胰岛素治疗后血糖控制与2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸的关系

目的观察单纯胰岛素治疗的2型糖尿病患者,血糖控制水平与血浆总同型半胱氨酸（total homocysteine,tHcy）水平的关系。方法68例符合入选标准的2型糖尿病患者单纯给予胰岛素治疗3个月。基线和治疗3个月后取空腹血测定空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、tHcy,餐后2h取血测定餐后血糖（PBG）。结果所有患者经过3个月的单纯胰岛素治疗后,FBG、PBG和HbA1c均比治疗前显著下降（P〈0．01）。虽然治疗后血浆tHcy水平有下降趋势,但没有达到统计学显著水平（P〉0．05）。以HbA1c7．0％作为判断血糖控制水平的界值,治疗后HbA1c≤7．0％的患者31例（45．6％）,HbA1c〉7．0％的患者37例（54．4％）。治疗后HbA1c≤7．0％的患者,除FBG、PBG和HbA1c较治疗前显著下降外（P〈0．01）,tHcy也比治疗前显著降低（P〈0．01）。结论胰岛素强化治疗后,随着血糖控制改善,2型糖尿病患者血浆tHcy水平也明显下降。     

诺和锐30及诺和灵30R治疗2型糖尿病疗效观察

将60例2型糖尿病患者随机分成诺和锐30组和诺和灵30R组,治疗12周后,对两组患者空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1C）、体质量指数（BM I）、胰岛素剂量、低血糖发生情况及血糖波动性进行比较。结果两组治疗后FBG、2 h PBG、HbA1C均明显下降（P〈0.01）,但诺和锐30组下降更明显（P〈0.05）;诺和锐30组低血糖发生率、胰岛素剂量及血糖的波动均明显低于诺和灵30R组（P〈0.05,〈0.01）。认为诺和锐30能更平稳地降低2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平,尤其是餐后血糖,减少血糖波动性及低血糖的发生,是治疗2型糖尿病的更好选择。     

瑞格列奈治疗肥胖及非肥胖2型糖尿病疗效对比观察

目的观察瑞格列奈对肥胖及非肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的疗效。方法将120例T2DM患者按体质量指数（BMI）分为肥胖组和非肥胖组各60例,均应用瑞格列奈0．5—1ms／次,3次／d,疗程12周;观察两组治疗前后空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（PBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAI。）及BMI。结果经12周治疗后,肥胖组患者FBG、PBG、HbA。和BMI较治疗前降低（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。非肥胖组仅PBG差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,BMI有上升趋势,但无统计学意义。肥胖组患者消化道不良反应及低血糖的发生率较肥胖组低。结论瑞格列奈治疗肥胖型T2DM的疗效优于非肥胖型。     

胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究

目的采用胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）以评价其临床疗效。方法将246例T2DM患者随机分为胰岛素泵（CSⅡ）联合马来酸罗格列酮治疗组（CSⅡ＋罗格列酮）组80例、单纯CSⅡ治疗组84例和多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗（MDⅠ）组82例，均连续2周。比较三组治疗前后血糖、HbA1c、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、Fins、C肽（C—P）水平及HOMA-IR、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）。结果CSⅡ＋罗格列酮和单纯CSⅡ均能显著降低患者血糖和HbA。c（P〈0．01）；与MDI比达标时间短（P〈0．01），节省胰岛素用量（P〈0．01）。CSⅡ＋罗格列酮组胰岛素用量更少（P〈0．05）；与单纯CSⅡ和MDI比HOMA-IR明显降低、IAI明显增加（P〈0．05），且无心、肝、肾功能损害发生。结论胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗T2DM更能有效地控制血糖、节省胰岛素用量、减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

西格列汀与瑞格列奈治疗初诊2型糖尿病老年患者的效果比较

目的比较西格列汀与瑞格列奈治疗初诊2型糖尿病老年患者临床效果。方法选取2016年1—11月在该院治疗的183例2型糖尿病患者进行观察,根据治疗药物的不同分为瑞格列奈组(73例)和西格列汀组(110例),并比较两组患者治疗前后空腹状态下血糖水平(FBG)、餐后血糖水平(PBG)、糖化血红蛋白水平(HbA1C)以及不良反应发生率等。结果治疗前,西格列汀组患者FBG、PBG和HbA1C水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);西格列汀组患者不良反应发生率明显低于瑞格列奈组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与瑞格列奈治疗比较,西格列汀对2型糖尿病患者具有较好的效果,能明显减少血糖水平,且不良反应较少,该方法值得推广应用。     

征订启示

本文观察50例2型糖尿病患者，治疗前后自身对照。结果：诺和锐30特充治疗一个月后空腹血糖（PBG）。餐后血糖（FBG）均明显下降（P〈0．05），低血糖发生率低。结论：诺和锐30特充能很好模拟人胰岛素生理分泌模式，实现更佳降糖，且低血糖发生率低。     

地特胰岛素用于治疗口服降糖药控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者疗效观察

目的观察地特胰岛素对口服降糖药（OAD）控制不佳的2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者临床疗效。方法33例OAD血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者,加用地特胰岛素每日睡前皮下注射,共24周。观察用药前后FBG、2hBG、HbA1c、BMI等的变化。结果治疗后T2DM患者FBG、2hBG、HbA1C均明显下降（P〈0．01）。日间低血糖发生率9．1％,无夜间症状性低血糖发生,体重无明显增加。结论OAD控制不佳的T2DM患者加用地特胰岛素可有效控制血糖,低血糖发生率低,体重增加不明显。     

胰岛素泵治疗对初诊T2DM患者血糖及β细胞功能的影响

对24例初诊2型糖尿病患者进行胰岛素泵治疗10-14天。结果：治疗后空腹（FBG）及餐后血糖（PBG）均明显下降（P〈0.001）,HbA1c明显下降（P〈0.05）,HomaB明显上升、HomaIR明显下降、ΔI30/ΔG30明显升高（P〈0.01）,其中11例仅控制饮食和运动治疗随访6月后HbA1c 5.99±0.57、FBG 6.2±1.1mmol/L、PPG 7.8±2.4mmol/L。结论：胰岛素泵治疗能尽快解除高糖毒性,显著恢复胰岛β细胞功能,减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者血压的作用

目的：运用胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮治疗2型糖尿病伴高血压患者，研究其降压作用及降压机理。方法：38例2型糖尿病伴高血压患者，口服罗格列酮（文迪雅）4～8mg／d，共12周，观察治疗前后的血压、瘦素、血糖和胰岛素水平，计算胰岛素敏感指数和胰岛素抵抗指数，并进行分析比较。结果：罗格列酮治疗后收缩压和舒张压明显下降（P〈0．05）；甘油三酯（TG）、空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后血糖（PBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和餐后胰岛素（PINS）均明显降低（P均〈0．05）；瘦素水平明显升高（P〈0．01）；胰岛素敏感性指数（ISI）显著升高（P〈0．05），胰岛素抵抗指数（IR）显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论：罗格列酮在降低血糖、改善胰岛索抵抗、提高胰岛素敏感指数的同时，具有升高瘦素水平和降低血压的作用。     

美敦力722型与712型胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病疗效比较

观察美敦力722型胰岛素泵与712型胰岛素泵持续皮下输注胰岛素（CSII）控制血糖的疗效差别。方法：将60例糖尿病患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例,美敦力722型胰岛素泵为观察组,美敦力712型胰岛素泵为对照组。治疗后第4天观察两组患者各时段的血糖情况。结果：治疗后,两组患者各时段血糖均明显下降（P〈0．01）,观察组降糖效果好于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组患者血糖达标所需天数明显少于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：美敦力722型胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病能更好、更快、更稳地控制各时段血糖,减少血糖波动,降低低血糖的发生率,对指导糖尿病治疗有积极意义。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.