骨形态发生蛋白-2基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞复合对氧化聚乙烯和聚丙烯共聚物移植促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨的实验研究

目的 探讨人骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）基因修饰骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）复合可注射骨组织工程支架材料对氧化聚乙烯和聚丙烯共聚物（Pluronic F-127）移植对兔下颌骨牵张成骨新骨形成的促进作用。方法 将48只新西兰白兔随机分为4组,每组12只。建立下颌骨牵张成骨动物模型,固定期第2天A组于牵张间隙注射200 μL BMP-2基因修饰BMSCs与Pluronic F-127复合物;B组注射等量BMP-2基因修饰BMSCs液;C组注射等量BMSCs液;D组注射等量生理盐水。分别于固定2、6周时处死半数动物获取标本,通过X线片、组织切片及免疫组化观察骨质愈合改建情况。结果 通过X线片及免疫组化观察并经过统计软件分析,在固定2周和6周时,A组牵张区内骨密度和BMP-2蛋白的表达明显高于B、C、D组（P<0.01）,B组明显高于C组和D组（P<0.01）;C组和D组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A、B组间隙内成骨质量好于C、D组,A组好于B组。结论 BMP-2基因修饰BMSCs复合可注射骨组织工程支架材料Pluronic F-127移植能有效促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨新骨形成。     

腺病毒介导的人骨形成蛋白2基因转染促进下颌牵张成骨的实验研究

目的探讨局部应用腺病毒介导的入骨形成蛋白2（adenovirus vectors containing human bone morphogenetic proteins 2, Ad-hBMP-2）对兔下颌骨牵张成骨的影响。方法24只新西兰大白兔随机分为实验组（12只）和对照组（12只），并建立下颌骨双侧牵张成骨模型。经过5d潜伏期后，以0．5mm／12h的速度牵张7d。固定期第1天，在实验组骨牵张区注射0．2ml滴度为10^12pfu／L的Ad-hBMP2，对照组骨牵张区注射0．2ml滴度为10^12pfu／L的腺病毒介导的增强型绿色荧光蛋白。在固定期第7、14、28天对下颌骨牵张区进行骨密度及新生骨量比较。结果Ad-hBMP-2治疗组牵张区骨密度及新生骨量明显高于对照组。结论腺病毒介导的人骨形成蛋白2具有促进兔下颌牵张成骨的作用。     

丹参酮Ⅱa磺酸钠对兔下颌骨牵张成骨促进作用的研究

目的：探讨丹参酮Ⅱa磺酸钠注射液对兔下颌骨牵张成骨的作用。方法：将12只大耳白兔随机分为对照组和实验组,建立单侧兔下颌骨牵张成骨模型,实验组自牵张期开始每日注射丹参酮Ⅱa磺酸钠注射液3mL,并分别于固定期1周、4周、7周各处死2只对照兔和2只实验兔,对标本进行大体观察、X线观察、组织学观察和骨组织计量学观察。结果：实验组动物牵张间隙内新骨形成速度及质量均优于对照组,实验组成骨细胞活跃,骨小梁较成熟,单位面积内成骨细胞个数及骨小梁面积百分比均高于对照组。结论：丹参酮Ⅱa磺酸钠对兔下颌骨牵张成骨过程具有促进作用。     

兔下颌骨牵张成骨中神经生长因子对骨痂钙化的作用

目的:观察局部注射神经生长因子(NGF)对下颌骨牵张成骨中新生骨痂钙化的作用。方法:对20只新西兰白兔实施牵张速率为1mm/d的双侧下颌骨牵张成骨。从牵张结束时开始,每只兔的一侧下颌骨新生骨区接受人NGFβ溶液注射(40μg/次,2次),另一侧注射生理盐水作为对照。在固定期第14和28d,新生骨痂经X线侧位片和外径测量后,进行骨沉积速度和钙化面积比定量分析。应用SPSS10.0软件包进行配对t检验,分析NGF处理侧与对照侧之间上述2个钙化指标的差异。结果:与对照侧比较,NGF处理侧的钙化面积比和固定期第1～11d内的骨沉积速度均显著提高(P<0.05),骨痂钙化得到了促进。结论:局部注射人NGFβ溶液能促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨中新生骨痂的钙化,为临床上解决固定期过长的问题提供了一种新的思路。     

下颌骨缺损牵张成骨动物模型的建立

目的建立兔下颌骨缺损牵张成骨动物模型,为进一步研究牵张成骨奠定实验基础。方法25只健康成年兔随机分成6组,实验组5组,每组4只,对照组1组共5只。25只兔均行一侧下颌骨切开截骨术,实验组安置自行设计的下颌骨牵张器,经6 d间歇期后,以每天2次,每次0.4 mm的速度牵张8 d进入固定期,于牵张中期(牵张第4天)、牵张末期(牵张第8天),固定期第2、4、6周分别处死4只动物;对照组术后仅保持缺隙而不牵张,与实验组对应的每个时间点处死1只动物,取下颌骨观察骨愈合情况。结果牵张器牵张效率好,固位稳定,实验组动物的下颌骨被成功牵张,牵张区可见新骨形成。实验对照组表现为不同程度的骨不连及骨缺损。结论本研究建立的兔下颌骨缺损牵张成骨模型是较理想的动物模型。     

引导组织再生膜促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨的实验研究

目的 探讨引导组织再生膜（GTRM）对兔下颌骨牵张成骨新骨形成的促进作用。方法 将20只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组,每组10只,建立兔下颌骨牵张成骨模型,A组单纯单侧下颌骨牵张成骨;B组将GTRM固定于牵张器内侧行单侧下颌骨牵张成骨。分别于固定期第2、6周时随机处死半数动物获取标本,通过X线、骨组织形态计量学比较2组牵张间隙内成骨效果。采用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行两样本均数t检验。结果 通过X线及骨组织形态计量学检查并经过统计学分析发现,在固定期第2周和6周时,B组牵张区域内成骨质量显著好于A组（P<0.05）。结论 引导组织再生膜能有效促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨区域新骨的形成。     

BMP-7基因促进大鼠下颌牵张成骨的研究

目的:探讨骨形成蛋白-7(BMP-7)基因修饰的自体骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)促进大鼠下颌牵张骨痂形成的可行性。方法:选用48只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为实验和对照2组。建立大鼠下颌DO模型;于牵张结束最后1d,实验组大鼠牵张间隙内注射转染重组质粒pEGFP-BMP7的自体骨髓MSCs;而对照组大鼠注射转染pEGFP-N1空质粒的MSCs。分别于固定期第2、4、8周分3批处死大鼠,进行放射学、组织学观察,并进行骨组织形态计量学分析。结果:实验组牵张间隙内新骨形成和骨痂密度均明显高于对照组;计量学分析也显示各时间点实验组新生骨量(NBV1和NBV2)和新生骨小梁宽度(TNT)均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:基于MSCs的BMP-7exvivo基因治疗可有效促进DO新骨形成,从而缩短固定期,为临床颅颌面骨缺损的重建提供了一个极具价值的修复策略。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植促进大鼠下颌骨牵张成骨的实验研究

目的:探讨大鼠下颌骨牵张间隙内移植自体骨髓间充质干细胞,促进骨痂形成的可行性。方法:选用54只雄性SD大鼠,密度梯度离心法分离骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)。所有大鼠行右侧下颌骨牵张;并于术后随机分为试验和对照2组。牵张结束时,实验组牵张间隙内注射自体MSCs;而对照组只注射等量生理盐水。分别于固定期第2、4、8周分3批处死大鼠,进行放射学、组织学观察,并对骨组织形态计量学参数进行统计学分析(t检验)。结果:放射学和组织学观察表明,2组牵张间隙内均形成了骨痂组织,但实验组新生骨组织显著多于对照组。计量学分析也显示,各时间点实验组新生骨量(NBV1和NBV2)和新生骨小梁宽度(TNT)均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:牵张间隙内行自体骨髓MSCs移植,可有效促进新骨形成,缩短固定期;该方法对众多的颅颌面外科畸形的矫治极具价值。     

定量缓释rhBMP-2纳米微粒促进兔下颌骨牵张成骨的实验研究

目的:制备可定量缓释的rhBMP-2聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米微粒缓释剂,进行体外释药特性研究,并在兔下颌骨牵张成骨中局部应用以促进成骨。方法:采用乳化溶液聚合法制备rhBMP-2纳米微粒注射剂。将18只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组,每组9只,建立兔下颌骨双侧牵张成骨动物模型。实验组自牵张期开始,于牵张间隙注射rhBMP-2纳米微粒连续10d,对照组注射等量不含rhBMP-2的聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米乳液。牵张后固定期第1、3、6周,分别检测血清骨钙素含量和ALP活性,进行影像学、组织形态学观察,并对下颌骨新生骨进行生物力学和骨矿物密度检测。两组间均值比较采用t检验,以SPSS11.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果:电镜下rhBMP-2纳米微粒形态规整,rhBMP-2的包封率为78%。体外缓释试验表明,纳米微粒中rhBMP-2至少可以维持10d以上。在兔下颌骨牵张成骨中,应用rhBMP-2纳米微粒组的新骨形成速度、质量均高于对照组;固定后6周,实验组骨矿物密度平均为(0.719±0.004)g/cm2,对照组为(0.564±0.020)g/cm2,P<0.01;实验组下颌骨三点弯曲试验结果平均为(92.143±10.795)N/mm,对照组为(55.266±0.774)N/mm,P<0.05。结论:rhBMP-2聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯纳米微粒具有确定的缓释作用,能够有效维持rhBMP-2浓度及活性,延长rhBMP-2的作用时间,可作为注射性骨诱导制剂。局部应用rhBMP-2,可以促进下颌骨牵张成骨的成骨速度及质量。     

定量缓释碱性成纤维细胞生长因子促进兔下颌牵张成骨的实验研究

目的:探讨定量缓释rbFGF/PLGA植入片对兔下颌牵张成骨的促进作用.方法:18只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组,每组9只,建立兔下颌双侧牵张成骨动物模型.将定量缓释rbFGF/PLGA植入片植入实验组牵张区两侧,对照组牵张区植入空白PLGA.牵张后固定期不同时间分别进行影像学、组织学检查,骨密度及生物力学检测,并测定ALP活性及骨钙素含量评估新生骨质量.结果:2组下颌骨牵张后间隙均有新骨形成,影像学及组织学结果显示实验组新骨形成速度和质量优于对照组,实验组骨密度及生物力学检测结果亦优于对照组(P相似文献   

Relationship between bone mineral density and bone stiffness in bone fracture

Objectives Using cancellous bone blocks of racehorses, the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD), which indicates bone strength, and stiffness in bone fracture occurrences was studied.Methods Two groups of cancellous bone blocks were prepared: a fractured group, using the first phalangeal bones of seven racehorses with sagittal fractures; and a nonfractured group, using the first phalangeal bones of nine autopsied racehorses without any fractures. By a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan, the BMD values were shown as color images and evaluated. In addition, the BMD values obtained from the fractured and nonfractured groups were compared with the stiffness values obtained from a compression test.Results The difference between the average BMD values of the fractured and nonfractured groups was easily observed on the BMD color-conversion display image. The average BMD of the fractured group (472.1 mg/cm³) was significantly higher than that of the nonfractured group (284.5 mg/cm³, P = 0.005). Moreover, the average stiffness of the fractured group (5564.5 N/cm) was significantly higher than that of the nonfractured group (3808.6 N/cm, P = 0.008).Conclusion These results suggest that the occurrence of a fracture does not depend on the BMD or the bone stiffness value.     

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the zygomatic bone

Aneurysmal bone cysts are a rare finding in the facial bones and jaws. Only one previous case of this entity affecting the malar bone could be found in the literature. Ultrasound and isotope scan features of this entity are described.     

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the sphenoid bone

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is an uncommon benign lesion that rarely presents in the craniofacial region. Aneurysmal bone cysts represent nearly 1.4% of all bone tumors, and among those, only 3% are located in the cranium. In this study, we report on an ABC located in the sphenoid bone with superior nasal cavity and ethmoid extension. The presenting symptom of our patient was headache, followed by diplopia, loss of visual accuracy, and abduction restriction. We successfully resected the lesion by a combined subcranial-midfacial degloving approach without any complications or recurrence.     

Particulated bone grafts--effectiveness of bone cell supply

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the amount of viable bone cells present in different types of bone graft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bone chips were harvested from the trabecular or cortical bone of the mandible or the iliac crest and either milled or not. The average size of unmilled bone particles was 5 x 5 x 5 mm and that of milled was 2 x 2 x 2 mm. Drill sludge was obtained using either a ball reamer, a diamond ball or an implant drill (the latter from mandibular bone and of average dimension 1 x 1 x 1 mm). A measure of 0.5 g of each category was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with additives for four weeks. Cell counts were performed. An analysis of the osteocalcin synthesis, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the collagen types and the concentration of bone-specific collagen cross-links in medium supernatants was performed. RESULTS: Cells stained positively for osteocalcin and ALP in all groups. Bone-specific collagen cross-links could be quantified and collagen of types I and V was present with no difference in all groups. Unmilled spongy bone chips revealed greater cell counts than milled (P<0.05). Spongy bone chips revealed greater cell counts than cortical bone chips (P<0.05). Drill sludge obtained by hard alloy ball reamer showed the least amount of viable cells (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bone milling reduces the quantity of osteoblasts. Bone obtained by the ball reamer supplies a smaller number of cells than bone obtained by other methods. Unmilled spongy bone chips appear to offer the greatest amount of viable osteoblasts.     

Oncological treatment of bone tumours and bone metastases

The majority of patients with a malignant bone lesion will have bone metastases from a distant primary tumour. This could be apparent at diagnosis or develop later in the course of the disease. Some primary tumour types are more likely than others to develop bone secondaries. This common clinical problem requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to reduce patient suffering and maintain quality of life. Almost all patients with metastatic bone disease will have incurable cancer and this needs to be acknowledged when considering treatment options. Conversely primary malignant bone tumours are relatively rare conditions and thus need to be managed by specialist centres. Multimodality, multiprofessional treatment is required which may last for many months and can be associated with considerable toxicity. Patients with localized disease can be cured but there remains a high risk of both local recurrence and metastases.     

The effcct of eel bone powder on bone mineral density in mouse femoral bone

Improvement in bone mineral density (BMD) in the femur after administration of eel bone powder (EBP) was evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female ICR mice were given ovariectomies or sham operations at 9 weeks of age, then housed for 2 weeks during which they were allowed free access to a normal diet. Subsequently, the mice were divided into 3 groups: sham-operated mice fed a normal diet, OVX mice fed a normal diet, and OVX mice fed a diet containing EBP. After the mice in these 3 groups had been housed for 2 months (during which time they were allowed free access to their respective diets), they were dissected and analyzed. The BMD values in the removed femurs were measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Femoral total and femoral cancellous BMD values were higher in the EBP-treated group than in the nontreated group. Total BMD: the value in the EBP-treated group was 573 mg/cm³, and that in the non-treated group was 451 mg/cm³ (p<0.05). Cancellous BMD: the value in the EBP-treated group was 242 mg/cm³, and that in the non-treated group was 143 mg/cm³ (p<0.05). However, cortical BMD values did not significantly differ between the EBP-treated group and the non-treated group. Cortical BMD: The value in the EBP-treated group was 1891 mg/cm³, and that in the non-treated group was 1900 mg/cm³. pQCT was used to measure the cortical and cancellous BMD in the long bones. By use of a color conversion technique to display BMD, regional changes in the long bones can be expressed and easily measured. It has been well documented that EBP is effective for improvement or prevention of BMD reduction associated with OVX.     

Injectable bone

Temperature-dependent polymerising polyethylene oxide hydrogel was used as a vehicle to deliver bone marrow mesenchymal cells by injection in six nude mice, four mice acting as controls, to study generation of new bone in the cell-hydrogel complex. Mesenchymal cells were harvested by in vitro cell culture, and cells were seeded into polyethylene oxide solution. The density of the suspension was adjusted to 5 x 10(7)ml(-1). The hydrogel was obtained by adjusting the temperature to over 6 degrees C. Aliquots of 0.5 ml of the cell-hydrogel complexes were injected subcutaneously into the backs of the six experimental mice, and 0.5 ml of hydrogel alone was injected into the four controls. Generation of new bone was studied by gross inspection, radiographs, and histological examination. Two months after injection hard nodes had formed subcutaneously in all six mice, whereas in the control group the hydrogel had been absorbed completely and only soft tissue was present at the site of injection. A shadow could be seen on the radiographs of all cell-seeded mice. On histological examination of the nodes there was trabecular bone and some areas of neocartilage. This method of generating new bone might be of potential clinical use.     

Microscopy of bone cells, bone tissue, and bone healing around implants.

Newer methods of scanning microscopy using both light and electrons are particularly relevant to the study of bone cells, bone matrix organization, matrix mineralization, bone modeling and remodeling, and the adaptation of cells and matrix to implants. Most of such studies are conducted on retrieved implants, at least after the death of the related tissue. Because the retention of the tissue-implant relationship in such preserved tissue is crucial for critical evaluation of the implant, methods based on the study of flat surfaces of embedded tissue blocks are very important. Using electrons, the backscattered electrons in a scanning electron microscope can be employed to evaluate mean atomic number (density) and cathodoluminescence can identify polymers and fluorescent labels. Using light, confocal microscopical techniques permit the examination of layers deep to the block face. Confocal reflected and fluorescence methods allow the study of cell behavior upon both transparent and opaque substrates in the laboratory. Examples of the above are presented and interpretation problems discussed. Current experiments are aimed at enabling the study of bone wound healing and bone adaptation to implanted materials in vivo, through the implantation of optical quality windows and/or newly conceived and designed microscopical objective lenses.