FIA离子交换预浓集AAS法测定水中微量元素

本文用流动注射离子交换预浓集与原子吸收光谱在线连接测定了水中痕量Pb,Cd,Mn,Cu,Ni和Zn.灵敏度比以往火焰法提高40～60倍,分析速度为30样/h.并用均匀设计法优选了实验条件。样品回收率为98～103%,相对标准偏差低于1.8%,最小检测浓度分别为2.0μg/L;0.2μg/L;1.0μg/L;2.0μg/L;5.0μg/L;2.0μg/L.     

S-100β和NSE对新生儿HIE诊断和预后的意义

目的 研究新生儿血清神经组织蛋白质S-100β(S-100β)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific endase)含量对于新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)诊断和预后判断的临床价值.方法新生儿NSE患儿60例(轻度组34例,中等度组7例,重度组9例)和对照组30例,在出生12h之内,取静脉血检测血3100β、NSE.评估做出HIE诊断的临床意义,并跟踪半年以上,观察预后结果,对血清3100β和NSE含量检测结果与新生儿HIE诊断结果和新生儿HIE及预后结果之间的关系进行ROC分析.结果对照组、HIE轻度组、HIE中度组和HIE重度组的NSE分别为均(8.1±1.3)μg/L,(37.7±15.6)μg/L,(59.3±18.9)μg/L,(76.3±19.6)μg/L,4组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);对照组、HIE轻度组、HIE中度组和HIE重度组的S-100分别为均(0.15±0.08)μg/L,(0.71±0.31)μg/L,(0.98±0.24)μg/L,(1.37±0.60)μg/L,4组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);新生儿在出生后12h内的血清S-100β含量>0.635 μg/L,可以诊断HIE,灵敏度为73.3%,特异性为86.7%;高于0.86μg/L,其结果可能为脑性瘫痪或死亡,灵敏度为85.7%,特异性为86.8%.血清NSE含量>33.76μg/L,可以诊断HIE,灵敏度为75%,特异性为96.7%;高于58.045μg/L,其结果可能为脑性瘫痪或死亡,灵敏度为92.9%,特异性为93.4%.结论 S-100β和NSE可作为新生儿HIE诊断和预后判断的指标.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸阿米洛利血药浓度

目的建立一种反相高效液相色谱法同时测定血浆中阿米洛利和氢氯噻嗪浓度。方法样品处理采用蛋白沉淀法。色谱条件:Lichrispher C18,粒径5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm;流动相为乙腈:水:三乙胺(10∶160∶1),用磷酸调pH至2.8,流速为1.5 ml/min,柱温30℃;阿米洛利采用荧光检测,激发波长368 nm发射波长415 nm。氢氯噻嗪采用紫外检测,波长271 nm。结果阿米洛利线性范围0.5～20μg/L(r=0.999 7),最低检测浓度为0.5μg/L,批内、批间的相对标准偏差值(RSD)皆<10%。氢氯噻嗪线性范围在30～1200μg/L(r=0.999 8)最低检测浓度为30μg/L,批内、批间的RSD皆<10%。结论本法具有操作简便,分析快速准确、干扰小等特点。可用于测定阿米洛利及氢氯噻嗪的体内药代动力学研究。     

2014年某市孕妇尿碘水平的分析

目的了解盘锦市孕妇尿碘动态变化,为孕妇科学补碘提供科学依据。方法在盘锦市兴隆台区和盘山县对194例孕妇尿碘水平进行随机抽样检测分析。结果全市共监测尿样194份,中位数为122.4μg/L,按照WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD推荐孕妇的碘营养水平判断标准200μg/L,明显处于不足水平。处于适宜水平150~249μg/L的人数为52例,占26.8%;<150μg/L的人数为115例,占总体人数的59.3%,其中<50μg/L的人数为10例,占5.2%;≥500μg/L的人数为6例,占3.1%。农村孕妇尿碘中位数为119.9μg/L,城市孕妇尿碘均数为126.7μg/L,城市高于农村。结论盘锦市现阶段孕妇尿碘水平处于偏低状态,孕妇缺碘的现象比较普遍,应引起重视。     

肾移植患者环孢素A血药浓度监测及结果分析

目的 了解肾移植患者环孢素A(CsA)血药浓度变化情况,提高患者用药安全性.方法 收集2007年1月-2010年1月我院197例肾移植受者术后CsA血药浓度监测资料进行回顾性分析.结果 在197例肾移植患者906例次CsA血药浓度监测中,达到有效血药浓度(100～400μg/L)569例次(62.8%),平均浓度为(175.33±65 97)μg/L;低于有效血药浓度(＜100μg/L)145例次(16.0%),平均浓度为(72.99±19.22)μg/L;高于有效血药浓度(＞400μg/L)192例次(21.2%),平均浓度为(808.25±279.78)μg/L.结论根据患者CsA血药浓度监测结果,制定个体化给药方案,可避免毒性反应和排异反应的发生,提高患者用药安全性,减少不良反应的发生.     

柱前衍生化-HPLC法测定市售3种胶类药材中L-羟脯氨酸和胶原蛋白的含量

目的:建立测定胶类药材中L-羟脯氨酸(L-Hyp)和胶原蛋白含量的方法,并比较对照药材与市售药材中两种成分的含量。方法:采用柱前衍生化法进行前处理,并采用高效液相色谱法测定样品中L-Hyp的含量:色谱柱为Kromasil C18,流动相为[乙腈-0.1 mol/L醋酸钠缓冲液(p H 6.5,7∶93,V/V)]-[乙腈-水(4∶1,V/V)](梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温为43℃,进样量为20μL;再通过折算系数计算样品中胶原蛋白的含量。结果:L-Hyp检测质量浓度线性范围为2.5~40μg/m L(r=0.999 9);定量限为0.20μg/m L,检测限为0.05μg/m L;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<4.0%;加样回收率为96.03%~102.07%(RSD=2.20%,n=9)。28批市售药材中L-Hyp和胶原蛋白的含量有一定差异,其中13批市售阿胶药材与阿胶对照药材中两种成分的含量较为接近,而5批龟甲胶和7批鹿角胶药材中两种成分的含量高于其对照药材。结论:该方法准确、可靠,适用于测定胶类药材中L-Hyp和胶原蛋白的含量。     

速效牙痛宁酊中芫花酯甲的限量测定

目的研究速效牙痛宁酊中芫花酯甲的限量测定方法。方法采用Agilent HC-C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈:0.01%醋酸溶液为流动相,采用梯度洗脱,流速1.0 m L/min,柱温35℃,检测波长238 nm,芫花酯甲在7.50~150.0μg/m L浓度范围内有良好线性关系(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为98.9%,RSD为1.09%。结果经HPLC测定其芫花酯甲的含量为5.02μg/m L对10批制剂进行检测其含量均<6.0μg/m L。结论本方法灵敏度高、准确、重复性好、专属性强,可用于测定速效牙痛宁酊中芫花酯甲的限量。     

韶关市正常人群尿砷的正常参考值分析研究

目的探讨韶关市无砷接触史的健康成年人尿砷的正常参考值上限。方法选择韶关市某铸锻厂、乳源某精箔有限公司、韶关市某起重机厂责任有限公司、韶关市某玩具厂等无砷接触史的健康人群300人作为实验组研究对象,选择韶关某冶炼厂的150名砷接触工人作为对照组研究对象,收集调查对象晨尿作为样品,采用原子荧光光谱法测定并计算尿样砷浓度。结果韶关冶炼厂的150名砷接触工人作为对照组研究对象,检出的最大值为284.60μg/L,检出的最小值为11.84μg/L,平均为(66.12±43.43)μg/L;男性接触者检出平均为(66.38±43.48)μg/L;女性接触者检出平均为(60.44±46.48)μg/L;检测值在20.00~29.99μg/L、30.00~39.99μg/L、40.00~49.99μg/L所占比例最大,分别为15.33%、15.33%、14.00%。300名健康人群,检出的最大值为45.09μg/L,检出的最小值为1.52μg/L,平均为(17.19±8.41)μg/L;男性接触者检出的平均为(18.31±8.36)μg/L;女性接触者检出的平均为(14.97±8.11)μg/L;检测值在10.00~19.99μg/L、20.00~29.99μg/L所占比例最大,分别为48.33%、27.00%。本次研究砷接触人群的检测值为(66.12±43.43)μg/L,正常健康人群的检测值为(17.19±8.41)μg/L,两组比较差异具有统计意义(t=12.321,P0.05)。男性接触者的检测值平均为(66.38±43.48)μg/L,男性健康人群的检测值平均为(18.31±8.36)μg/L,两组比较差异具有统计意义(t=13.547,P0.05)。女性接触者检出的检测值平均为(60.44±46.48)μg/L,女性健康人群的检测值平均为(14.97±8.11)μg/L,两组比较差异具有统计意义(t=9.534,P0.05)。结论本次调查的尿砷分布情况无论是原始检测数据还是进行对数转换以后,数据分布情况均不是正态分布,其几何平均值为15.44μg/L,故建议韶关市以16.00μg/L作为非职业人群尿砷的参考值。     

血浆中水杨酸的高效液相色谱分析及应用

目的建立血浆中水杨酸的高效液相色谱分析法,并用于人服用小剂量阿司匹林制剂后体内水杨酸浓度的测定。方法血浆样品经磷酸酸化后,乙醚提取,再经HPLC分析。色谱柱为Inertsil C18（250mm×4.5mm,5μm）,柱温35℃,流动相为甲醇-2.5%醋酸（45∶55,v/v）,流速为1.2mL.min-1,检测波长为237nm。结果血样中水杨酸的线性范围为0.3～8μg.mL-1,方法回收率为100.1%～102.3%,批内、批间精密度及样品稳定性良好。人服用100mg阿司匹林后,血中水杨酸Cmax为6.63μg.mL-1,Tmax为2.5h,t1/2为1.64h,Vd为11.4L,AUC 0-24h为22.3μg.h.mL-1,AUC 0-∞为23.2μg.h.mL-1。结论本法快速简便稳定,准确灵敏,可用于小剂量阿司匹林的体内研究。     

反相离子对色谱法测定人血浆盐酸伪麻黄碱浓度

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法检测人血浆中盐酸伪麻黄碱浓度的方法。方法采用SupELCO discoveryC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱,乙腈-水为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,检测波长190nm,柱温25℃。结果盐酸伪麻黄碱浓度在10-1000μg/L范围内线性良好(r=0.9991),最低检测限为10μg/L。批内相对标准偏差(RSD)<10%,批间RSD<12%;提取回收率为84.85%。结论反相高效液相色谱法简便、快速、准确,可用于人体内伪麻黄碱的血药浓度测定及药动学研究。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.