对甘露醇注射液与甲硝唑注射液的细菌内毒素试验的探讨

本文应用不同浓度的鲎试剂对甘露醇注射液与甲硝唑注射液能否采用鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素进行了探讨，并用家兔法作了对比试验，结果认为，甘露醇注射液与甲硝唑注射液的热原检查可以用细菌内毒素检查法进行初试。     

特异性鲎试剂和普通鲎试剂用于大输液中细菌内毒素检测的对比

本文通过用特异性鲎试剂和普通鲎试剂检测10%葡萄糖注射液、5%葡萄糖注射液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液和0.9%氯化钠注射液中细菌内毒素的对比试验,证明特异性鲎试剂较普通鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素更具专一性、更加准确、可靠、快速等优点。试验同时对热原检查法与细菌内毒素检查法结果进行对比。     

盐酸氨溴索葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检测

目的:建立盐酸氨溴索葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:用两个生产厂家的鲎试剂对盐酸氨溴索葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验研究.结果:盐酸氨溴索葡萄糖注射液对细菌内毒素检查无干扰.结论:可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法控制盐酸氨溴索葡萄糖注射液的热原.     

果糖二磷酸钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的 研究细菌内毒素法检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液的热原。方法 应用鲎试剂检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液中的热原。考察果糖二磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为。结果 果糖二磷酸钠注射液稀释10倍，对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结论 选用鲎试剂，用细菌内毒素检查法代替果糖二磷酸钠注射液热原检查是可行的。     

细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液热原的研究

目的:研究用细菌内毒素法检查碳酸氢钠注射液的热原.方法:应用鲎试剂检查碳酸氢钠注射液中的热原,考察了碳酸氢钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为.结果:碳酸氢钠注射液稀释2.5倍,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用.结论:选用鲎试剂,细菌内毒素检查可代替碳酸氢钠注射液热原检查法.     

果糖二磷酸钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

目的:研究细菌内毒素法检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液的热原 方法:应用鲎试剂检查果糖二磷酸钠注射液中的热原;考察果 糖二磷酸钠注射液对细菌内毒素检查法的干扰行为。结果:果糖二磷酸钠注射液稀释10倍,对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用。结 论:选用鲎试剂,以细菌内毒素检查法代替果糖二磷酸钠注射液热原检查是可行的。     

复方乳酸钠葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检测法实验研究

目的:建立复方乳酸钠葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:用两个生产厂的鲎试剂对复方乳酸钠葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验研究.结果:复方乳酸钠葡萄糖注射液对细菌内毒素检查有干扰作用,但通过稀释可消除其干扰.结论:可以用细菌内毒素检查法(凝胶法)代替家兔热原检查法控制其热原.     

复方醋酸钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可行性研究

目的考察复方醋酸钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法的可行性,以替代热原检查法.方法按<中国药典>(二部)2000年版附录细菌内毒素检查法.结果复方醋酸钠注射液对鲎试剂的凝聚反应无干扰作用,选用标示灵敏度为0.25 Eu@ml-1的鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素的方法可行、有效.结论可以用细菌内毒素法替代家兔法作为医院日常检测复方醋酸钠注射液的热原检查.     

盐酸左氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液细菌内毒素检查的方法学研究

目的考察盐酸左氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液的细菌内毒素检查的方法.方法按中国药典2000年版二部收载的细菌内毒素方法进行实验，并与热原检查法进行对比。结果盐酸左氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂的凝聚反应无干扰作用。结论本品可用细菌内毒素检查法替代热原检查法。     

动态浊度法检测三种自制注射液中的细菌内毒素

目的:通过考察含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖和氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂的干扰作用,探讨以细菌内毒素检查法中的凝胶法取代热原检查法检查含糖平衡盐等3种自制注射液细菌内毒素限值的可行性.方法:采用动态浊度法,用EDS-99细菌内毒素测定仪对含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖和氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液进行干扰试验并用凝胶法进行验证.结果:用两个厂家生产的鲎试剂以动态浊度法检测3个不同批号的含糖平衡盐和替硝唑葡萄糖注射液,样品不经稀释,其细菌内毒素回收率均在50%～200%范围内,标准曲线的相关系数绝对值大于0.980,表明含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用,3批样品同时用凝胶法检查,其结果均为阴性;氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂有干扰,稀释4倍可消除干扰.结论:含糖平衡盐、替硝唑葡萄糖注射液对鲎试剂反应无干扰作用,凝胶法可作为生产含糖平衡盐和替硝唑葡萄糖注射液时日常检查其细菌内毒素限值的方法;氧氟沙星葡萄糖注射液稀释4倍后可用凝胶法检查.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.