荷人卵巢上皮癌裸鼠冻融卵巢组织移植的效果评价

目的:获取人卵巢上皮癌裸鼠原位移植瘤癌旁正常卵巢组织,经安全筛查并冻融后移植至去势裸鼠体内,探讨移植后效果,为临床应用提供依据。方法:将人卵巢上皮癌OVCAR3细胞种植于裸鼠皮下以获取瘤源,并进行卵巢原位移植,建立卵巢癌原位移植瘤模型,解剖裸鼠获取癌旁正常卵巢组织。癌旁组:取筛选后的癌旁卵巢组织进行玻璃化冷冻,复苏后分别进行皮下及原位移植,各20例;对照组:同龄正常裸鼠卵巢组织,皮下移植及原位移植各20例;去势裸鼠组:20只同龄去势裸鼠;正常卵巢组:20只同龄正常裸鼠。移植12周后,分析各组裸鼠卵巢组织内卵泡形态及激素分泌功能。结果:40只人卵巢上皮癌裸鼠原位移植瘤模型中共获取35份活检正常的癌旁卵巢组织,获取率87.5%(35/40)。玻璃化冷冻前后卵巢组织中卵泡形态及各级卵泡比例均无显著差异(P>0.05),癌旁冷冻组织和癌旁新鲜组织的异常卵泡比例差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),冷冻组织以初级卵泡及次级卵泡等窦前卵泡为主。癌旁组皮下移植组织存活率80%(16/20),对照组皮下移植组织存活率90%(18/20),癌旁组原位移植组织存活率90%(18/20),对照组原位移植组织存活率95%(19/20)。移植后组织内卵泡以次级卵泡及窦状卵泡为主,各级卵泡的形态及构成比和未移植的同龄正常裸鼠卵巢相似(P>0.05);癌旁组卵泡数明显低于对照组(P<0.05)及正常卵巢组(P<0.01);皮下移植和原位移植组织内的各级卵泡数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。癌旁组卵泡刺激素水平明显低于去势裸鼠组,而雌二醇水平明显高于去势裸鼠组(P<0.01);癌旁组卵泡刺激素水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)及正常卵巢组(P<0.01),而雌二醇水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05)及正常卵巢组(P<0.01);皮下移植和原位移植的卵泡刺激素水平和雌二醇水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:癌旁卵巢组织冻融移植后有正常卵泡发育及激素分泌功能;皮下移植和原位移植均可取得较好的效果;癌旁卵巢组织冻融移植有望作为卵巢上皮癌患者治疗后恢复卵巢内分泌功能的有效手段。     

两种冷冻保护剂玻璃化冷冻小鼠卵巢的比较研究

目的:探讨两种玻璃化冷冻保护剂对小鼠卵巢组织学和功能的影响。方法:将23只4周龄ICR雌鼠随机分为新鲜卵巢移植组(6只)、去势组(5只)、EG40组(6只)和ED20组(6只)。EG40组和ED20组分别应用乙二醇(EG)和联合应用EG与二甲基亚砜(DMSO)玻璃化冷冻小鼠卵巢组织,一周后解冻,将一部分复苏卵巢组织自体移植入小鼠肾被膜下,另一部分组织行组织学观察。移植术后5d开始观察所有小鼠的动情周期,一个月后处死小鼠,对存活的卵巢组织行组织学观察。结果:EG40组、ED20组和新鲜卵巢移植组小鼠动情周期出现率均为100%,出现动情周期的天数分别为10.2±1.2d、8.0±0.9d和6.8±1.0d,EG40组动情周期出现天数明显多于新鲜卵巢移植组(P<0.01);ED20组与新鲜卵巢移植组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。移植存活的卵巢组织内可见不同发育阶段的卵泡,形态正常,但冻融卵巢组织内卵泡数量比新鲜组织少。结论:联合应用玻璃化冷冻保护剂EG和DMSO对小鼠卵巢组织学和功能的影响较小。     

两种冷冻方法对人类卵巢组织卵泡形态和组织增殖活性的影响

目的:探讨玻璃化冷冻和慢速冷冻何者更适于冻存人卵巢组织。方法:将10例因卵巢良性囊肿剔除术获取的人卵巢皮质组织切成薄片后随机分配到新鲜卵巢组(A组)、玻璃化冷冻组(B组)和慢速冷冻组(C组),通过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察比较卵泡形态变化,免疫组织化学检测组织细胞增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达变化。结果:A、B、C组中形态正常的原始卵泡比例分别占71.4%、70.1%、52.3%;形态正常的初级卵泡比例分别占76.0%、43.5%、31.8%;C组中形态正常的原始卵泡比例和初级卵泡比例均明显低于A、B组(P<0.05);B组形态正常的原始卵泡比例和初级卵泡比例与A组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。A、B组中形态正常的原始卵泡超微结构无明显改变,但B组中初级卵泡和C组中原始卵泡和初级卵泡的超微结构存在一定程度的改变。PCNA阳性表达主要见于卵母细胞、颗粒细胞和卵巢组织间质细胞,3组中均有PCNA表达,且表达无统计学差异。结论:玻璃化冷冻较慢速冷冻对人卵巢组织影响小,是一种较适宜的人卵巢组织冷冻保存方法。     

3种玻璃化液对新生鼠卵巢的渗透反应及冻存效果的比较

目的:探索适宜新生鼠卵巢保存的玻璃化液和冷冻方案。方法:观察新生SD大鼠卵巢在预平衡液及3种玻璃化液中不同时间段的表面积变化,冻融后进行组织学观察和成年SD大鼠肾被膜下异体移植后在体活力分析。结果:新生鼠卵巢在预平衡液中出现渗透性脱水变化,移入EFS40(A组)、EG5.5(B组)、EG5.5/30(C组)3种玻璃化液中,再次剧烈皱缩。3min后,卵巢表面积分别为等渗液对照组表面积的63.2%、82.4%、70.8%。此脱水状态的卵巢玻璃化冻融后形态完整的卵泡百分率均与新鲜移植组(D组)无显著性差异(P>0.05);异体移植后,动情周期出现率和动情周期出现时间均与D组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各冷冻移植组存活移植物均可见不同发育阶段的各级卵泡,但卵泡数目少于D组,移植20d时A组与D组间有显著性差异(P<0.05);移植60d时B组卵泡数少于D组,组间有差异(P<0.05);C组在各时间点上取材的卵泡数与D组均无差异(P>0.05)。结论:在预平衡液中15min、改良的EG5.5/30液中3min的二步渗透平衡法适宜新生鼠卵巢的玻璃化冷冻。     

两种玻璃化法冻存小鼠卵巢的研究

目的:探讨2种玻璃化法对小鼠卵巢组织、器官形态和功能保存作用的影响。方法:以改良的DMEM-F12为玻璃化液,分别采用常规玻璃化法(A组)和超速玻璃化法(B组)冻存小鼠卵巢组织及器官,解冻后通过组织学观察、卵巢组织异体、卵巢器官自体肾被膜下移植,观察动情周期恢复率、恢复时间、卵泡发育状况,并分别以新鲜卵巢组织异体移植、卵巢器官自体移植(C组)为对照,评价2种玻璃化法的冻存效果。结果:①A组、B组、C组卵巢组织异体移植小鼠动情周期出现率为100%,出现动情周期分别10.5±5.4d、8.0±2.2d、6.3±1.0d。A组与C组比,差异显著(P<0.05);B组与C组无差异,A组与B组间也无差异(P均>0.05)。②A组、B组、C组卵巢器官自体移植小鼠动情周期出现率为100%,出现动情周期分别为9.4±0.9d、6.9±1.1d、6.1±1.1d,A组与B、C组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05),而B组与C组间无差异(P>0.05)。移植存活的卵巢组织、器官内均可见不同发育阶段的卵泡,形态正常。结论:2种玻璃化法可有效地冻存卵巢组织及器官,但超速玻璃化法效果较优。     

4种冷冻-解冻方法对家兔卵巢组织形态学的影响

目的:探讨适宜的卵巢组织冻存方案。方法:采用PROH(A2组)及DMSO(B2组)慢速程序化冷冻和DMSO+PROH(C2组)及DMSO+EG(D2组)玻璃化冷冻方法,冻存家兔卵巢组织,解冻复苏后,以相应的4组新鲜组织为对照(A1-D1组),做HE染色,行组织形态学分析。结果:A1-D1组始基卵泡的形态正常率分别为90.1%、91.5%、91.8%、92.2%,其相对应的A2-D2组分别下降为67.6%、69.7%、70.5%、80.1%,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。冷冻组中A2组始基卵泡形态正常率最高,与B2、C2、D2组比,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。C2、D2组间比,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。各冷冻组合并后形态正常率始基卵泡为72.7%,初级卵泡为55.7%,两者比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。4个冷冻组中均可见卵巢组织结构受损的表现。结论:4种冷冻解冻方法对卵巢皮质中各级卵泡及卵巢组织结构均造成一定程度的损害,使各级卵泡的形态正常率明显下降,卵巢间质细胞连接变得疏松;PROH慢速程序化冷冻法明显优于DMSO法及玻璃化法,较适合卵巢组织中始基卵泡的保存;冻存卵巢组织对初级卵泡的影响大于始基卵泡。     

银制封闭式冷冻载体改善人卵巢组织异种移植效果的研究

目的:探讨银制封闭式玻璃化冷冻载体促进人卵巢组织冷冻后移植严重免疫缺陷(SCID)鼠新生血管效果。方法:收集2015年4月至2016年6月在我院妇科手术治疗的患者卵巢组织共8例,每例患者标本随机等量分配到银制封闭式冷冻管及传统封闭式冷冻管玻璃化冷冻保存。选取40只SCID鼠,分为银制封闭式玻璃化冷冻管组及传统封闭式玻璃化冷冻管组(每组20只),分别移植两种封闭式玻璃化冷冻法复苏后的卵巢皮质到SCID鼠皮下,测定CD31反映卵巢皮质新生血管,比较两组人卵巢组织冷冻复苏后移植SCID鼠皮下保存效果。结果:移植后3天和7天,两组中卵巢皮质新生血管数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);移植后14天和21天,银制封闭式玻璃化冷冻管组中卵巢皮质新生血管数高于传统封闭式玻璃化冷冻管组(P0.05)。结论:银制封闭式玻璃化冷冻管与传统封闭式玻璃化冷冻管相比能更好地保存卵巢皮质功能,在深低温保存人卵巢组织中具有应用价值。     

冻融后移植的小鼠卵巢组织对促性腺激素的反应

目的 探讨冻融后移植的小鼠卵巢组织对促性腺激素的反应.方法 将36只性成熟雌性小白鼠随机分为新鲜移植组、冻融移植组和对照组,每组12只.新鲜移植组小鼠切除双侧卵巢,将卵巢切成小组织块,立即移植人双侧肾被膜下;冻融移植组小鼠切除双侧卵巢,将卵巢切成小组织块,采用玻璃化冷冻方法冷冻保存,2周后将冷冻卵巢组织复苏,移植入小鼠双侧肾被膜下.卵巢组织移植2周后,新鲜移植组和冻融移植组每组随机取6只小鼠应用7.5 IU人绝经期促性腺激素及10 IU绒毛膜促性腺激素,观察移植后的卵巢组织对促性腺激素的反应.同时应用免疫组化染色方法观察各组卵泡中卵泡刺激素受体的表达情况.结果 新鲜移植组、冻融移植组和对照组未应用促性腺激素小鼠卵巢组织内近成熟卵泡百分率分别为2.3%、2.3%和2.6%,应用促性腺激素小鼠卵巢组织内近成熟卵泡百分率分别为4.2%、4.0%和5.8%,各组内分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);新鲜移植组和冻融移植组与对照组比较,差异均元统计学意义(P＞0.05).新鲜移植组、冻融移植组和对照组卵泡刺激素受体表达积分吸光度值在窦状卵泡中分别为9408±2777、9175±3093和8838±2064,在窦前卵泡中分别为4531±1903、4808±1386和5516±1136,各组间分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 卵巢组织冷冻保存、复苏及移植过程未影响卵巢卵泡刺激素受体的表达,冻融后移植的小鼠卵巢组织对外源性促性腺激素的反应未受冷冻、复苏及移植等过程影响.     

抗冷冻蛋白Ⅲ减少家兔卵巢组织冷冻损伤的效果观察

目的:评价抗冷冻蛋白Ⅲ(AFPⅢ)对玻璃化冷冻家兔卵巢组织的影响。方法:收集家兔卵巢30只,随机分为新鲜卵巢组、添加AFPⅢ玻璃化冷冻组(AFPⅢ终浓度为500 ng/ml)和常规玻璃化冷冻组,各组10只,解冻后分析各组卵巢的组织学结构、卵泡形态正常率、卵巢组织超微结构、卵母细胞凋亡率及卵泡存活率。结果:新鲜卵巢组的卵泡形态正常率(91.6%)、卵泡存活率(81.75%)显著高于两冷冻组(P0.01),卵母细胞凋亡率(12.0%)显著低于两冷冻组(P0.01);添加AFPⅢ玻璃化冷冻组卵泡形态正常率(77.5%)、卵泡存活率(45.31%)显著高于常规玻璃化冷冻组(分别为62.1%、37.25%)(P0.01),卵母细胞凋亡率(25.8%)显著低于常规玻璃化冷冻组(41.2%)(P0.01)。结论:家兔冷冻卵巢组织的卵泡形态正常率、卵泡存活率显著低于新鲜组织,冷冻保护剂中加入AFPⅢ可减少家兔卵巢组织冷冻损伤。     

玻璃化冷冻保存羊卵巢组织异种移植的实验研究

目的:探讨羊卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻复苏后异种移植的卵泡生长发育情况。方法:取绵羊的卵巢,将卵巢皮质切块,应用玻璃化快速冷冻法保存。羊卵巢组织片复苏后在裸鼠的颈部皮下移植,每只裸鼠移植2块组织,于移植1个月后获取移植物,HE染色观察存活卵泡的情况。结果:共移植组织16块,取材时肉眼可见其中一块组织纤维化萎缩,镜下见此块组织纤维化,移植组织存活率87.5%(14/16)。HE染色观察每只移植小鼠的2块移植物中基本只有1块有可视卵泡。1只鼠未见可视卵泡;1只鼠见1个不典型原始卵泡;1只鼠有2个不典型原始卵泡;余下5只鼠的移植卵巢组织中均可见多个典型的存活卵泡。结论:羊卵巢组织经冷冻复苏后能够成功移植于裸鼠的颈部皮下,大部分卵泡处于良好的存活状态。     

Effect of different cryopreservation protocols on the metaphase II spindle in human oocytes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different cryopreservation protocols on the repolymerization of metaphase (M)II spindles in human oocytes. Fresh aspirated donor oocytes were cryopreserved 3-4 h after retrieval using four different protocols: slow freezing using 1.5 mol/l 1,2-propanediol (PROH) + 0.2 mol/l sucrose (n = 36); 1.5 mol/l PROH + 0.3 mol/l sucrose (n = 34); 1.5 mol/l PROH + 0.3 mol/l sucrose with Na(+) depleted-choline replaced media (n = 27), and vitrification by the Cryotip method (n = 23). The control group comprised 34 fresh oocytes. Three hours after thawing, surviving and control oocytes were fixed for meiotic spindle/chromatin assessment. Survival rates were 63.8, 73.5, 74.1 and 86.9% respectively for the four protocols described above. Survival for vitrified oocytes was higher than that observed for slow freezing with 0.2 and 0.3 mol/l sucrose (P < 0.05). The proportion of oocytes showing normal spindle configuration was similar for the four protocols (81, 73.9, 88.9 and 81.3% respectively) and 88.5% for controls, showing that the MII spindle returns to its normal configuration after 3 h of post-thawing incubation under standard conditions, irrespective of the cryopreservation technique used.     

不同冷冻方法对小鼠不同成熟时期卵母细胞纺锤体的影响

目的:探讨不同冷冻方法对小鼠成熟期(MⅡ期)及生发泡期(GV期)卵母细胞的纺锤体及胚胎发育的影响。方法:收集GV期和有纺锤体的MⅡ期小鼠卵母细胞,随机分为3组:慢速冷冻-快速复温组、超高速玻璃化冷冻组和对照组(未冷冻组)。Polscope观察解冻0、3、6h后存活的MⅡ期及体外培养成熟GV期卵母细胞的纺锤体,有明显纺锤体的行卵胞浆内单精子显微注射受精,评价胚胎发育。结果:(1)超高速玻璃化GV组的存活率、卵裂率均显著高于慢冻GV组(P<0.05);(2)两冷冻MⅡ组解冻后0、3及6h纺锤体出现率和优质胚胎率均显著低于对照MⅡ组(P<0.05);(3)超高速玻璃化GV组体外成熟后纺锤体的出现率、优质胚胎率均显著高于超高速玻璃化MⅡ组(P<0.05)。结论:慢速冷冻-快速复温法对小鼠不同成熟时期卵母细胞的纺锤体损伤较大;超高速玻璃化冷冻对小鼠生发泡期卵母细胞纺锤体的影响则较小,是一种简便、快捷、高效的冷冻方法。     

Comparison of two freezing protocols in an open freezing system for cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue

AIM: To compare two freezing protocols in an automatic open-vessel freezing system for cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue. METHODS: Ovarian tissue was transplanted heterotopically into the neck muscle, either without cryopreservation (group 1, n = 6) or with cryopreservation after equilibration with 1.5 mol/L dimethyl sulfoxide and propanediol (protocol A, group 2, n = 6) or 1.5 mol/L ethyl glycol (protocol B, group 3, n = 6). The ovarian tissue was examined with LIVE/DEAD fluorescent viability staining and histologically after isotransplantation. RESULTS: The healthy follicular loss (intact oocyte and >50% granulosa cells alive) due to cryopreservation was 15.5% with protocol A and 12.2% with protocol B. Histological examination showed follicles in all developmental phases in all groups: group 1, 35.5 +/- 5.7/mm(2) (mean +/- SD); group 2, 16.0 +/- 5.0/mm(2); group 3, 17.3 +/- 5.7/mm(2). The differences between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 1 and 3 were significant (P < 0.001). The difference between groups 2 and 3 was not significant (P = 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the use of an open freezing system with both freezing protocols allows cryopreservation of rat ovarian tissue with equally good survival rates.     

Cryosystem assessment by glucose uptake of murine blastocysts

Glucose uptake was used as a measure of metabolic activity and implantation potential to compare vitrification and slow freezing in a prospective randomized trial using murine blastocysts. Frozen 2-cell embryos (n = 132) thawed and cultured for 48 h to the blastocyst stage were randomly divided into four groups: (i) control - not refrozen; (ii) slow freezing using a programmed rate (PR); (iii) vitrification by super-cooled (VSC) liquid nitrogen; and (iv) vitrification in liquid nitrogen (VLN). Upon re-thawing, embryos were cultured individually for 24 h to determine glucose uptake non-invasively. Morphological assessments included total cell counts and inner cell mass (ICM) detection following immunosurgery. Mean glucose uptake was lower for each treatment (PR and VSC, 4.3 pmol/embryo per h; VLN, 4.9 pmol/embryo per h) versus controls (6.8 pmol/embryo per h). PR and VSC embryos had fewer cells (57.4 +/- 24.2 and 64.1 +/- 31.5) versus controls (85.7 +/- 26.2), and fewer embryos containing a detectable ICM (42.9 and 61.8%) compared with controls (88.2%). The only difference between control and VLN embryos was absolute glucose uptake, although in both treatments glucose uptake was increased from embryos with an ICM compared with those without. Glucose uptake appears to be a sensitive, non-invasive method to validate cryopreservation protocols.     

Vitrification as an alternative means of cryopreserving ovarian tissue

Because of the simplicity of vitrification, many authors have investigated it as an alternative to slow freezing for cryopreserving ovarian tissue. In the last decade, numerous studies have evaluated vitrification of ovarian tissue from both humans and animals.Different vitrification solutions and protocols, mostly adapted from embryo and oocyte vitrification, have been applied. The results have been discrepant from species to species and even within the same species, but lately they appear to indicate that vitrification can achieve similar or even superior results to conventional freezing. Despite the encouraging results obtained with vitrification of ovarian tissue from humans and different animal species, it is necessary to understand how vitrification solutions and protocols can affect ovarian tissue, notably preantral follicles. In addition, it is important to bear in mind that the utilization of different approaches to assess tissue functionality and oocyte quality is essential in order to validate the promising results already obtained with vitrification procedures. This review summarizes the principles of vitrification, discusses the advantages of vitrification protocols for ovarian tissue cryopreservation and describes different studies conducted on the vitrification of ovarian tissue in humans and animal species.     

Closed-system solid surface vitrification versus slow programmable freezing of mouse 2-cell embryos

Purpose  To compare closed-system solid surface vitrification with slow freezing. Methods  Mouse 2-cell embryos (n = 348) were divided into vitrification, slow freezing and non-frozen groups. For vitrification, embryos were exposed to 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min, then transferred into 17.5% EG, 17.5% DMSO, 0.25 M trehalose and 10% FBS in PBS. They were placed on hemi-straws and inserted into 0.5 ml straws inside a previously cooled aluminum cylinder. Slow freezing was done in straws by the conventional method. Results  Vitrified embryos had significantly higher survival, further cleavage and blastocyst formation rates than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.001) and were comparable to controls. Blastocysts in the vitrification and control groups had significantly more cells than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.05). Conclusions  Closed-system vitrification was more effective than conventional slow freezing. Capsule   Closed system solid surface vitrification was more effective than conventional slow freezing in the cryopreservation of mouse 2-cell embryos.