纤维乳管镜的临床应用

目的探讨纤维乳管镜在诊断及治疗伴乳头溢液的乳腺疾病中的临床应用价值。方法利用纤维乳管镜FVS-3000系统对504例乳头单孔溢液患者进行检查，并对资料进行回顾性分析。结果504例乳头溢液患者中，乳腺导管扩张症56例，乳腺炎101例，乳管内乳头状瘤（病）280例，乳腺癌29例，泌乳症8例，30例未发现异常者列为正常。手术治疗309例。纤维乳管镜对乳管内乳头状瘤（病）的诊断符合率为77％，对乳腺癌的诊断符合率为83％。结论纤维乳管镜对乳头溢液患者是一种有效而又安全的检查方法。     

乳管镜在乳腺导管内乳头状瘤诊治中的应用价值

乳管镜可用于直接观察和诊断乳腺导管内乳头状瘤,其应用修改了部分乳头溢液病人的手术指征。经乳管镜下定位乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病变,可缩小手术范围,避免盲目切除。此外,介入性乳管镜的应用可使部分单发乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病人免于开放手术治疗。     

纤维乳管镜诊断乳头溢液的临床价值

目的：评价纤维乳管镜在乳头溢液中的诊治价值。方法：1999年3月-2005年6月，对2608例乳头溢液的病例运用了纤维乳管镜检查，直接观察溢液导管内的病变，初步判断其疾病性质并准确定位；将溢液性质、检查结果、手术病理结果进行总结分析。结果：2608例乳头溢液病例中，溢液为乳白色者97例，无色者563例．黄色者l075例，血性者873例。纤维乳管镜拟诊为“导管扩张”361例，慢性炎症596例，乳管内乳头状瘤（病）l609例．乳腺癌42例；并对其中1444例进行了手术。纤维乳管镜对乳管内乳头状瘤（病）的诊断符合率为78．09％，对乳腺癌的诊断符合率为90％。结论：纤维乳管镜具一定的诊断准确性和定位可靠性，对乳头溢液病人是一种安全有效的初步检查方法。对具无色、黄色或血性溢液的病人均应行纤维乳管镜检查。     

乳管镜协助硬膜外麻醉导管引导定位切除乳管内病变

目的探讨乳管镜协助下硬膜外麻醉导管引导定位切除乳管内病变的价值。方法纤维乳管镜诊断为乳管内肿瘤45例,定位其深度及体表方向。拔出乳管镜,在同一溢液导管内插入硬膜外麻醉导管做支撑引导,插入深度与纤维乳管镜插入深度一致。沿标记方向放射状切开乳头乳晕皮肤,硬膜外麻醉导管作支撑引导,解剖病变导管并切除。结果乳管镜诊断:导管内乳头状瘤41例,导管内多发乳头状瘤2例,乳头状瘤病2例。乳管镜诊断与病理诊断符合率:乳头状瘤95%(39/41),多发性乳头状瘤50%(1/2),乳头状瘤病50%(1/2);诊断不符合者:病理诊断导管扩张,上皮增生2例,多发性导管内乳头状瘤伴非典型导管上皮增生、部分重度增生1例,乳腺癌1例。术后乳头乳房形态良好。结论乳管镜协助下硬膜外麻醉导管引导下行乳管内病变切除术,定位准确,病变切除容易,美容效果好,便于在基层医院开展。     

���ٵ����ڿ��������ͷ��Һ22������

目的 通过用导管内窥镜观察乳头溢液病人乳腺导管内特征,为乳头溢液的病因诊断提供依据。方法 用乳腺导管内窥镜对２２例乳头溢液病人进行检查。结果 ２２例病人中发现良性病１９例,其中５例为导管内乳头状瘤,１４例为乳腺增生、乳腺导管扩张症或有服管炎。另３全炙恶性肿瘤,均经病理证实为原位癌或管内癌。结论 乳管内窥镜检查乳腺病是一种崭新的诊断方法,对早期乳腺癌诊断有重要的作用,将对乳腺癌的治疗产生深远影响。     

乳管镜诊治乳头溢液206例报告

目的探讨乳管镜诊治乳头溢液的效果。方法2001年5月-2006年10月,对206例乳头溢液行乳管镜检查221次。结果乳管镜诊断为乳管内非隆起样病变58例,行冲洗治疗,随访3—18个月,平均12个月,无复发。隆起样病变148例,其中125例手术治疗,乳管镜诊断单发乳管内乳头状瘤115例、乳头状瘤病7例、导管内癌3例,术后病理证实乳管内乳头状瘤112例,乳头状瘤病10例,导管原位癌3例。其中120例行乳腺定位针下病变乳管切除术,1例行区段乳腺腺体切除术,1例行“腺体置换”手术,1例行保留乳头的象限切除术联合腋窝淋巴结清扫,2例行不保留乳头的象限切除联合腋窝淋巴结清扫。随访4—20个月,平均10个月,无复发。3例导管原位癌随访12—18个月,无瘤生存。结论乳管镜检查对乳头溢液乳管内肿瘤术前诊断准确,而且对手术方式的选择具有重要临床意义。利用乳腺定位针直视下对乳管内病变定位,指导手术治疗。     

275例乳管内镜的临床应用

目的评价纤维乳管镜对乳头溢液的诊治作用。方法应用MF2-707型乳管内镜对275例乳头溢液患者进行诊治。结果275例病例中,乳腺导管内癌有10例,乳头状瘤病有15例,导管内乳头状瘤有80例,乳腺导管炎有54例,乳管扩张症有113例,3例诊断为正常乳管。部分乳腺导管炎及乳管扩张症患者经药物冲洗后症状消失。结论乳管内镜检查是一种对乳头溢液患者安全、有效的检查及治疗方法。     

纤维光导乳管镜用于乳头溢液的诊断

目的　评价纤维光导乳管镜检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值。方法　应用三菱公司FV 2 0 0 0E型半硬性纤维光导乳管镜检查系统 ,对 2 6 9例乳头溢液进行诊断 ,并与术后病理诊断作对比分析。结果　 2 6 9例患者中发现乳管内占位性病变 12 9(48% )例 ,其中单发病变 92 (71 3% )例 ,多发病变2 7(2 0 9% )例 ,弥漫性病变 10 (7 8% )例 ,镜下诊断导管内乳头状瘤 12 5 (96 9% )例 ,恶性病变 4 (3 1% )例。镜下诊断乳头状瘤与病理诊断符合率为 91 9% ,与乳腺癌的诊断符合率为 75 %。另外 14 0(5 2 % )例诊断为非肿瘤性良性疾病 ,主要为乳腺导管扩张症、乳管炎。结论　纤维光导乳管镜检查乳头溢液准确、可靠。     

乳管内窥镜在乳头溢液中的临床应用200例

目的 评价乳管内窥镜对乳头溢液诊治的作用。方法 应用FVS-3500乳腺纤维导管系统对200例乳头溢液患者进行诊治。结果 本组200例,共210个溢液孔,插人204个孔,成功率达97.0%。本组发现早期乳腺癌9例（4.5%),乳头状瘤63例（31.5%),乳头状瘤病3例（1.5%),导管扩张或伴炎症96例（48.0%),“正常”导管29例（14.5%）。活检吸出肿块10例,导管慢性炎症灌注药物冲洗治愈25例,手术患者共67例,经病理证实符合率达95.0%,乳头溢液涂片检查阳性率仅为乳管内窥镜的1/3。结论 乳管内容均匀是可插入到4级乳腺导管,能早期诊断乳腺癌,对部分乳头状瘤和导管慢性炎症可以作介入治疗,在乳腺外科中有广泛应用前途。     

纤维乳管镜对乳头溢液患者的诊断价值——附104例报告

目的 评价纤维光导乳管镜检查对乳头溢液的应用价值. 方法 应用德国Scholly Fiberoptic GmbH 42.0500型半硬性纤维光导乳管镜检查系统对104例乳头溢液进行诊断,并与术后病理诊断作对比分析. 结果 104例均成功检查.对乳管内占位性病变的检出率94%（49/52）.乳管镜诊断乳腺导管癌的敏感性为50%（1/2）,特异性为91%（43/47）,阴性预测值为98%（43/44）,阳性预测值为20%（1/5）,准确性为90%（44/49）.乳头状瘤病镜下诊断5例,其中3例与病理诊断符合,符合率60%;另2例为多发性乳头状瘤,均行腺叶切除.镜下诊断乳头状瘤38例,均行含病变乳管的腺叶部分切除术.55例乳管炎性疾病未行手术,3例（3%,3/104）因继续溢液行乳管镜复诊检出先前漏检之乳头状瘤后经手术证实. 结论 乳管镜能明确乳头溢液病因,确定病变部位,是乳头溢液的首选检查方法;使乳管炎与乳管扩张症免于手术.     

Cancer of the breast and breast prostheses

Plastic surgery operations designed to modify the breast volume do not increase the risk of cancer. Xeroradiography provides the best images of operated breasts. The least interfering prostheses are the most radiolucent and, in particular, retropectoral prostheses. The diagnosis of cancer is based on the detection of microcalcifications and star-shaped images. It is guided by clinical examination which is precise as the content of the breast is thin an lies on top of the anterior surface of the implant. The complications of prostheses (shells, collapse, rupture, displacement) have been well studied. After breast reconstruction examination of the contralateral breast is therefore of prime importance due to the risk of bilateral cancer.     

Association of breast cysts and breast cancer

A review of 915 consecutive patients with breast cancer and 812 with breast cysts showed that an association between the two is uncommon--5% of breast cancers were associated with cysts and 4% of cysts were associated with breast cancer. Four types of association were identified: (a) cystic cancers--easily diagnosed because of the characteristic features of the aspirate, failure of the mass to disappear and early recurrence in a patient whose age and menstrual status were not usually associated with cysts; (b) cancers occurring simultaneously with breast cysts--recognized because they did not contain cyst fluid; (c) cysts occurring after breast cancer--diagnosed by aspiration of the mass in premenopausal women; (d) cancers in patients who have had breast cysts--usually occurring many years after the cyst aspiration when menses had ceased. These associations were not sufficiently frequent to justify specific follow-up, but all suspected cysts should be successfully aspirated to confirm the clinical diagnosis.     

Diagnosis of breast tumors after breast reduction

We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the diagnosability of breast tumors after breast reductions as this is a frequent surgical procedure. The data should shed light on the hypothesis that routine screening methods concerning the diagnosis of breast tumors prove more difficult after breast operations. All women who had undergone breast reduction at our department between January 1989 and December 1994 were examined. During this period we counted 166 patients; the majority of them (n = 144) had undergone a bilateral breast reduction and the rest of them (n = 22) a unilateral breast reduction for various reasons. After the operation, all patients were checked in standardized intervals. Those who developed any kind of breast mass (n = 6) were recorded and examined by ultrasound and mammography, and occasionally by an additional fine-needle biopsy. In case any doubt about the dignity had remained, an excisional biopsy was carried out. In none of our patients was it possible to get a precise diagnosis of an ill-defined mass with ultrasound. With mammography, some of the existing masses, which were really scars, mimicked different kinds of tumors, and once a carcinoma was initially interpreted as scar tissue with oil cysts. The diagnosis of breast masses after breast reductions with routinely used screening methods has proved to be more difficult as breast reductions lead to architectural alterations of the remaining breast parenchyma. Such alterations can and should be documented shortly after the operation so that later occurring tumors are distinguished more easily. Therefore, a basic mammography 3 months after each breast reduction has to be claimed in order to facilitate further breast tumor diagnosis.     

Adjustment of the contralateral breast following breast reconstruction

Surgery on the contralateral breast was performed in 64 of 100 patients for adjustment of size and shape or for diagnostic purposes. The patients found it more desirable to adjust size than shape asymmetry on the contralateral breast. There was only one early complication and six late ones. The former was a postoperative hematoma after a reduction mammaplasty. The latter were three cases of capsular contractures after augmentation mammaplasties. In these cases the implant was placed in a submuscular position. In three cases, patients asked for a secondary reduction mammaplasty because of poor symmetry. There were some difficulties in comparing pre- and postoperative mammography after augmentation mammaplasty. In the other adjustment procedures, there were only minor difficulties in a few cases comparing pre- and postoperative mammography. Patients with a high risk of bilateral breast cancer needing size and/or shape symmetry correction should be considered for mastectomy and immediate reconstruction.     

基层医院乳腺癌保乳手术的体会

目的探讨基层医院乳腺癌保乳手术的可行性。方法自2003年10月至2005年10月对早期乳腺癌共施行了15例保乳手术,肿瘤直径在2～3cm,手术切除肿瘤范围约2cm的正常组织以确保切缘阴性,清扫是达到腋淋巴结Ⅰ水平。结果术中冰冻病理报告所有标本各切缘无癌残留,腋淋巴结均无转移。所有病例乳房形态保持良好,患者满意。无术后切口感染、积血、积液和皮肤坏死。术后随访1～48个月,未见局部复发和远处转移。结论只要严格掌握手术指征,在基层医院施行保乳手术是可行的。     

Correction of breast contour deformities using polyurethane breast implant capsule in revisional breast surgery

Surgeons are commonly confronted with breast contour deformities and defects that result from previous surgical interventions. These soft tissue deformities can be corrected by conventional reconstructive flap surgery using autologous tissue, but there can be donor site morbidity. Smaller volume replacement is possible using temporary fillers such as hyaluronic acid or polylactic acid, or by using 'permanent' fillers such as autologous fat, but large defects are notoriously difficult to fill and often the fillers resorb or migrate. The patient described in this case report had an exchange of polyurethane implant (PU) in the left breast and correction of a contralateral breast contour filling deformity. A left breast partial capsulectomy was performed after implant removal and the capsule graft was inserted into a predissected pocket where soft tissue augmentation was required. A biopsy from the PU capsule was reported to show a foreign body type giant cell reaction to PU material in a fibrous capsule, lined by synovial metaplasia. The post-operative result showed satisfactory soft tissue revolumisation. PU breast implant structured capsule has thus been used as filler to correct breast soft tissue deformity and contour defects. Clearly it may have a use in other anatomical sites.