幽门螺杆菌cheA基因在细菌体外趋化和体内定植过程中的作用

目的 了解cheA基因在幽门螺杆菌体外趋化和体内定植中的作用.方法 从幽门螺杆菌NCTC11637株基因组DNA中扩增并克隆全长cheA和cheY基因.构建该两个基因原核表达系统,Ni-NTA亲和层析法提取目的 重组蛋白rCheA和rCheY.rCheA和rCheY免疫家兔制备抗血清,采用硫酸铵沉淀法及DEAE-52柱层析法制备rCheA-IgG和rCheY-IgG.构建cheA基因自杀质粒,根据同源重组交换原理利用该自杀质粒构建cheA基因敲除突变株(cheA-),采用PCR及测序对cheA-突变株进行鉴定.采用rcheA-IgG和rCheY-IgG锚定靶蛋白及蛋白磷酸化检测试剂盒,测定cheA-突变株与野生株CheA和CheY分子磷酸化水平.采用幽门螺杆菌趋化模型及BALB/c小鼠感染模型,比较cheA-突变株与野生株体外趋化及体内定植能力的差异.结果 PCR及测序结果证实cheA-突变株基因组中cheA基因被敲除.0.001～0.1 mol/L盐酸作用10 min,野生株CheA和CheY磷酸化水平分别从(59.6±11.5)和(55.5±10.2)μmol迅速下降至(10.8±2.6)和(5.5±1.2)μmol(P＜0.05),cheA-突变株CheY磷酸化水平均较低且无明显变化(P＞0.05).cheA-突变株对盐酸、硫酸和乙酸趋化聚集环直径[(10～20)±(2～3)mm]明显小于野生株[(16～24)±(2～3)mm],P＜0,05.野生株感染小鼠胃黏膜标本中幽门螺杆菌分离阳性率(90%)明显高于cheA-突变株(40%),P＜0.05;荧光定量PCR结果也显示野生株感染小鼠胃黏膜标本中幽门螺杆菌数量(6.3×103±2.1×103拷贝/mg)也明显高于突变株的(8.3×101±3.1 ×101拷贝/mg),P＜0.05.结论 cheA基因在幽门螺杆菌体外趋化和体内定植中有促进作用.     

二元信号系统ComD/ComE与肺炎链球菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的相关性

目的 构建肺炎链球菌comD基因敲除突变株,了解comD基因与细菌β-内酰类抗生素耐药性的相关性,探讨氯氰碘柳胺下调comD、comE和comC基因mRNA的作用.方法 构建用于comD基因敲除的自杀质粒pEVP3comD,通过同源重组及插入失活获得肺炎链球菌ATCC6306株comD基因敲除突变株comD-.采用PCR及免疫荧光法对comD-突变株进行鉴定.采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测氯氰碘柳胺处理前后comD-突变株及野生株comD、comE和comC基因mRNA水平变化.采用二倍琼脂稀释法测定comD-突变株及野生株对青霉素G和头孢噻肟的敏感性.结果 测序及免疫荧光试验结果证实,所构建的comD-突变株染色体DNA中comD基因被插入失活.50μmol/L或100 μmol/L的氯氰碘柳胺能明显下调comD、comE和comC基因mRNA水平(P＜0.05),25μmol/L的氯氰碘柳胺则否.comD-突变株对青霉素及头孢噻肟最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值均为32μg/ml,明显高于野生株的0.06 μg/ml和1 μg/ml.结论 本研究成功地构建了肺炎链球菌comD基因敲除突变株.comD基因与细菌对β-内酰类抗生素耐药性密切相关.氯氰碘柳胺可通过下调comD、comE和comC基因的转录水平,从而对细菌感受态形成产生影响.     

吉兰-巴雷综合征相关空肠弯曲菌WLAX基因序列分析

目的了解吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)相关空肠弯曲菌的WLAX基因序列特征,为进一步研究GBS相关空肠弯曲菌的分子致病机制打下基础。方法通过PCR方法对该基因进行扩增,将PCR产物克隆到质粒载体上,然后进行测序,将测序结果通过DNAstar软件进行比较和聚类分析。结果与非GBS相关空肠弯曲菌比较,GBS相关空肠弯曲菌的WLAX核苷酸序列发生变异的频率增大;菌株的核苷酸序列与全基因测序空肠弯曲菌NCTC11168比较存在差异;聚类关系反映了空肠弯曲菌具有一定的区域特征。结论GBS相关空肠弯曲菌中WLAX基因发生突变的概率明显增大,这些突变与GBS致病性的关系有待于进一步确定。     

Comparison of galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

目的 测定3株格林.巴利综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)相关宅肠弯曲菌的gale基因序列,并同GenBank中的空肠弯曲菌菌株相应序列进行比较,了解致GBS的序列特征并分析其遗传进化关系.方法 选取分离自GBS患者粪便并经动物模型证实为致GBS的3株AMAN型空肠弯曲菌菌株进行培养并提取基因组DNA测序.将基因测序结果通过与NCTC11168菌株进行对照比较寻找galE基因突变位点并对gaZE基因片段进行遗传距离计算.结果 3株致GBS空肠弯曲菌菌株的galE基因均由987个碱基构成.与NCTC11168的galE基因序列相比,此3株空肠弯曲菌菌株gale基因核苷酸序列有4个相同碱基突变并导致了4个对应的相同氨基酸突变.遗传距离计算,zhanxing株与qiaoyuntao株距离为1.5%,zhanxing株与lulei株距离为1.6%,qiaoyuntao株与lulei株距离为0.5%.结论 GBS相关空肠弯曲菌中galE基因核苷酸序列的确存在相同变异且发生变异概率较非GBS相关空肠弯曲菌明显增大,遗传距离反映了此3株致GBS的空肠弯曲菌具有一定的区域特征.     

Comparison of galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

目的 测定3株格林.巴利综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)相关宅肠弯曲菌的gale基因序列,并同GenBank中的空肠弯曲菌菌株相应序列进行比较,了解致GBS的序列特征并分析其遗传进化关系.方法 选取分离自GBS患者粪便并经动物模型证实为致GBS的3株AMAN型空肠弯曲菌菌株进行培养并提取基因组DNA测序.将基因测序结果通过与NCTC11168菌株进行对照比较寻找galE基因突变位点并对gaZE基因片段进行遗传距离计算.结果 3株致GBS空肠弯曲菌菌株的galE基因均由987个碱基构成.与NCTC11168的galE基因序列相比,此3株空肠弯曲菌菌株gale基因核苷酸序列有4个相同碱基突变并导致了4个对应的相同氨基酸突变.遗传距离计算,zhanxing株与qiaoyuntao株距离为1.5%,zhanxing株与lulei株距离为1.6%,qiaoyuntao株与lulei株距离为0.5%.结论 GBS相关空肠弯曲菌中galE基因核苷酸序列的确存在相同变异且发生变异概率较非GBS相关空肠弯曲菌明显增大,遗传距离反映了此3株致GBS的空肠弯曲菌具有一定的区域特征.     

Comparison of galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

目的 测定3株格林.巴利综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)相关宅肠弯曲菌的gale基因序列,并同GenBank中的空肠弯曲菌菌株相应序列进行比较,了解致GBS的序列特征并分析其遗传进化关系.方法 选取分离自GBS患者粪便并经动物模型证实为致GBS的3株AMAN型空肠弯曲菌菌株进行培养并提取基因组DNA测序.将基因测序结果通过与NCTC11168菌株进行对照比较寻找galE基因突变位点并对gaZE基因片段进行遗传距离计算.结果 3株致GBS空肠弯曲菌菌株的galE基因均由987个碱基构成.与NCTC11168的galE基因序列相比,此3株空肠弯曲菌菌株gale基因核苷酸序列有4个相同碱基突变并导致了4个对应的相同氨基酸突变.遗传距离计算,zhanxing株与qiaoyuntao株距离为1.5%,zhanxing株与lulei株距离为1.6%,qiaoyuntao株与lulei株距离为0.5%.结论 GBS相关空肠弯曲菌中galE基因核苷酸序列的确存在相同变异且发生变异概率较非GBS相关空肠弯曲菌明显增大,遗传距离反映了此3株致GBS的空肠弯曲菌具有一定的区域特征.     

Comparison of galE gene of Campylobacter jejuni strains associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

目的 测定3株格林.巴利综合征(Guillain-Barre syndrome,GBS)相关宅肠弯曲菌的gale基因序列,并同GenBank中的空肠弯曲菌菌株相应序列进行比较,了解致GBS的序列特征并分析其遗传进化关系.方法 选取分离自GBS患者粪便并经动物模型证实为致GBS的3株AMAN型空肠弯曲菌菌株进行培养并提取基因组DNA测序.将基因测序结果通过与NCTC11168菌株进行对照比较寻找galE基因突变位点并对gaZE基因片段进行遗传距离计算.结果 3株致GBS空肠弯曲菌菌株的galE基因均由987个碱基构成.与NCTC11168的galE基因序列相比,此3株空肠弯曲菌菌株gale基因核苷酸序列有4个相同碱基突变并导致了4个对应的相同氨基酸突变.遗传距离计算,zhanxing株与qiaoyuntao株距离为1.5%,zhanxing株与lulei株距离为1.6%,qiaoyuntao株与lulei株距离为0.5%.结论 GBS相关空肠弯曲菌中galE基因核苷酸序列的确存在相同变异且发生变异概率较非GBS相关空肠弯曲菌明显增大,遗传距离反映了此3株致GBS的空肠弯曲菌具有一定的区域特征.     

Campylobacter jejuni colonization of mice with limited enteric flora

We have developed experimental murine Campylobacter infection models which demonstrate efficient establishment and reproducible, high-level colonization. Following oral inoculation, wild-type C3H mice with normal enteric flora were colonized inconsistently and inefficiently by C. jejuni strain 81-176. However, C3H mice with a limited gut flora (LF) were efficiently colonized at high levels (10(8) CFU/g of stool or large intestine tissue) followed by clearance after several weeks. Large intestine tissue showed minimal to mild inflammation at days 7 and 28 postinoculation. In striking contrast, C3H SCID mice with the same limited flora remained persistently colonized at a consistently high level until they were euthanized 8 months postinoculation. Lower gastrointestinal tract tissue from LF-SCID mice showed marked to severe inflammation in the colon and cecum at days 7 and 28 and intense inflammation of the stomach at day 28. These findings indicate that although the innate response alone cannot block colonization persistence, it is sufficient to orchestrate marked gut inflammation. Moreover, the adaptive immune response is critical to mediate C. jejuni clearance from the colonized gut. To validate our LF murine model, we verified that motility and chemotaxis are critical for colonization. Insertion-deletion mutations were generated in motB and fliI, which encode products essential for motility and flagellar assembly, and in the presumptive chemotaxis gene cheA (histidine kinase). All mutants failed to establish colonization in LF mice. Our limited flora murine colonization models serve as tractable, reproducible tools to define host responses to C. jejuni infection and to identify and characterize virulence determinants required for colonization.     

Colonization and inflammation deficiencies in Mongolian gerbils infected by Helicobacter pylori chemotaxis mutants

Helicobacter pylori causes disease in the human stomach and in mouse and gerbil stomach models. Previous results have shown that motility is critical for H. pylori to colonize mice, gerbils, and other animal models. The role of chemotaxis, however, in colonization and disease is less well understood. Two genes in the H. pylori chemotaxis pathway, cheY and tlpB, which encode the chemotaxis response regulator and a methyl-accepting chemoreceptor, respectively, were disrupted. The cheY mutation was complemented with a wild-type copy of cheY inserted into the chromosomal rdxA gene. The cheY mutant lost chemotaxis but retained motility, while all other strains were motile and chemotactic in vitro. These strains were inoculated into gerbils either alone or in combination with the wild-type strain, and colonization and inflammation were assessed. While the cheY mutant completely failed to colonize gerbil stomachs, the tlpB mutant colonized at levels similar to those of the wild type. With the tlpB mutant, there was a substantial decrease in inflammation in the gerbil stomach compared to that with the wild type. Furthermore, there were differences in the numbers of each immune cell in the tlpB-mutant-infected stomach: the ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils was about 8 to 1 in the wild type but only about 1 to 1 in the mutant. These results suggest that the TlpB chemoreceptor plays an important role in the inflammatory response while the CheY chemotaxis regulator plays a critical role in initial colonization. Chemotaxis mutants may provide new insights into the steps involved in H. pylori pathogenesis.     

Isolation of nonchemotactic mutants of Campylobacter jejuni and their colonization of the mouse intestinal tract.

Three nonchemotactic mutants (D54, Y14, and N74) of Campylobacter jejuni were isolated from wild-type strain FUM158432 by either the negative swarming or liquid gradient method with brucella broth as the attractive substance. Strains D54 and Y14 were isolated after mutagenesis with methyl methanesulfonate, and N74 was isolated from a nonmutagenized culture. These mutants all failed to swarm on a semisolid medium and did not show any chemotactic behavior in the hard-agar plus assay method for any of the chemicals which act as attractants for the wild-type strain. They had intact flagella and were actively motile. Swimming behavior examined by a video tracking technique showed that the mutants swim only straight, without any tumbling. When suckling mice were challenged orally with approximately 10(5) CFU of these mutant strains, all of the mutants were cleared from the intestinal tract by 48 h. In contrast, the wild-type strain colonized the intestinal tracts of all mice challenged with 10(2) CFU. We concluded that chemotactic movement is important for colonization of the intestinal tract of suckling mice by C. jejuni.     

Mutagenic analysis of the Clostridium difficile flagellar proteins, FliC and FliD, and their contribution to virulence in hamsters

Although toxins A and B are known to be important contributors to the acute phase of Clostridium difficile infection, the role of colonization and adherence to host tissues in the overall pathogenesis of these organisms remains unclear. Consequently, we used the recently introduced intron-based ClosTron gene interruption system to eliminate the expression of two reported C. difficile colonization factors, the major flagellar structural subunit (FliC) and the flagellar cap protein (FliD), to gain greater insight into how flagella and motility contribute to C. difficile's pathogenic strategy. The results demonstrate that interrupting either the fliC or the fliD gene results in a complete loss of flagella, as well as motility, in C. difficile. However, both the fliC and fliD mutant strains adhered better than the wild-type 630Δerm strain to human intestine-derived Caco-2 cells, suggesting that flagella and motility do not contribute to, or may even interfere with, C. difficile adherence to epithelial cell surfaces in vitro. Moreover, we found that the mutant strains were more virulent in hamsters, indicating either that flagella are unnecessary for virulence or that repression of motility may be a pathogenic strategy employed by C. difficile in hamsters.