儿童肺结核支气管肺泡灌洗液Xpert MTB/RIF检测的诊断准确性研究

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液的Xpert MTB/RIF检测对儿童肺结核的诊断价值。方法有疑似活动性结核病的临床症状和体征,行纤维支气管镜检查并留取了支气管肺泡灌洗液的患儿为研究对象。以支气管肺泡灌洗液作为病原学检测标本,分别以病原学诊断活动性结核病和临床诊断活动性结核病为金标准,以Xpert MTB/RIF为待测标准,考察Xpert MTB/RIF对病原学和临床诊断结核的诊断价值。基于样本中结核分枝杆菌(MTB)的Ct值反映所检测样本中MTB的载量;通过对利福平耐药位点的检测,对MTB菌株进行药物敏感性检测。结果符合本文纳入标准的疑似结核病患儿351例,男198例,女153例,年龄(5.9±3.9)岁。肺结核患儿125例,其中病原学诊断结核43例(34.4%),临床诊断结核82例(65.6%);肺结核合并支气管结核51例(40.8%),单纯肺结核74例(59.2%);非结核呼吸道感染性疾病226例,肺炎支原体肺炎187例(82.7%),细菌性肺炎39例(17.3%)。Xpert MTB/RIF在病原学诊断和临床诊断结核的敏感度分别为79%(95%CI:63%～89%)和51%(95%CI:40%～62%),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.18,P=0.002);肺结核合并支气管结核的敏感度为80%(66%～90%),单纯肺结核的敏感度47%(35%～59%);病原学诊断和临床诊断结核、合并支气管结核和单纯肺结核特异度均为100%(95%CI:97.9%～100%)。Xpert MTB/RIF检测病原学诊断结核敏感度高于临床诊断结核,肺结核合并支气管结核敏感度高于单纯肺结核,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=13.88,P0.001);支气管肺泡灌洗液的MTB核酸检出载量病原学诊断结核高于临床诊断结核,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.37,P=0.025)。76例Xpert MTB/RIF检测阳性患儿中,利福平耐药2例(2.6%)。结论支气管肺泡灌洗液的Xpert MTB/RIF检测在儿童肺结核诊断中具有较高价值,可在缺乏细菌学诊断证据的临床诊断结核病儿童中发现MTB,具有较高的敏感度,有助于提高儿童结核病病原学检出率。     

Xpert结核分枝杆菌/利福平试验对结核病及耐多药结核病诊断价值的Meta分析

目的 评估Xpert结核分枝杆菌/利福平（MTB/RIF）试验对结核病的诊断价值。方法 检索PubMed、Medline、中国知网、万方数据库等,收集Xpert MTB/RIF试验对结核病诊断价值的文献,检索起止时间均为建库至2012年6月。2名研究者独立进行资料提取和文献质量评估。采用Meta-Disc 1.4软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入26篇文献,其中2篇文献涉及儿童病例,包含了13 270例来自临床患者的检测标本。Meta分析结果显示,Xpert MTB/RIF试验诊断结核病的汇总敏感度为87%（95％CI:86%~88%）、特异度为97%（95％CI:97%~97%）。按照结核病的类型和患者年龄进行亚组分析,Xpert MTB/RIF试验诊断肺结核的敏感度高于肺外结核病,90%（95％CI:89%~91%） vs 76%（95％CI:72%~79%）;诊断涂阴菌阳性和涂阳菌阳性结核病的敏感度分别为74%（95％CI:71%~76%）和99％(95%CI:98%~99%);对儿童肺结核的诊断敏感度比成人肺结核低,74%（95％CI:65%~83%） vs 90%（95％CI:89%~92%）。Xpert MTB/RIF试验诊断耐多药结核病的敏感度为96%（95％CI:94%~97%）,特异度为98%（95％CI:98%~99%）。结论 Xpert MTB/RIF试验诊断结核病的价值较高,尤其是成人结核病及耐多药结核病。Xpert MTB/RIF试验在儿童结核病中的诊断价值由于纳入文献较少,尚待进一步研究。     

儿童耐药结核病5例临床分析

目的总结儿童耐药结核病的临床特点,提高其诊治水平。方法回顾性分析2013年3月至2017年3月,首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的5例有实验室证据的耐药结核病患儿临床资料,包括一般资料、结核接触史、临床影像表现、病原学检查及药敏试验、治疗方案及转归等。5例患儿中男4例,女1例,均患有肺结核,2例合并结核性脑膜炎,4例合并支气管结核。结果 5例中2例经分子技术Xpert MTB/RIF检测诊断为利福平耐药结核病(RR-TB);1例经颈淋巴结穿刺脓液培养药敏诊断为耐多药结核病(MDR-TB);1例经痰培养诊断为泛耐药结核病前期(Pre-XDR);另1例是其父痰培养为MDR-TB。5例患儿诊断耐药结核病后,均采用世界卫生组织推荐的包括二线抗结核药物在内的治疗方案。5例中2例治愈,2例好转,1例治疗失败。5例患儿均未发生严重药物不良反应。结论儿童耐药结核病可通过分子技术Xpert MTB/RIF检测和结核杆菌培养表型耐药检测确诊,分子技术具有较高的早期快速诊断价值。儿童耐药结核病经及时有效治疗后多数预后良好。儿童使用二线抗结核药物的严重不良反应发生率较低。     

纤维支气管镜在支气管内膜结核病诊断中的价值

目的评价纤维支气管镜对支气管内膜结核病的诊断价值。方法 2010年3月至2012年12月疑诊支气管内膜结核住院患儿67例,均行胸部CT及纤维支气管镜检,支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)作结核杆菌培养、荧光定量PCR、夹层杯法和病理活检。结果经检查临床确诊支气管内膜结核50例,支气管内膜结核镜下病变部位广泛、形态多样化。支气管内膜结核患儿的BALF FQ-PCR检测阳性率为60%,夹层杯法阳性率42%,灌洗液结核菌培养阳性率20%;病理活检阳性率46%;BALF FQ-PCR联合夹层杯法检测,阳性率可提高至76%(38/50),明显高于灌洗液结核菌培养和病理活检阳性率。结论纤维支气管镜检查为诊断支气管内膜结核的有效手段。     

结核分枝杆菌多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值

目的 探讨结核分枝杆菌(MTB)多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断价值。方法 选取2005年4月至2006年4月在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院诊断为结核病的住院患儿作为结核病组。选取同期住院，患感染性疾病，同时除外结核病的患儿作为非结核病组；选取体检纯化蛋白衍生物（PPD）试验阳性，既往无结核病史，无明显结核中毒症状，胸部影像学及腹部B超检查未见结核病灶的儿童作为结核感染组；选取同期行健康体检，卡疤试验阳性，无基础疾病，无结核接触史的儿童为健康对照组。各组留取血清标本。计算结核病组PPD试验阳性率及细菌学检查阳性率。应用MTB多抗原蛋白芯片同时检测标本中脂阿拉伯甘露糖（LAM）、相对分子质量16 000和38 000蛋白IgG抗体，通过蛋白芯片阅读仪判断结果，其中任意1种或1种以上抗体检测阳性，即判为蛋白芯片检测阳性。分别计算各组抗体检测阳性率，并计算该方法检测儿童结核病的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值等指标。应用Logistic回归及χ2检验分析蛋白芯片检测阳性率与患儿年龄、病程、抗结核治疗时间、激素使用以及结核病类型的关系。结果 研究期间共纳入结核病组79例，非结核病组33例，结核感染组15例，健康对照组30例。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的阳性率为34.2%（27/79），低于PPD试验阳性率（84.8%，67/79），高于细菌学检查阳性率（12.7%，10/79）。在非结核病组阳性率为6.1%（2/33），结核感染组和健康对照组阳性率为0。蛋白芯片检测结核病组的灵敏度为34.2%，特异度为97.4%。阳性预测值93.1%，阴性预测值58.5%。Logistic回归发现蛋白芯片检测阳性率仅与病程相关，且随病程延长而阳性率升高。病程<1个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为18.8%（6/32），病程在～3个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为21.6%（8/37），病程>3个月，蛋白芯片检测阳性率为100%（13/13）。目前的统计结果尚未发现蛋白芯片检测阳性率与患儿年龄、抗结核治疗时间、激素使用情况有显著相关关系。结核病分型不同所造成的蛋白芯片检测阳性率的差异主要是由于其病程分布不同所致。结论 多抗原蛋白芯片对儿童结核病的诊断有一定价值，可作为一种诊断补充手段。但该方法灵敏度较低，不适用于早期诊断。     

支气管镜介导标本对儿童结核病诊断价值的系统评价和Meta分析

目的 定量评估支气管镜介导标本对儿童结核病（TB）的诊断价值。方法 检索PubMed、EMBASE、Ovid、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网和万方数据库,检索起止时间为建库至2016年2月,并回溯纳入文献的参考文献。2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,采用QUADAS-2量表行文献偏倚风险评估。以临床诊断和实验室诊断作为TB诊断的金标准,评估支气管镜介导标本（支气管肺泡灌洗液、支气管黏膜组织及支气管黏膜刷检）及不同检测方法诊断儿童TB的敏感度和特异度,并以胃液作为对照标本。采用Meta-Disc 1.4软件进行Meta分析,建立汇总受试者工作特征（SROC）曲线,并计算曲线下面积 (AUC)等。采用Stata 12.0软件绘制Deek′s漏斗图评估发表偏倚。结果 14篇文献进入Meta分析,纳入2 781份（1 082例患儿）的支气管镜介导标本。①14篇文献报道了支气管镜介导所有标本对儿童TB的诊断,汇总敏感度和特异度分别为0.38（95%CI：0.35～0.41）和1.00（95%CI：0.99～1.00）;按照标本及检测方法行亚组分析,支气管黏膜组织活检的敏感度为0.51（95%CI：0.40～0.61）,特异度为1.00（95%CI：0.81～1.00）;支气管肺泡灌洗液培养、涂片和PCR的敏感度分别为0.36（95%CI：0.32～0.40）、0.21（95%CI：0.15～0.28）和0.58（95%CI：0.46～0.69）,特异度分别为1.00（95%CI：0.99～1.00）、1.00（95%CI：0.98～1.00）和1.00（95%CI：0.84～1.00）。②10篇文献报道胃液对儿童TB的诊断,胃液培养敏感度为0.52（95%CI：0.47～0.57）,特异度为1.00（95%CI：0.98～1.00）;涂片敏感度为0.25（95%CI：0.16～0.36）,特异度为1.00（95%CI：0.95～1.00）。③支气管肺泡灌洗液所有检测方法诊断TB的SROC AUC为0.883 9;胃液所有检测方法诊断TB的SROC AUC为0.873 7。④支气管肺泡灌洗液培养、涂片和胃液诊断TB文献的Deeks′检验P分别为0.005、0.014和0.147。结论 支气管镜介导的标本对儿童TB的诊断价值是肯定的,但支气管肺泡灌洗液作为最常用的标本采用培养和涂片对TB诊断的敏感度不优于胃液。     

结核菌素皮试和全血γ干扰素测定试验的儿童结核感染诊断应用研究

目的 评价结核菌素（PPD）皮试和全血γ干扰素（IFN-γ）测定试验诊断儿童结核病的准确性。方法 选择2006年7月至2010年4月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院临床诊断结核和呼吸系统疾病的患儿为研究对象。根据患儿所暴露的结核感染危险因素分为5组：A组：无结核病密切接触史的非结核病的呼吸系统疾病患儿;B组：有活动性结核病患者密切接触史的非结核病的呼吸系统疾病患儿;C组：无结核病密切接触史的临床诊断结核病患儿;D组：有活动性结核病患者密切接触史的临床诊断结核病患儿;E组：病原学或病理学确诊的活动性结核病患儿。患儿于入院当日行PPD皮试,入院后1~7 d采集外周静脉血行全血IFN-γ测定。以敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值、阳性预测值和似然比评价PPD皮试和全血IFN-γ测定对结核病的诊断价值。结果 125例患儿进入分析。A组40例,B组11例,C组29例,D组27例,E组18例。①PPD皮试取硬结≥10 mm为阳性判断标准时,诊断结核病的敏感度为77.0%,特异度为70.6%;取硬结≥15 mm为阳性判断标准时,诊断结核病的敏感度为50.0%、特异度为80.2%;全血IFN-γ测定的敏感度为85.1%、特异度为94.1%。②PPD皮试取硬结≥10 mm为阳性判断标准诊断结核病时,<3岁患儿PPD皮试的敏感度和特异度均显著低于≥3岁患儿,城区和郊区患儿的敏感度和特异度接近;全血IFN-γ测定诊断结核病的敏感度和特异度在不同年龄、居住地间差异无统计学意义。③全血IFN-γ测定阳性率与结核感染暴露因素的相关性优于PPD皮试（取硬结≥10或15 mm为阳性判断标准时）。结论 潜伏结核感染筛查时以硬结≥15 mm作为PPD皮试阳性判断标准,可提高诊断的特异度;临床疑似结核病的诊断以硬结≥10 mm作为PPD皮试阳性判断标准,可提高诊断的敏感度。全血IFN-γ测定诊断结核病的敏感度和特异度均较好。     

慢性咳嗽和喘息性疾病支气管肺泡灌洗液成分分析

目的 分析慢性咳嗽及喘息性疾病患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液成分。方法 应用免疫组化及ELISA方法，对哮喘（13例）、慢性咳嗽（10例）、婴幼儿喘鸣（8例）患儿和对照组（8例）共39例的支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细胞学分析及上清液IL－5浓度测定。结果 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液嗜酸性粒细胞为3．0％（0．7％－8．8％），上皮细胞为3．0％（0．7％－12．0％），IL－5为1．7ng/L(0－16.0ng/L)，与慢性咳嗽组及婴幼儿喘鸣组相比，差异有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）；2例慢性咳嗽及3例婴幼喘鸣儿哮酸性粒细胞亦有异常增多，与组内其他必相比差异有显著意义；婴幼儿喘鸣组中性粒细胞明显增多。结论 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液以嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮细胞明显增多为其特征性改变；慢性咳嗽患儿中有嗜酸性粒细胞异常增多者，应注意与哮喘鉴别；婴幼儿喘鸣者以中性粒细胞增多为著，抗哮喘治疗应慎重。     

支气管肺泡灌洗液肝素结合蛋白水平对儿童重症肺炎的评价作用

目的:探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液肝素结合蛋白(HBP)水平对儿童重症肺炎的病情评价作用。方法:纳入湖南省儿童医院行支气管镜检测及支气管肺泡灌洗术的重症肺炎患儿94例,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液中HBP水平。根据病原学结果,分为非细菌感染组(19例)和细菌感染组(75例);根据是否存在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)及其严重程度分为非...     

纤维支气管镜在儿童肺不张病因诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜在儿童肺不张病因诊断及治疗中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析经一般治疗无效而行纤维支气管镜检查的110例肺不张患儿的临床资料.结果 110例中以异物最多,共45例,占40.9%;其次为炎症40例,占36.4%;结核15例,占13.6%居第三位.异物多见于1～3岁的幼儿,结核、哮喘、支扩多见于较大儿童.40例炎性肺不张支气管肺泡灌洗液及刷检涂片病原学检查阳性16例,阳性率为40.0%,炎性肺不张经支气管肺泡灌洗治疗,2周复张率79.6%;45例异物所致肺不张经纤支镜取出异物18例.结论 小儿肺不张的病因以异物、炎症、结核最多见,纤维支气管镜检查不仅能最大限度地有助明确病因,而且在肺不张的治疗中有重要作用.     

Diagnostic Yield of Xpert MTB/RIF in Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Children with Probable Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Objective

To evaluate utility of Xpert MTB/RIF in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with probable pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods

Children with probable pulmonary tuberculosis with negative smear and Xpert on induced sputum/gastric aspirate were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for Xpert assay and mycobacterial liquid culture. Data of children <14 y undergoing bronchoscopy for suspected MDR-TB (n=12) were also analyzed. The sensitivity of Xpert in BAL fluid for diagnosis of probable and confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis was calculated with clinico-radiological diagnosis and culture as gold standards, respectively.

Results

Of 41 enrolled children, 24 (58.5%) had Xpert positive in BAL fluid and 11 (26.8%) had culture confirmed tuberculosis (BAL fluid;10; sputum,1). The sensitivity of Xpert in BAL fluid among probable and culture confirmed tuberculosis cases was 58.5% (24/41) and 81.8% (9/11), respectively.

Conclusion

Xpert in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid has good sensitivity in both probable and confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in children.

     

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??Objective??To summarize the clinical characteristics of drug-resistant tuberculosis in children and improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods??The clinical data of 5 children with drug-resistant tuberculosis treated in Beijing Children’s Hospital from March 2013 to March 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data included general information??tuberculosis exposure history??clinical and imaging performance??etiological examination??drug sensitivity test??treatment protocol and outcome. All five patients??4 male and 1 female?? had pulmonary tuberculosis??two had tuberculous meningitis??four had bronchial tuberculosis. Results??All had laboratory-confirmed drug-resistant tuberculosis??two were with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis??RR-TB?? confirmed by Xpert MTB/RIF??one had confirmed by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis??MDR-TB?? cervical lymph node puncture fluid culture??one had by pre-extensive drug- resistant tuberculosis??Pre-XDR?? sputum culture and the other case was MDR-TB confirmed by the positive culture of his father’s sputum. All patients received regimens recommended by WHO??containing second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs??after diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Two children were cured??two children were improved??but still receiving anti-tuberculosis treatment. Treatment failed in one child. All children had no severe adverse events. Conclusion??The drug-resistant tuberculosis in children can be diagnosed by molecular technique Xpert MTB/RIF and mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. The molecular technique is of great value in early and rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Most children with drug-resistant tuberculosis have a favourable prognosis after timely and effective treatment. The incidence of serious adverse effects of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs is low in children.     

A profile of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in children

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical profile of children with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. STUDY DESIGN: A multicentric study was conducted in three hospitals in Chennai city between July 1995 and December 1997. Children aged 6 months to 12 years with signs and symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis were investigated further. Clinical examination, chest radiograph, tuberculin skin test with 1 TU PPD and, sputum or gastric lavage for mycobacterial smear and culture were done for all and, lymph node biopsy when necessary. RESULTS: A total of 2652 children were registered and tuberculosis was bacteriologically confirmed in 201. Predominant symptoms were history of an insidious illness (49%), fever and cough (47%), loss of weight (41%) and a visible glandular swelling (49%). Respiratory signs were few and 62% were undernourished. Over half the patients with confirmed TB had normal chest X-ray. Abnormal X-ray findings included parenchymal opacities in 47% and hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 26%. The prevalence of isoniazid resistance was 12.6% and MDR TB 4%. CONCLUSIONS: Children with tuberculosis present with fever and cough of insidious onset. Lymphadenopathy is a common feature even in children with pulmonary TB. A significant proportion of children have normal chest X-rays despite positive gastric aspirate cultures. Drug resistance rates in children mirror the pattern seen in adults in this geographic area.     

The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in malnourished Kenyan children

Guidelines available for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children vary widely. In an area of high prevalence, pulmonary TB was often suspected but difficult to confirm. In a prospective study, diagnostic methods were recorded in 144 consecutive children admitted and diagnosed as having pulmonary TB. Six of the 144 children had bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. Seventy-five children had probable tuberculosis, the diagnosis being based on the tuberculin response in 19, a history of family contact in 34 and a diagnostic chest radiograph in 22. The remaining 63 children had suspected tuberculosis: 23 of these had an inconclusive chest X-ray. The suspected group were significantly younger than the probable group (mean ages 2.8 and 4.4 years respectively), experienced a longer delay between admission and the start of antituberculous chemotherapy and suffered a significantly higher mortality (30% and 8% respectively). A diagnostic process is proposed which takes account of the high proportion of nonresponders to tuberculin in a young, malnourished population. A trial of anti-tuberculous therapy is accepted as a valid diagnostic manoeuvre in suspected cases who are malnourished or have recently had measles.     

Sero diagnosis of tuberculosis in children using two ELISA kits

The diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis is based on circumstantial evidence in the absence of a gold standard in the majority of cases. Sero-diagnosis offers scope for an early diagnosis in a variety of clinical conditions and is simple to perform. A number of mycobacterial antigens have been used for antibody detection assays and several are available as kits in the market. This study was done to evaluate the value of antibody detection kits (ELISA) against the A60 antigen and 38 kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis at the outpatient department of the Institute of Social Paediatrics, Government Stanley Hospital in collaboration with Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai. Thirty five children with pulmonary tuberculosis, 7 with TB lymphadenitis and 22 healthy controls were studied. In addition to routine investigations including gastric lavage for AFB culture, serum antibodies against the A60 and 38 kDa antigens were assayed using commercially available ELISA kits. With A60, IgM serum levels were positive in 74% of pulmonary TB cases, 57% of TB lymphadenitis cases and 50% of controls. A60 IgG was positive in 17% of pulmonary TB, 86% of TB lymphadenitis and 14% of controls. The 38 kDa IgG antibody was positive in 37% of pulmonary and 86% of TB lymphadenitis cases and 27% of controls. Among 10 culture confirmed cases, A60 IgM was positive in 8, A60 IgG in 3 and 38 kDa IgG in 5 patients. The sensitivity of the tests ranged between 29% and 71% and specificity between 50% and 86%. Although the numbers are small, the results suggest that serodiagnosis using the currently available antigens of M. tuberculosis is unlikely to be a confirmatory test for tuberculosis in children.     

儿童气管支气管结核的临床及支气管镜下特征分析

目的 总结气管支气管结核（tracheobronchial tuberculosis，TBTB）患儿临床和支气管镜下特点，并分析气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄的影响因素。 方法 回顾性收集TBTB患儿的临床资料，根据随访1年内最后1次支气管镜结果分为气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄组（n=34）和无气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄组（n=58）。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨儿童TBTB遗留气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄的影响因素，使用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic，ROC）曲线分析影响因素对儿童TBTB遗留气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄的预测价值。 结果 92例TBTB患儿主要症状为咳嗽（90%）、发热（68%）；<1岁组患儿气促、喘息发生率高于其他年龄组（P<0.008）。胸部CT常见改变为纵隔或肺门淋巴结肿大（90%）、气管支气管狭窄或堵塞（61%）。TBTB镜下以淋巴结瘘型为主（77%）。所有患儿均行介入治疗，有效率为84%。随访1年，34例患儿遗留气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄。气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄组比无气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄组TBTB的诊断时间和启动介入治疗时间均显著延迟（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示TBTB诊断时间与患儿遗留气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄密切相关（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析发现TBTB诊断时间取92 d是预测TBTB患儿遗留气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄的最佳截断值，曲线下面积为0.707，灵敏度为58.8%，特异度为75.9%。 结论 TBTB临床表现无特异性，<1岁患儿临床症状更重。对胸部影像学提示气道受累的肺结核患儿应警惕TBTB发生。TBTB诊断延迟与气道闭塞或瘢痕狭窄发生相关。 ［中国当代儿科杂志，2023，25（4）：381-387］     

Bronchoalveolar lavage in HIV infected patients with interstitial pneumonitis.

The value of taking microbiological and cytological specimens by flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage under local anaesthesia was assessed on 43 occasions in 35 HIV infected children, aged 3 months to 16 years, with interstitial pneumonitis. In acute interstitial pneumonitis (n = 22, 26 specimens from bronchoalveolar lavages) the microbiological yield was 73%, Pneumocystis carinii being the commonest infective agent (n = 14). P carinii pneumonia was found only in children with deficient antigen induced lymphocyte proliferative responses who had not been treated with long term prophylactic co-trimoxazole. In contrast, in 13 children with chronic interstitial pneumonitis that was consistent with a diagnosis of pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage on 17 occasions, there were two isolates of cytomegalovirus and one of adenovirus, but P carinii was not found. Ten of the 13 children had normal antigen induced lymphocyte proliferative responses. Useful cytological data were also gleaned from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. Lymphocytosis was significantly higher in pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia (36(SD 11)%) than in P carinii pneumonia (24(19)%) whereas the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was significantly lower (3(2)% compared with 12(13)%). Flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage is safe even in young infants and should reduce the necessity for open lung biopsy in the management of HIV infected children with interstitial pneumonitis.     

儿童腹腔结核病30例诊断分析

目的 提高对儿童腹腔结核病的认识和诊断水平.方法 回顾性总结北京儿童医院住院治疗的30例腹腔结核病例的临床特点、诊断过程及预后资料,探讨各种诊断方法的临床意义.结果 20例患儿初诊为上呼吸道感染、胃肠炎、消化不良等疾病,另6例诊断为肺结核,初诊即诊断为腹腔结核者仅4例.30例中21例(70%)有腹痛、腹胀,腹泻或便秘等症状;均有腹部阳性体征(腹腔积液1O例次,腹部揉面感9例次,腹部压痛8例次,腹部包块4例次,肝脾肿大3例次).24例伴发腹腔外结核.PPD阳性28例(93%),腹部超声结果全部异常.剖腹探查3例,结肠镜活检2例,均获确诊;24例获临床诊断患儿经正规抗结核治疗效果明显.结论 儿童腹腔结核病初诊时容易被误诊,应引起重视;大多数患儿具有消化道症状和体征;腹腔外结核的存在是协助诊断的重要依据;PPD检查和腹部超声检查是诊断的重要依据;结肠镜和剖腹探查能够获得确切诊断证据.