CYP2C19基因多态性在冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后一年的随访研究

目的观察替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷的临床疗效,并探讨其与CYP2C19基因多态性的关系。方法入选2016年4月至2017年5月在中国科技大学附属第一医院接受住院治疗并行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)的急性冠脉综合征患者492例,所有患者均接受CYP2C19基因型检测,根据患者口服抗血小板聚集药物分为氯吡格雷组和替格瑞洛组。随访1年,观察两组患者主要心脏不良事件(MACE)和出血并发症的发生率。根据CYP2C19基因检测将两组分别分为三个亚组:快代谢型(CYP2C19*1/*1)、中代谢型(CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3)和慢代谢型(CYP2C19*2/2*、CYP2C19*2/3*、CYP2C19*3/3*),分别观察各亚组患者的MACE发生率和治疗期间出血并发症的发生情况。结果替格瑞洛组和氯吡格雷组一年的死亡率、心肌梗死、心绞痛、脑梗死差异均无统计学意义,大中等量出血并无增加,小出血替格瑞洛组较氯吡格雷组有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义。亚组分析中,替格瑞洛组与氯吡格雷组中的CYP2C19慢、中、快代谢相比,各亚组中一年的死亡率、心肌梗死、心绞痛、脑梗死差异均无统计学意义,大中等量出血并无增加,小出血替格瑞洛组较氯吡格雷组有增加趋势,但差异无统计学意义。结论替格瑞洛和氯吡格雷抗血小板聚集疗效及预后不受CYP2C19基因多态性的影响。     

MALDI-TOFMS在氯吡格雷基因多态性检测中的应用

目的探讨基因多态性与氯吡格雷个体化用药的相关性及基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)在氯吡格雷基因多态性检测中的应用价值。方法选取2015-2017年武警重庆总队医院住院的急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)及拟进行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)的患者160例,在氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗后第5天测定血小板聚集率;同时采用MALDI-TOF MS技术检测CYP2C19*2*、CYP2C19*3、CYP2C19*4、CYP2C19*5、CYP2C19*17和ABCBI、PON1、CES1基因多态性。结果根据血小板最大聚集率(MAR)将研究对象分为氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)组(n=75)和非氯吡格雷抵抗(NCR)组(n=85)。160份样本等位基因检出率为100%,两组均未发现CYP2C19*4、CYP2C19*5、CYP2C19*17突变;携带CYP2C19*2等位基因A及CYP2C19*1/*2、CYP2C19*1/*3、CYP2C19*2/*2、CYP2C19*2/*3代谢型发生氯吡格雷抵抗的风险较高,携带ABCB1等位基因A的GA、AA代谢型发生氯吡格雷抵抗风险较高,携带PON1等位基因T的CT、TT代谢型发生氯吡格雷抵抗的风险较高,携带CES1等位基因T的CT、TT代谢型发生氯吡格雷抵抗的风险较低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);携带CYP2C19*3等位基因A发生氯吡格雷抵抗风险较高,CYP2C19*3/*3型发生氯吡格雷的风险较低,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CYP2C19*2、ABCBI、PON1基因突变增加氯吡格雷抵抗的风险,CES1基因突变降低氯吡格雷抵抗风险;MALDI-TOF MS具有准确性高、检测通量大、速度快、成本低等特点,适用于氯吡格雷基因多态性检测,指导临床个体化用药。     

CYP2C19基因多态性对冠心病PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗的影响及替代治疗方案的比较

目的探讨CYP2C19基因多态性对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后抗血小板治疗的影响及替代治疗方案的选择。方法选取2016年4月至2017年4月在我院治疗的冠心病患者90例,采用PCR扩增片段长度多态性检测患者CYP2C19基因型分布,散射比浊法检测血小板聚集率;将氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)患者随机分为氯吡格雷双倍剂量组(150mg/d,1个月后减量为75mg/d)和替格瑞洛组(90mg/d,每日2次),观察两组治疗后血小板抑制率和不良心血管事件发生率。结果 90例患者中,CYP2C19~*1/~*1患者28例,CYP2C19~*1/~*2患者48例,CYP2C19~*2/~*2患者8例,CYP2C19~*2/~*3患者6例;野生型组CR发生比例为21.43%,明显低于非野生型组的66.13%(P0.05);替格瑞洛组术后12个月血小板抑制率为(55.03±9.10)%,明显高于氯吡格雷双倍剂量组(P0.05);替格瑞洛组术后12个月不良心血管事件发生率为0.00%,明显低于氯吡格雷双倍剂量组的24.00%,差异比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CYP2C19基因多态性与冠心病PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗有关;氯吡格雷抵抗患者应用替格瑞洛具有较好的效果。     

脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷临床疗效研究

目的:探讨武汉地区部分脑卒中患者氯吡格雷代谢相关CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷临床疗效的关系。方法:选取武汉大学人民医院神经内科收治的脑卒中患者292例,采用光比浊法检测患者服用氯吡格雷前后的血小板聚集率,计算其血小板抑制率;采用基因芯片法测定患者的CYP2C19基因(*1,*2和*3),并将患者按照基因检测结果分为不同代谢类型:快代谢型(*1/*1),中间代谢型(*1/*2和*1/*3)及慢代谢型(*2/*2,*2/*3和*3/*3)。采用统计学方法分析CYP2C19不同代谢类型患者血小板抑制率的差异。结果:根据CYP2C19基因多态性位点进行代谢分型,快代谢型占37.33%,中间代谢型占46.92%,慢代谢型占15.75%。3种代谢类型患者服用氯吡格雷前后的血小板抑制率分别为(54.39±18.93)%,(30.02±21.53)%及(10.34±3.83)%,3种代谢型患者之间血小板抑制率比较均有统计学意义,其中快代谢型患者显著高于中间代谢型和慢代谢型患者(P<0.05)。结论:脑卒中患者中CYP2C19*2、*3基因变异者使用氯吡格雷抗凝的疗效较差,测定CYP2C19基因型对于脑卒中患者使用氯吡格雷治疗可能具有重要的指导意义。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因分型与 临床预后的相关性分析

目的:探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因分型与临床预后的相关性。方法:选取应用氯吡格雷治疗的急性缺血性脑卒中患者156例,进行CYP2C19*2和CYP2C19*3基因型检测,根据检测结果分为野生型组(GG)和突变型组(GA/AA)。对比2组的血小板抑制率、氯吡格雷疗效及临床预后情况。结果:野生型组患者的平均血小板抑制率为(42.42±2.74)%,突变型组为(32.41±2.69)%,突变型组的平均血小板抑制率低于野生型组(P0.05)。突变型组的氯吡格雷抵抗发生率为26.32%,显著高于野生型组的1.25%(P0.05)。突变型组的预后不良发生率高于野生型组,卒中复发率及心脑血管不良事件总发生率也高于野生型组(P0.05)。与野生型组相比,突变型组患者随访期间累积无再发心脑血管不良事件的生存率明显更低(P0.05)。结论:急性缺血性脑卒中患者的CYP2C19基因分型与血小板抑制率、临床预后密切相关,携带CYP2C19突变型基因型的患者,血小板抑制率更低,氯吡格雷敏感性越差,预后不良风险越高。     

冠心病患者CYP2C19基因多态性及临床不良事件发生与氯吡格雷抵抗的关系

目的通过分析经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后冠心病患者的CYP2C19基因型结果、临床相关危险因素和主要心血管不良事件发生情况与氯吡格雷抵抗的关系,探讨影响氯吡格雷抵抗发生、发展的因素,为临床治疗提供有效依据。方法收集2017年1月至2018年12月该院收治并进行过基因检测的346例冠心病患者资料,分析其CYP2C19基因型和代谢型分布特征,筛选出251例使用氯吡格雷的PCI术后冠心病患者,进行血小板聚集功能试验检测,根据血小板最大聚集率(MAR)分为氯吡格雷敏感组(MAR<50%)和氯吡格雷抵抗组(MAR≥50%)。利用荧光PCR法进行CYP2C19基因多态性检测,根据基因型结果分为快代谢型(*1/*1)、中代谢型(*1/*2、*1/*3)和慢代谢型(*2/*2、*2/*3、*3/*3)。比较氯吡格雷抵抗组与氯吡格雷敏感组不同代谢型的患者比例、相关危险因素情况及临床心血管不良事件发生情况。结果慢代谢型患者的MAR较中代谢型、快代谢型患者高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。入选的251例患者中,氯吡格雷抵抗组CYP2C19代谢型分别为快代谢型38例(34.5%)、中代谢型57例(51.8%)、慢代谢型15例(13.6%),氯吡格雷抵抗组与氯吡格雷敏感组在快代谢型中的患者比例差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。氯吡格雷抵抗组的高血压患者比例(91.8%)与氯吡格雷敏感组(63.8%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。氯吡格雷抵抗组临床心血管不良事件发生率(94.5%)高于氯吡格雷敏感组(84.4%),差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论CYP2C19基因突变和高血压可能是氯吡格雷抵抗发生的两个重要影响因素,并且氯吡格雷抵抗增加了PCI术后冠心病患者临床心血管不良事件发生的风险。     

DNA测序法检测CYP2C19基因多态性指导氯吡格雷用药的临床价值

目的评估DNA测序法检测细胞色素氧化酶P450 2C19(CYP2C19)多态性以指导氯吡格雷临床用药。方法选取2010年11月至2013年11月武汉大学人民医院心血管内科诊断为急性冠状动脉综合征,并首次接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)的140例患者为研究对象,随机分为试验组及对照组各70例。试验组采集外周血标本并提取基因组DNA,根据已知的CYP2C19基因序列,设计针对CYP2C19*2、CYP2C19*3位点的特异性引物,聚合酶链反应扩增包含CYP2C19基因多态性位点的DNA片段;并以DNA测序法进行鉴定,分析不同CYP2C19基因型在试验组患者中的分布频率。对照组患者使用氯吡格雷药物但未检测相关基因。比较两组患者随访过程中发生冠状动脉血栓事件的差异。结果 DNA测序结果显示,试验组中共有4种基因型组合被检测到:*1/*1(636GG,681GG)、*1/*2(636GG,681GA)、*2/*2(636GG,681AA)、*1/*3(636GA,681GG),分布频率分别为33例(47.1%)、29例(41.4%)、4例(5.7%)、4例(5.7%),而*3/*3(636AA,681GG)和*2/*3(636GA,681GA)未检测到。经基因型指导氯吡格雷用药的试验组患者发生支架冠状动脉血栓事件的比例为0.0%,明显低于对照组的7.1%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论基因型指导氯吡格雷用药有助于患者用药剂量的调整,可降低冠状动脉血栓事件的发生率。     

CYP2C19基因多态性与氯吡格雷抵抗的研究进展

阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷是冠状动脉支架植入术后常规的抗血小板治疗方案。然而,近年来的研究显示接受上述治疗的部分患者血小板的抑制率较低,即氯吡格雷抵抗,与冠脉支架植入术后支架内血栓事件的发生存在因果关系。而导致氯吡格雷抵抗的原因复杂,研究表明CYP2C19基因多态性与其明显相关,对高危人群进行CYP2C19基因多态性检测有利于识别氯吡格雷抵抗,并及时增加氯吡格雷剂量或更换新型血小板P2Y12受体拮抗剂,可降低术后支架内血栓的发生。     

武汉地区冠心病患者氯吡格雷药物代谢相关基因CYP2C19的多态性分布分析

目的 探讨武汉地区冠心病介入患者氯吡格雷代谢相关基因CYP2C19多态性的分布。方法 选取2014年1月～12月武汉大学人民医院心内科进行介入治疗(PCI)的316例冠心病患者作为研究对象。通过基因芯片法检测氯吡格雷代谢相关的CYP2C19*1,*2,*3基因,并将患者按CYP2C19基因型别分为不同代谢类型:强代谢型(*1/*1),中间代谢型(*1/*2,*1/*3),弱代谢型(*2/*2,*3/*3,*2/*3)。结果 根据CYP2C19基因多态性位点功能代谢分型,携带CYP2C19*1的强代谢型(*1/*1)占43.4%,携带CYP2C19*2或*3的中间代谢型(*1/*2和*1/*3)及弱代谢型(*2/*2,*2/*3和*3/*3)分别占42.4%,14.2%。不同性别在CYP2C19基因分型上差异无统计学意义。结论 武汉地区冠心病介入患者中分布有较多的CYP2C19氯吡格雷代谢功能缺失基因。     

咸阳地区经皮冠状动脉介入术后冠心病患者CYP2C19基因多态性分析

目的探讨咸阳地区经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后冠心病患者细胞色素氧化酶P450 2C19(CYP2C19)基因多态性分布情况,为指导临床个性化抗血小板治疗提供理论依据。方法选取2017年12月至2019年6月于该院心血管中心行PCI并服用氯吡格雷进行抗血小板治疗的冠心病患者279例作为研究对象,采用实时荧光聚合酶链反应探针检测CYP2C19的基因型。结果CYP2C19基因多态性分布特点:CYP2C19正常代谢型(*1/*1)109例,占39.07%;CYP2C19中间代谢型(*1/*2、*1/*3)127例,占45.52%;CYP2C19慢代谢型(*2/*3、*2/*2、*3/*3)43例,占15.41%。咸阳地区冠心病患者CYP2C19代谢型分布与我国其他地区差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.954,P0.05),正常代谢型、中间代谢型占比较高。结论通过基因检测有助于个性化使用抗血小板聚集药物或调整抗血小板聚集药物剂量,减少因用药不当造成的血栓事件发生。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.