates and a high index of suspicion is required for the timely diagnosis of sepsis. Although blood culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis of sepsis, culture reports would be available only after 48–72 hours. A practical septic screen for the diagnosis of sepsis has been described and some suggestions for antibiotic use have been included in the protocol.