绿茶（Green tea）

活性成分与药理作用绿茶的药用部位为叶芽、叶和茎。绿茶中所富集的没食子酸和儿茶素类等多酚类化合物具有很多有益的作用。绿茶还含2％～4％的咖啡因。泡过的绿茶通常每杯含10-80mg咖啡因。绿茶中的咖啡因对中枢神经系统具有兴奋作用，可升高血压，加快心率和增强心脏的收缩力，抑制血小板凝集，促进胃酸分泌，利尿，松弛脑外血管和支气管平滑肌，促进儿茶酚胺的释放，间接抑制组胺释放。绿茶中的咖啡因可用于改善认知功能，抗氧化剂儿茶素类对动脉粥样硬化和心脏病具有保护作用。初步研究显示绿茶中的黄酮类可降低脂蛋白的氧化，但对人的疗效尚未阐明。绿茶降低一些癌症的危险性尚不确定，但初步研究认为绿茶中的儿茶素类，特别是表桔儿茶素-3-桔酸酯（ECG）能预防肿瘤新的血管形成。     

植物药数据库

巴西可可(Guarana)又名Brazilian Cocoa,Guarana Bread,Guarana Gum,Guarana Seed Paste,Paullinia,Zoom。植物名Paullinia cupana(即P.sorbilis)。活性成分与药理作用巴西可可的药用部位是其种子,含2.5%~7%咖啡因(相当于咖啡中的1%~2%),为一种中枢神经系统刺激剂,增强心率和收     

巴西可可的动物体内毒性和体外抗氧化活性

巴西可可 Paullinia cupana Mart.var.sorbilis 种植于巴西亚马逊河流域,该植物内含咖啡因、茶碱和可可碱等成分,但巴西可可豆内只含咖啡因。该植物主要有兴奋神经系统作用。此外,抗腹泻、利尿和抗神经痛等效果也较明显。一般认为其活性与植物内高浓度的具有抗氧化活性的皂苷和鞣质有关。作者研究了其体外抗氧化活性和体内毒性。将巴西可可豆粉末经50%乙醇提取,制备不同浓度的提取液(0.8、1.6、3.3和6.6     

植物药数据库

175绿茶(Green tea)又名Chinese Tea,Tea。植物名Camellia sinensis,C.thea,C.theifera,Theasinensis,T.bohea,T.viridis。活性成分与药理作用绿茶的药用部位为叶芽、叶和茎。绿茶中所富集的没食子酸和儿茶素类等多酚类化合物具有很多有益的作用。绿茶还含2%~4%的咖啡因。泡过的绿茶通常每杯含10~80mg咖啡因。绿茶中的咖啡因对中枢神经系统具有兴奋作用,可升高血压,加快心率和增强心脏的收缩力,抑制血小板凝集,促进胃酸分泌,利尿,松弛脑外血管和支气管平滑肌,促进儿茶酚胺的释放,间接抑制组胺释放。绿茶中的咖啡因可用于改善认知功能,抗…     

三七三醇皂甙对动物血小板功能及血栓形成的影响

三七三醇皂甙（PTS）在体外（1～4mg／ml）和体内十二指肠给药（75～300mg／kg）都明显抑制由ADP、胶原、花生四烯酸（AA）诱导的大鼠及家兔血小板聚集，同时亦抑制胶原诱导大鼠血小板TXA2释放，而对大鼠胸主动脉壁PGI2生成无明显影响。PTS（50～200mg／kg）明显抑制大鼠实验性血栓形成，剂量与效应相关。提示：PTS抗血栓作用与其抑制血小板聚集和TXA2释放有关。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定百金花中龙胆苦苷和咖啡因的含量

目的建立百金花中龙胆苦苷（gentiopicrin）和咖啡因（caffeine）的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法采用ODS柱，流动相为甲醇-水（30：70），检测波长273nm。结果该法回收率龙胆苦苷为97．76％，咖啡因为102．30％；RSD龙胆苦苷为2．97％，咖啡因为1．75％（n=6）。结论该方法建立同一色谱条件下测定百金花中龙胆苦苷和咖啡因，简便、准确，为百金花蒙药植物资源的进一步开发提供了可靠的依据。     

复方山草根口服液治疗偏头痛的临床效果

应用以葛根、山楂为主要成分的复方山草根口服液，治疗偏头痛６０例（男２６例，女３６例），服药１５天，显效５６例，有效４例，无效２例，总有效率９６．７％。应用咖啡因麦角胺、尼莫地平、西比灵等西药治疗偏头痛３０例（男１３例，女１５例），显效８例，有效１２例，无效１０例，总有效率６６．７％。两组具有非常显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。复方山草根口服液具有扩张脑血管、解除血管痉挛和抑制５－羟色胺释放的双重作用，     

用含小豆蔻、苦参、防风、莪术等提取物的制剂减轻皮肤、头发和粘膜刺激

该剂含小豆蔻、苦参、防风、莪术、春黄菊、巴西可可、葛属植物、三七、苦荞麦、肉豆蔻、胡椒、姜和李子种子。用于减轻皮肤、头发和粘膜刺激。含人角质化细胞的培养基与0．10％苦荞麦热水提取物混合、培养，用MTT法测定细胞生存数，对照组用十二烷基硫酸钠溶液，结果刺激减轻93．05％。该剂可有效地减轻由于皮肤外用剂、化妆品、药品和清洗剂引起的刺激，对皮肤有保护作用。     

蜜炼川贝枇杷膏中陈皮鉴别方法的改进

陈皮为芙香科植物柑橘属的果皮。陈皮含挥发油，主要为右旋柠檬烯约SO％以上，柠檬酸约2～4％．并含黄酮类（为橙皮忒、川陈皮素等）、肌醇、维生素BI等。药理实验证明，陈皮挥发油有祛痰、促进消化液分泌等作用；橙皮俄、甲基橙皮忒具有降低血压、抗炎、抑制子富收缩等作用；临床上用于消化不良、支气管炎和上呼吸道感染、急性乳腺炎等。工实验材料、试剂和仪器①试剂：检皮忒对照品（中国药品生物制品检定所），实验所用试剂均为分析纯（广州化学试剂厂）。②仪器：紫外分析仪（广州汇成制作室）。③样品及药材：均由广州潘高寿药业股份…     

欧洲药典（第5版增补本5．3）：山楂叶和花的量化液体提取物

用山楂叶和花制备的量化液体提取物（1432），含0．8％～3．0％的黄酮类化合物，以金丝桃苷计（分子式C21H20O12；分子量464．4）。该提取物采用一种适合的工艺由草药和乙醇（30％～70％，体积分数）制备而成。鉴别：薄层色谱（2．2．27）     

Guarana: Revisiting a highly caffeinated plant from the Amazon

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds.

Aim of the review

The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated.

Results

Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community.

Conclusion

This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana′s bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives.     

Pharmacological activity of Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) in laboratory animals

Mice that ingested a suspension of guarana (Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae) in a dose of 0.3 mg/ml showed a significant increase in physical capacity when subjected to a stressful situation such as forced swimming after 100 and 200 days of treatment. Such an effect, however, was not obtained with a concentration of 3.0 mg/ml, nor with the ingestion of a suspension of ginseng 5.0 mg/ml, nor of a solution of caffeine 0.1 mg/ml. Guarana, both after a single (3.0 and 30 mg/kg) or chronic administrations (0.3 mg/ml), was able to partially reverse the amnesic effect of scopolamine as measured through a passive avoidance test in mice and rats, indicating a positive effect on memory acquisition. However, no effect was observed when an active avoidance task was used in rats, even after 20 days of guarana administration. There was also a tendency of rats treated with 0.3 mg/ml of guarana to better maintain the memory of a Lashley III maze path. The animals had the same average lifespan, indicating a low toxicity of guarana, even after 23 months of treatment.     

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) offers protection against gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rats

The effects of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract were analyzed in rats on acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin and were compared to those produced by caffeine, a methylxanthine. Guarana (50 and 100 mg/kg p.o.) pretreated animals showed a significant reduction in the severity of gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol in a manner similar to caffeine (20 and 30 mg/kg p.o.). Against indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration, guarana at a higher dose offered significant protection but caffeine was ineffective at the doses tested. In 4 h pylorus-ligated rats, both guarana and caffeine caused significant diminution in the gastric secretory volume as well as the total acidity. Gastrointestinal transit in mice was not significantly affected by either of these agents. These findings indicate that guarana has a gastroprotective property that needs further elucidation as regards to its mechanism.     

Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) Prevents β‐Amyloid Aggregation,Generation of Advanced Glycation‐end Products (AGEs), and Acrolein‐Induced Cytotoxicity on Human Neuronal‐Like Cells

Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) are considered potent molecules capable of promoting neuronal cell death and participating in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that AGEs exacerbate β‐amyloid (Aβ) aggregation and AGE‐related cross‐links are also detected in senile plaques. Acrolein (ACR) is an α, β‐unsaturated aldehyde found in the environment and thermally processed foods, which can additionally be generated through endogenous metabolism. The role of ACR in AD is widely accepted in the literature. Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) is popularly consumed by the population in Brazil, mainly for its stimulant activity. In the present study, we showed that guarana (10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL) is able to prevent protein glycation, β‐amyloid aggregation, in vitro methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and ACR (20 μM)‐induced toxicity on neuronal‐like cells (SH‐SY5Y). Since these are considered typical AD pathological hallmarks, we propose that guarana may deserve further research as a potential therapeutic agent in such a neurodegenerative disease. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

欧洲刺柏（Juniper）

活性成分与药理作用欧洲刺柏药用部位是其浆果，具有促水排泄、防腐、抗胃肠胀气和抗风湿作用，还可改善胃功能。用作促水排泄药可增加尿量（水丢失），但不增加钠排泄。成分萜品烯-4-醇可增加肾小球滤过率，但刺激肾。欧洲刺柏浆果对单纯疱疹病毒体外显示抗病毒活性，并具抗真菌活性。动物实验显示，欧洲刺柏浆果提取物具有堕胎、抗生育、抗炎、抗胚胎植入、降血压、升血压和降血糖作用。欧洲刺柏浆果油具有兴奋子宫的活性，以及利尿、胃肠道抗菌和刺激作用，该油对平滑肌有阻止解痉作用。     

分离性上肢运动障碍型颈椎病中西医结合治疗

目的:探讨分离性上肢运动障碍型颈椎病的诊断、治疗。方法:综合分析2例病人的临床症状、体征、影像学资料和诊治过程及预后。结果:经综合的中西医结合治疗后,2例均恢复良好。结论:该型颈椎病比较特殊,少见,因易与运动神经元病相混淆而导致误诊,提高对这种少见的非典型颈椎病的认识,尽早明确诊断和针对影像学而采取的治疗方案对该病的预后有重要意义。     

鼻敏感颗粒调控变应性鼻炎Treg细胞诱导免疫耐受的研究

目的：探讨鼻敏感颗粒通过诱导Treg细胞变化,使变应性鼻炎的机体产生免疫耐受,达到治疗目的。方法：本研究以SD大鼠为实验动物,分为空白组、模型组和鼻敏感颗粒组,建立变应性鼻炎大鼠模型,并予以鼻敏感颗粒灌胃,借助流式细胞仪和ELISA法检测标本的 CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg和IL-4、IL-10、TGF-β1、IL-13的数值。结果：流式细胞仪检测结果表明,CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg在造模成功后下降（P<0.05）,但在鼻敏感颗粒治疗后上升（P<0.05）,达到正常空白组水平（P>0.05）。细胞因子ELISA法的结果表明,在造模成功后IL-10 和TGF-β1浓度明显下降（P<0.0001）,IL-4和IL-13浓度明显上升（P<0.0001）,而在鼻敏感颗粒治疗后IL-10和TGF-β1的血中浓度回升但未达到正常空白组水平,IL-4和IL-13血中浓度下降但未达到正常空白组水平。结论：鼻敏感颗粒可以上调变应性鼻炎大鼠的Treg细胞数量,使其分泌的IL-10 和TGF-β1量上升,抑制Th2细胞活性,使IL-4和IL-13分泌量下降,从而改善变应性鼻炎症状。     

Sesterterpenoids, terretonins A-D, and an alkaloid, asterrelenin, from Aspergillus terreus

Four new sesterterpenoids, terretonins A-D (1-4), and a new alkaloid, asterrelenin (5), together with five known compounds, were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a solid-state fermented culture of Aspergillus terreus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The structures of 1, 2, and 5 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Taxol content in bark, wood, root, leaf, twig, and seedling from several Taxus species

Taxol content in various parts of several Taxus species have been determined. The weight percent ranged from 0.00003 to 0.069.