衢枳壳不同组分体外降糖活性研究及4种黄酮组分含量分析

目的 研究衢枳壳不同极性组分体外降糖活性,并明确各组分中4种黄酮类化合物的含量。方法 采用系统溶剂法提取与分离衢枳壳中不同极性的黄酮组分,通过体外试验明确各组分对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性和HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗的影响。采用Agilent Zorbax SB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.02%磷酸水溶液（20︰80）为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温35℃,外标法测定衢枳壳各组分中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷的含量。结果 衢枳壳各组分均具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,抑制强弱顺序为正丁醇组分[IC₅₀：（0.033±0.010） mg·mL^-1] > 甲醇组分[IC₅₀：（0.092±0.006） mg·mL^-1] > 乙酸乙酯组分[IC₅₀：（0.170±0.014） mg·mL^-1] > 氯仿组分[IC₅₀：（0.509±0.070） mg·mL^-1];衢枳壳甲醇组分和正丁醇组分能够显著促进HepG2细胞葡萄糖的消耗,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。含量测定方法经方法学认证,各项参数均符合要求。经分析发现：衢枳壳各组分中均含有芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷和新橙皮苷等黄酮类化合物,且正丁醇组分中各黄酮成分含量最高。结论 衢枳壳各组分均具有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,且随着各组分中黄酮类化合物含量增高作用增强。同时,含有较高黄酮类组分含量的衢枳壳组分具有促进HepG2细胞葡萄糖消耗的作用,如甲醇、正丁醇和乙酸乙酯组分。     

UHPLC测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分含量及化学模式分析

目的 建立UHPLC波长切换法同时测定芎菊上清丸中9种成分的含量方法。方法 采用Agilent Ecilipse C₁₈（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.6 μm）色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为0.3 mL·min^-1;检测波长：327,237,320,345,278,254 nm;柱温30℃;进样量2 μL;并采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对含量测定结果进行主成分分析与聚类分析。结果 绿原酸、3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、栀子苷、甘草苷、阿魏酸、盐酸小檗碱、黄芩苷、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷线性范围分别为4.30~68.80 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 0）、6.66~106.56 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、7.67~122.72 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、4.88~78.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、2.37~37.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、6.50~103.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、8.85~141.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 4）、0.88~14.08 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.74~11.92 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）;平均加样回收率（n=9）均在99.42%~103.10%,RSD均<2.0%。主成分分析与聚类分析均可将不同生产厂家的芎菊上清丸很好地分类,且分类结果一致。结论 所建立的多成分方法快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于芎菊上清丸的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定心神安胶囊中9种成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定心神安胶囊中9种成分的含量。方法 采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸溶液（B）,梯度洗脱;流速0.9 mL·min^-1;检测波长分别为320 nm[检测远志（口山）酮Ⅲ、3,6''-二芥子酰基蔗糖]、203 nm （检测人参皂苷Rb₁、绞股蓝皂苷XLIX、绞股蓝皂苷XVⅡ）和254 nm （检测毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素）;柱温25℃。结果 远志（口山）酮Ⅲ、3,6''-二芥子酰基蔗糖、人参皂苷Rb₁、绞股蓝皂苷XLIX、绞股蓝皂苷XVⅡ、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、芒柄花素分别在2.070~41.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 2）、3.860~77.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）、11.29~225.8 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、5.070~101.4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）、19.86~397.2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）、1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）、0.960 0~19.20 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）、0.670 0~13.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、2.580~51.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98.04%,99.26%,99.05%,97.42%,100.0%,98.27%,97.81%,96.84%和99.86%,RSD分别为1.28%,0.82%,1.43%,1.43%,0.86%,1.26%,1.38%,1.16%和0.69%。结论 本方法操作简便、准确、重复性好,能够对心神安胶囊中9种成分进行同时含量测定,为提高和完善心神安胶囊的质量标准提供了有效方法。     

HPLC同时测定通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的 建立通脉颗粒中丹参素、原儿茶醛、丹酚酸B、阿魏酸和葛根素的HPLC测定方法。方法 采用Welch Ultimate XD-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1%三氟乙酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,双波长检测（282,305 nm）,柱温35℃,流速1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 丹参素、丹酚酸B、原儿茶醛、葛根素和阿魏酸的线性范围分别为3.117~62.33 μg·mL^-1（r=0.998 7）,4.044~80.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.9985）,1.280~25.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.997 9）,7.964~159.3 μg·mL^-1（r=0.992 8）,1.980~39.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;平均回收率分别为101.6%（RSD=1.62%）,99.7%（RSD=1.76%）,97.4%（RSD=1.19%）,99.9%（RSD=1.52%）,102.2%（RSD=1.56%）。结论 该方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于通脉颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定消疲灵颗粒中的7种成分

目的 建立同时测定消疲灵颗粒中7种成分含量的HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱方法。方法 采用Venusil MP-C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-1%冰醋酸溶液,流速为0.9 mL·min^-1,梯度洗脱,柱温为30 ℃,进样量为10 μL。结果 牡荆素葡萄糖苷、牡荆素鼠李糖苷、牡荆素、金丝桃苷、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮和芒柄花素检测浓度分别在2.56~51.20 μg·mL^-1,14.87~297.40 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,3.16~63.20 μg·mL^-1,3.80~76.00 μg·mL^-1,2.14~42.80 μg·mL^-1,4.81~ 96.20 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r≥0.999 1）,平均回收率97.0%~100.0%,RSD 0.55%~1.67%,精密度和重复性良好,供试品溶液在室温条件下12 h内稳定。结论 该方法操作简便,精密度、稳定性、重复性好,可用于消疲灵颗粒中7种有效成分含量的同时测定。     

HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定消炎利胆片中5种活性成分（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素、脱水穿心莲内酯）的方法。方法 采用phenomonex^®-C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.4%的磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为330 nm（绿原酸、迷迭香酸、芹菜素）和254 nm（穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯）。结果 绿原酸、迷迭香酸、穿心莲内酯、芹菜素和脱水穿心莲内酯检测浓度分别在3.042~121.7 μg·mL^-1、2.558~102.3 μg·mL^-1、14.11~564.4 μg·mL^-1、2.835~113.4 μg·mL^-1、23.86~954.3 μg·mL^-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r ≥ 0.999 6）,平均加样回收率为97.90%~101.75%,RSD为0.89%~1.66%,仪器精密度、重复性、稳定性良好。结论 本试验所建立的方法准确可靠、重复性好,可为消炎利胆片的质量控制提供科学的依据。     

基于斑马鱼的香青兰总黄酮整体发育急性毒性评价研究

目的 利用模式生物斑马鱼研究香青兰总黄酮（TFDM）整体发育急性毒性。方法 采用发育至48 h的斑马鱼暴露于5、10、20、40、42、44、46、48、50、100 μg·mL^-1的TFDM,分别于暴露后24、48 h（24、48 hpe）,计算死亡率、半数死亡浓度（LC₅₀）值;测量每组斑马鱼幼鱼的体长,进行形态学观察并评分;显微镜下观察斑马鱼心脏形态并拍照,记录心率,使用Image-Pro Plus 5.1测量斑马鱼静脉窦-动脉球（SV-BA）距离;显微镜下观察各组斑马鱼是否有体侧水肿来判断TFDM对肾脏的影响并拍照;应用肝脏标记绿色荧光的转基因斑马鱼Tg （L-FABP∶EGFP）,通过检测肝脏荧光强度和面积,观察TFDM对肝脏毒性的影响。结果 TFDM的24 hpe LC₅₀为50 μg·mL^-1,48 hpe LC₅₀为48 μg·mL^-1,100 μg·mL^-1 TFDM组斑马鱼幼鱼全部死亡。与空白对照组比较,20 μg·mL^-1以下的TFDM对斑马鱼的形态和心、肝、肾各脏器无影响;20 μg·mL^-1浓度的TFDM处理斑马鱼48 h导致个别斑马鱼鱼鳔体积减小或缺失,对其他脏器无显著影响;40 μg·mL^-1的TFDM导致斑马鱼出现轻微的心包水肿,处理48 h以后斑马鱼体长显著减小（P＜0.01）,形态评分显著下降（P＜0.01）,斑马鱼的肝脏形态出现轻微变化,但肝脏荧光强度和肝脏荧光面积无显著性变化,对肾脏无影响;暴露在50 μg·mL^-1的TFDM中24 h,斑马鱼出现心包水肿,心率显著下降（P＜0.05）,肝脏荧光强度和面积显著减小（P＜0.05）,肾脏无明显变化。结论 TFDM对斑马鱼的毒性较小,低浓度（≤10 μg·mL^-1）的TFDM对斑马鱼无毒性;中浓度（20 μg·mL^-1）下TFDM对斑马鱼的毒性微弱,仅导致部分斑马鱼鱼鳔体积减小或缺失,对其他各脏器无毒性;高浓度（≥40 μg·mL^-1及以上）下有轻微的心脏毒性和肝脏毒性,在临床应用中有必要合理控制用量。     

HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中3种抑菌剂的含量

目的 建立HPLC同时测定双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵含量的方法。方法 用十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,以1%三乙胺溶液（磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相A,以甲醇为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测波长254 nm。结果 羟苯乙酯在20.58~205.8 μg·mL^-1、硫柳汞在8.242~82.42 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₂H₂₅取代物在12.88~128.8 μg·mL^-1、苯扎氯铵n-C₁₄H₂₉取代物在6.624~66.24 μg·mL^-1内线性良好（r≥0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.3%~102.5%（n=9）。结论 该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于控制双氯芬酸钠滴眼液中羟苯乙酯、硫柳汞和苯扎氯铵的含量。     

UPLC同时测定中成药和保健食品中16种非法添加的抗过敏类药物

目的 建立UPLC测定中成药和保健食品中16种非法添加的抗过敏类药物。方法 采用Waters BEH C₁₈色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,以甲醇-20 mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠（用磷酸调节pH值至3.0）为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为220 nm。结果 16种抗过敏类药物在2.5~40 μg·mL^-1内呈良好线性关系（r²>0.999）,平均回收率为90.77%~113.35%,RSD为0.06%~1.21%;定量限为0.18~3.92 μg·mL^-1,检出限为0.09~0.78 μg·mL^-1。结论 该方法简便、灵敏度高,可有效地判断中成药及保健品中是否非法掺入16种抗过敏类药物。     

白藤梨根体外抗肿瘤作用部位筛选及总三萜含量测定

目的 筛选白藤梨根体外抗肿瘤作用部位并测定总三萜含量。方法 采用RTCA DP实时细胞分析系统研究白藤梨根提取物对人肺癌A549细胞和人肝癌HepG2细胞体外增殖的抑制作用,筛选其抗肿瘤作用的活性部位;并通过紫外分光光度法测定白藤梨根活性部位中总三萜的含量。结果 白藤梨根各提取物对人肺癌A549细胞和人肝癌HepG2细胞均有一定的抑制作用,其中白藤梨根石油醚部位、乙酸乙酯部位和乙醇部位对人肺癌A549细胞的IC₅₀值分别为2,0.15,3.8 mg·mL^-1,对人肝癌HepG2细胞的IC₅₀值分别为75,7.6,71 μg·mL^-1;紫外分光光度法测得白藤梨根乙酸乙酯提取物中总三萜含量高达45%。结论 白藤梨根体外抗人肺癌细胞和人肝癌细胞的主要部位为乙酸乙酯部位,其中总三萜为其主要抗肿瘤成分。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.