Factors determining successful outcome following pneumatic balloon dilation in achalasia cardia.

BACKGROUND: Pneumatic balloon dilation is a popular method of treating patients with achalasia cardia. It may be useful to know the factors that predict response to this treatment. AIM: To determine predictors of outcome following pneumatic balloon dilation in patients with achalasia cardia. METHODS: Records of 62 patients who had undergone pneumatic dilation using Rigiflex balloon dilators (Boston Scientific, Boston, MA, USA) were reviewed. Follow-up data were available for 52 patients. Data from patients with and without improvement in symptoms were compared. RESULTS: Of the 52 patients (age mean 44 [range 11-68] years; 27 male; median symptom duration 20 [4-90] months], 42 (81%) patients had response in symptoms after balloon dilatation. On univariate analysis, the responders more often had age> 40 years (26/42 [62%] versus 1/10 [10%], p=0.003), and less often had lower esophageal sphincter pressure> 50 mmHg (8/10 [80%] versus 10/42 [24%], p=0.0007) and mid-esophageal body hypocontraction (7/10 [70%] versus 12/24 [29%] p=0.01) than the non-responders. On multivariate analysis only age 相似文献   

Graded Pneumatic Dilation using Rigiflex Achalasia Dilators in Patients with Primary Esophageal Achalasia

Pneumatic dilation is the initial therapy for primary esophageal achalasia. Recently, polyethylene balloon (Rigiflex) dilators have been used with varying success and complication rate. We performed a total of 47 dilations in 29 consecutive patients with achalasia using the Rigiflex dilators. The 3.0-cm balloon was always used first. If there was no symptomatic response, a 3.5-cm balloon was used after 4–8 wk. If there was still no symptomatic response after 4-8 wk, a 4.0-cm dilator was used. Eighteen (62%) patients were successfully dilated with a 3.0-cm balloon only. Of 11 patients not responding to a 3.0-cm balloon, five were dilated successfully with a 3.5-cm balloon. Of six patients not responding to a 3.5-cm balloon, four were successfully dilated with a 4.0-cm balloon dilator. Two patients eventually required surgery. The overall success with Rigiflex balloon dilator was achieved in 27 of 29 (93%) patients. There were no complications. We conclude that pneumatic dilation for esophageal achalasia performed in a graded fashion starting with Rigiflex 3.0-cm balloon dilator has a high success rate without complications in patients with achalasia.     

Incidence, clinical management and outcomes of esophageal perforations after endoscopic dilatation

BACKGROUND: Esophageal dilatation is performed for the treatment of anatomic and sometimes functional narrowing of the esophageal lumen caused by a variety of benign and malignant conditions. Esophageal perforation is the major complication associated with endoscopic dilatation. AIM: The object of this study was to assess the incidence of perforation, management and outcomes after endoscopic esophageal dilatation. METHODS: All patients who underwent endoscopic esophageal dilatation at our institution from June 2001 to December 2006 were identified. Data were obtained by searching our prospectively collected electronic database (MEDOS AG, Langenselbold, Germany), which includes all endoscopic reports as well as discharge summaries of patients who have undergone endoscopy in our department. RESULTS: 248 patients (148 male, 100 female, mean age 58 years, range 14-87 years) underwent 365 esophageal dilatations: 74 pneumatic balloon dilatations for achalasia, 79 balloon dilatations for other reasons such as tumors, peptic stenosis, or post-radiotherapy stenosis and 212 dilatations with Savary bougies. The overall incidence of perforation based on the number of procedures was 2.2% (8 perforations/365 procedures) and 3.2% (8/248 patients) based on the number of patients. The perforation rate was 1.9% for bougie dilatation, 0% for balloon dilatation and 5-4% for pneumatic balloon dilatation for achalasia. Five patients were treated surgically and 3 patients were managed conservatively. The mean hospital stay was 14 days (7-33 days). One patient in whom the perforation was recognized 16 days after the dilatation died. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic esophageal dilatation is a safe procedure for the palliation of malignant strictures, for the management of benign strictures as well as for the therapy of achalasia. The perforation rate after these procedures is low. Early recognition of the perforation is associated with a good outcome. Small perforations can be treated conservatively.     

Long-term results of graded pneumatic dilatation under endoscopic guidance in patients with primary esophageal achalasia

AIM: Achalasia is the best known primary motor disorder of the esophagus in which the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has abnormally high resting pressure and incomplete relaxation with swallowing. Pneumatic dilatation remains the first choice of treatment. The aims of this study were to determine the long term clinical outcome of treating achalasia initially with pneumatic dilatation and usefulness of pneumatic dilatation technique under endoscopic observation without fluoroscopy. METHODS: A total of 65 dilatations were performed in 43 patients with achalasia [23 males and 20 females, the mean age was 43 years (range, 19-73)]. All patients underwent an initial dilatation by inflating a 30 mm balloon to 15 psi under endoscopic control. The need for subsequent dilatation was based on symptom assessment. A 3.5 cm balloon was used for repeat procedures. RESULTS: The 30 mm balloon achieved a satisfactory result in 24 patients (54%) and the 35 mm ballon in 78% of the remainder (14/18). Esophageal perforation as a short-term complication was observed in one patient (2.3%). The only late complication encountered was gastroesophageal reflux in 2 (4%) patients with a good response to dilatation. The mean follow-up period was 2.4 years (6 mo - 5 years). Of the patients studied, 38 (88%) were relieved of their symptoms after only one or two sessions. Five patients were referred for surgery (one for esophageal perforation and four for persistent or recurrent symptoms). Among the patients whose follow up information was available, the percentage of patients in remission was 79% (19/24) at 1 year and 54% (7/13) at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Performing balloon dilatation under endoscopic observation as an outpatient procedure is simple, safe and efficacious for treating patients with achalasia and referral of surgical myotomy should be considered for patients who do not respond to medical therapy or individuals that do not desire pneumatic dilatations.     

The use of an exchange guide wire in coronary angioplasty

Of 84 consecutive patients referred for coronary angioplasty, an exchange length (260 cm) guide wire was used in 17 (20%) to allow serial passage of different sized dilatation catheters. Exchanges were performed for the following reasons: 1) inability to cross the stenotic segment with a full-sized dilatation catheter, with exchange for a smaller catheter to permit initial dilatation followed by a second exchange to reintroduce the full-sized balloon catheter; 2) premeditated initial use of a low-profile balloon catheter in severe stenosis, with subsequent exchange to a full-sized balloon catheter; 3) inability to achieve a satisfactory reduction of the transstenotic gradient or angiographic stenosis with the initial dilation catheter, requiring subsequent passage of a larger balloon catheter into the partially dilated segment. Eighteen of 19 attempted exchanges and 18 of 19 angioplasty procedures were completed successfully. The use of exchange guide wires permits multiple recrossings of a dilated segment, allows safe serial passage of different sized balloon catheters, and obviates the need for renegotiating difficult proximal coronary anatomy. The exchange guide wire techique can be applied safely and effectively to coronary angioplasty and provides an additional option in the successful completion of movable guide wire angioplasty procedures.     

An experience with polyethylene balloons for pneumatic dilation in achalasia

The Rigiflex achalasia dilator system was used to treat consecutively 24 patients with achalasia. The 30-mm balloon achieved a 70% satisfactory result, and the 35-mm balloon, 93%, including two patients who did not achieve a good response to the smaller balloon. No complications occurred. Dilation pressure, which averaged only 7 +/- 2 (SD) lb/inch2 (psi), was determined by insufflating 1-2 psi more than needed for complete gastroesophageal waist expansion at fluoroscopy. The mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) of 39 +/- 11 (SD) mm decreased by 68% with the 35-mm balloon and 60% with the 30-mm. Solid food emptying by radionuclide scintiscan, which pretreatment averaged 62 +/- 36% (mean +/- SD) retention at 20 min, was highly variable both before and in response to dilation. A decrease in scintigraphy of less than 25% retention was present in two of three unsatisfactory treatment responses. A decrease of LESP of greater than 50% and scintigraphy greater than 25% corresponded well with a satisfactory response from the dilation. The excellent results obtained with this system, as well as the distinct advantages of durability, presence of three reliable sizes, and ease of use, make this an attractive alternative to other dilating systems in the treatment of achalasia.     

Sixteen years follow up of achalasia: A prospective study of graded dilatation using Rigiflex balloon

Pneumatic balloon dilatation is the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia. Rigiflex (Microvasive, Watertown, MA) polyethylene balloon dilators have been used with varying success and complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of graded balloon dilatation, to achieve symptomatic improvement in patients with achalasia. From January 1987 until the end of December 2003, 300 patients were evaluated and treated for achalasia, with 30 mm balloons. Patients who did not achieve satisfactory symptomatic responses during follow up underwent repeat dilatation with 35-mm balloons. They were studied at the onset then at 1 and 6 month intervals and then yearly for postdilatation symptom evaluation for dysphagia, regurgitation, night cough and heartburn. Baseline and 5-min postdilatation barium swallow studies were obtained to compare barium height and width for efficacy of dilatation and to evaluate for complications. No patients developed cancer of the esophagus in 16 years follow up. Barium height, width, composite symptom score and weight improved significantly during follow up. Two patients, who needed repeat dilatation with 35-mm balloons, developed esophageal perforation; one was successfully managed with intensive medical care management, whereas the other patient died despite surgical intervention. The authors conclude that pneumatic balloon (Rigiflex) dilatation for achalasia of the esophagus is a successful first option, when applied in an incremental balloon size to achieve desired results in symptomatic relief.     

Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗贲门失驰缓症复发患者的临床应用价值

目的探讨Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗贲门失弛缓症复发患者的疗效及安全性。方法2000至2012年泰山医学院附属医院27例首次气囊扩张治疗术后复发的贲门失弛缓症患者再次应用直径为3.5 cm的Rigiflex气囊扩张治疗（Rigiflex气囊组）,治疗后1、3、6、12、24、36个月随访患者临床症状积分、食管钡透检查、并发症情况等,并与43例首次接受3.2 cm直径哑铃型气囊扩张治疗患者（哑铃型气囊组）进行对照。Rigiflex气囊组与哑铃型气囊组患者治疗有效率比较采用χ^2检验。Rigiflex气囊组与哑铃型气囊组患者治疗前、后贲门口直径、5 min存留钡柱高度比较采用t检验。结果 Rigiflex气囊组患者治疗后6、12、24、36个月的治疗有效率分别为81.5%、77.8%、70.4%、51.9%,均高于哑铃型气囊组患者的65.1%、39.5%、27.9%、18.6%,且差异均有统计学意义（χ^2值分别为2.18、93.77、12.12、8.51,均P〈0.05）。Rigiflex气囊组患者治疗后1、3、6、12、24、36个月贲门口直径均大于哑铃型气囊组患者,5 min存留钡柱高度均低于哑铃型气囊扩张组患者,且差异均有统计学意义（贲门口直径：t值分别为2.96、14.69、20.96、17.24、9.70、8.09;5 min存留钡柱高度：t值分别为2.77、3.85、4.96、6.25、7.78、6.38;P〈0.05或0.01）。2组患者均未发现食管大出血及穿孔等并发症发生。结论选择3.5 cm直径的大口径Rigiflex气囊序贯扩张治疗复发的贲门失缓症患者长期疗效显著,效价比突出,治疗安全性高。     

高压球囊气道成形治疗良性近端气道狭窄

目的　对纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形治疗良性近端气道狭窄的疗效和安全性进行评价。方法　对 37例不同原因造成的不同部位近端气道的良性狭窄患者 ,实施纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术 ,分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后的当天 ,对患者狭窄段的气道直径、气促评分和一秒钟用力呼吸容积 (FEV1 )进行测定并对其并发症的发生情况进行评价。对所有患者均进行了 4～ 2 8个月 (平均 1 4 6个月 )的随访。结果　 37例良性近端气道狭窄的患者分别接受高压球囊扩张 1～ 6次 ,平均接受球囊扩张 (2 4± 1 1 )次。经过高压球囊扩张气道成形术后 ,狭窄段气管、支气管管径明显增大 ,即刻疗效达 1 0 0 %。狭窄段气道直径由扩张前的 (2 6± 1 2 )mm增加到 (6 9± 1 8)mm(P <0 0 1 )。气促评分亦由术前的 2 0± 0 8减少到 0 7± 0 6(P <0 0 1 )。 37例患者中有 2 6例分别于术前及术后进行了FEV1 的测定 ,2 6例患者的术前平均FEV1 为 (1 3± 0 6)L ,经球囊扩张治疗后升至 (1 8± 1 0 )L(P <0 0 1 )。经过 4～ 2 8个月的随访 ,远期疗效达 89% (33/ 37)。其中有 4例患者因肉芽组织过度增生或气管支气管软化而接受了微波、氩气刀或支架植入等联合治疗。37例接受此方法治疗的患     

立止血、水囊、锥形扩张管序贯治疗食管癌严重狭窄

作者对５例食管癌严重狭窄患者采用肌肉注射立止血（Ｒｅｐｔｉｌａｓｅ）２Ｋｕ，半小时后在内镜直视下行Ｒｉｇｉｆｌｅｘ水囊扩张，继而作Ｓａｖａｒｙ锥形硅胶扩张管扩张治疗，所有患者扩张成功，未发生出血及其他并发症。     

不同原因食管狭窄的内镜治疗

目的：探讨微波、气囊扩张及高频电切对食管狭窄的治疗效果。方法：通过胃镜检查明确食管狭窄的性质、部位及程度。根据狭窄的性质、部位及程度不同，采用内镜下气囊扩张或和微波及高频电切治疗。结果：95例食管狭窄中，术后吻合狭窄35例，放疗术后狭窄21例，癌性狭窄24例，化学烧伤后狭窄13例，不明原因性狭窄2例。其中微波治疗5例，电切 微波治疗3例，气囊扩张治疗57例，微波 气囊扩张治疗30例。治疗1～43次。显效72例(75．79％)，有效21例(22．11％)，无效1例(1．05％)，食管穿孔1例(1．05％)。结论：根据食管狭窄的性质、部位及程度不同，分别或联合采用内镜下气囊扩张、微波及高频电切治疗，方法简单、价廉、安全、有效，适用于各种原因引起的食管狭窄。     

Intraoperative valvuloplasty in calcific aortic stenosis: a study comparing the mechanism of a novel expandable device with conventional balloon dilatation

In selected patients with calcific aortic stenosis, balloon valvuloplasty is an intermediate alternative to surgery. The effect of balloon valvuloplasty to increase valve area, however, is limited and the restenosis rate is high during follow-up. To improve the results and reduce the complication rate, a new device for valvuloplasty of calcific aortic stenosis was developed. This system consists of three expandable prongs mounted on a freely movable catheter tip. To evaluate the efficacy of this new device, valvuloplasty was performed in 10 patients with severe aortic stenosis intraoperatively just prior to valve replacement. Comparison was made with the results of conventional balloon dilatation performed in an additional 20 patients during surgery. Using the new device, the relative orifice area increased from 10 +/- 3% before to 20 +/- 6% following intervention. However, in only one patient was a considerable increase of static valve area (greater than 15%) found. The results were comparable to the effect of conventional balloon dilatation, which led to an increase of orifice area from 12 +/- 7% to 24 +/- 10%. With both systems, the best results were achieved in patients with aortic stenosis and significant commissural fusion. In contrast, in bicuspid or tricuspid valves without fused commissures the effect of the intervention was limited. Because complete obstruction of the aortic valve does not occur during dilatation, this new device might be superior to conventional balloon dilatation. Preselection of patients according to the morphology of the valve seems mandatory to improve the success and reduce the complication rate of valvuloplasty in aortic stenosis.     

经纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术治疗结核性支气管狭窄

目的探讨经纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）球囊扩张治疗结核性支气管狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法对13例结核性支气管狭窄的患者实施经纤支镜球囊扩张术,同时对有结核活动的患者给予全身抗结核及经纤支镜局部注入抗结核药物。结果13例中10例扩张成功,狭窄段支气管直径由扩张前的（2.7±1.3）mm增加到扩张后的（5.8±1.7）mm（P<0.01）。3例失败。对扩张成功的10例患者进行618个月随访,10例患者术前有6例抗酸杆菌阳性,痰菌全部转阴;10例患者狭窄支气管均保持通畅。13例患者有8例术中诉轻度胸痛,均未见严重的并发症发生。结论经纤支镜球囊扩张术治疗结核性支气管狭窄是一项安全、有效和简便的方法,对于支气管狭窄引流不畅、痰抗酸杆菌反复阳性患者球囊扩张术可能为有效的治疗方法之一。     

Radiographic evaluation of achalasia immediately after pneumatic dilatation with the Rigiflex dilator

Radiographic evaluation of the lower esophagus was done immediately after pneumatic dilatation using the Rigiflex dilator in 34 patients (24 men, 10 women; mean age, 55 years) with achalasia. The dilator was positioned across the esophagogastic junction using fluoroscopy and the balloon was inflated for 1 min. The esophagus was intubated and injected sequentially with water-soluble and barium contrast materials. Radiographic analysis included changes in the appearance of the caliber and contour of the esophagogastric junction, rate of esophageal emptying, and presence of complications. In 23 patients with predilatation esophagrams, the mean esophagogastric junction caliber increased from 4.7-7.6 mm following dilatation. The postdilatation esophagrams in 33 patients showed a smooth contour in 22 (67%) and immediate esophageal emptying in 26 (79%). Esophageal perforation occurred in one (3%) patient and intramural hematoma in one (3%). Clinical follow-up (mean, 7 months) was available in 29 patients and 23 (79%) had symptomatic improvement. Five of the six patients who did not improve clinically all had previous Heller myotomy, pneumatic dilatation, or both.     

High-risk coronary angioplasty with elective intra-aortic balloon pump support.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was attempted with elective percutaneous intra-aortic balloon pump support in 21 patients (mean age 60 years, range 40-82; 18 males) with unstable angina (n = 2), multivessel coronary disease requiring multivessel angioplasty (n = 2), severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction 10-30%; n = 16) or ventricular fibrillation at diagnostic angiography (n = 1). Fourteen patients had 3-vessel disease (1 with vein grafts also diseased), 6 had 2-vessel disease and 1 had isolated left anterior descending disease. Twenty-five procedures were performed (one in 18 patients, two in 2 patients and three in one patient) on 42 lesions in 34 vessels/grafts. There was no angioplasty-related death. Successful dilatation was achieved in 38/42 lesions (90%) in 21/25 procedures (84%) without major complication. Three procedures were complicated: one by major coronary dissection without sequelae, one by haemodynamic deterioration due to distal occlusion and one by an unstable residual stenosis in the attempted vessel necessitating urgent bypass surgery. The only complication related to the intra-aortic balloon pump was local haematoma in 2 patients. In conclusion, elective intra-aortic balloon pump support may be safely used to stabilise high-risk patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, leading to a satisfactory primary success rate.     

BALLOON DILATATION PULMONARY VALVULOPLASTY IN PULMONARY STENOSIS

Abstract Balloon valvuloplasty was used to treat congenital pulmonary valve stenosis in 13 patients, 11 with isolated pulmonary stenosis, one associated with complex univentricular heart and tricuspid atresia, and one associated with tetralogy of Fallot. A balloon catheter was introduced through the pulmonary valve over a guidewire positioned in the distal pulmonary artery and inflated for 15 seconds on two or three occasions to 3 to 5 atmospheres and rapidly deflated. Marked improvement in pressure gradients was achieved in eight of the 11 patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis and symptoms disappeared in the only patient in this group who was symptomatic. The two patients with complex congenital malformations improved clinically. The procedure was without complication and satisfactory results have been maintained from two to twelve months later. The procedure offers effective treatment. We believe that pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty should be the initial treatment for isolated severe and moderate pulmonary valve stenosis.     

纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗结核性支气管狭窄的有效性与安全性

目的评价纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗结核性支气管狭窄的效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析25例纤维支气管镜下行球囊扩张的结核性支气管狭窄患者，于术前和最后一次球囊扩张后估计狭窄段的气道直径，并随访评价其长期疗效。结果25例分别接受球囊扩张2—7次，平均（3．2±1．5）次。经球囊扩张后，狭窄段支气管管腔明显增大，由术前的（2．8±1．1）mm增加为术后的（6．7±2．3）mm，即时疗效达100％，所有患者均未发生严重并发症，经过2—36个月的随访，未发生狭窄段的明显再狭窄。16例随访超过1年的患者，距最后一次扩张1年后气道直径为（5．5±2．0）mm，与最后一次扩张后气道直径无明显差别，比扩张前气道直径明显增加。出现肺不张的11例经球囊扩张后有2例完全复张。结论纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张治疗结核性支气管狭窄具有有效、安全和简便等优点。     

Balloon dilatation of critical stenosis of the pulmonary valve in neonates.

Percutaneous balloon dilatation was attempted in 15 consecutive neonates (mean age 7.3 (range 1-27) days and weight 3.2 (range 2.5-4.1) kg) with critical stenosis of the pulmonary valve. Dilatation was successful in 11 (73%) patients. The mean balloon to annulus ratio was 1.1 (range 0.6-1.77). The ratio of right ventricle to femoral artery systolic pressure decreased from a mean (1 SD) of 1.4 (0.32) before to 0.8 (0.24) after dilatation and the transvalvar gradient decreased from 81 (29.7) mm Hg before to 33 (27.7) mm Hg after dilatation. All four (27%) patients in whom dilatation was unsuccessful underwent surgical valvotomy. Complications of balloon dilatation occurred in three (20%) patients; these included retroperitoneal haematoma (one) and iliofemoral venous occlusion (two). In one (7%) patient severe hypoxia and hypotension developed when the valve was crossed with a guide wire and balloon catheter. Despite successful dilatation he died 7 days after the procedure. During a mean (1 SD) follow up of 2 (1.7) years, seven (64%) of the 11 patients remained free of important restenosis. One patient required repeat dilatation three weeks after the initial procedure. In three (27%) patients restenosis developed 4-9 months after dilatation and all three had surgical valvotomy. Of the four patients initially referred for surgery three required a second operation and one required balloon dilatation. Percutaneous balloon dilatation gave effective relief of critical pulmonary stenosis in most neonates but complications and restenosis requiring surgery were common.     

Balloon dilatation of critical stenosis of the pulmonary valve in neonates

Percutaneous balloon dilatation was attempted in 15 consecutive neonates (mean age 7.3 (range 1-27) days and weight 3.2 (range 2.5-4.1) kg) with critical stenosis of the pulmonary valve. Dilatation was successful in 11 (73%) patients. The mean balloon to annulus ratio was 1.1 (range 0.6-1.77). The ratio of right ventricle to femoral artery systolic pressure decreased from a mean (1 SD) of 1.4 (0.32) before to 0.8 (0.24) after dilatation and the transvalvar gradient decreased from 81 (29.7) mm Hg before to 33 (27.7) mm Hg after dilatation. All four (27%) patients in whom dilatation was unsuccessful underwent surgical valvotomy. Complications of balloon dilatation occurred in three (20%) patients; these included retroperitoneal haematoma (one) and iliofemoral venous occlusion (two). In one (7%) patient severe hypoxia and hypotension developed when the valve was crossed with a guide wire and balloon catheter. Despite successful dilatation he died 7 days after the procedure. During a mean (1 SD) follow up of 2 (1.7) years, seven (64%) of the 11 patients remained free of important restenosis. One patient required repeat dilatation three weeks after the initial procedure. In three (27%) patients restenosis developed 4-9 months after dilatation and all three had surgical valvotomy. Of the four patients initially referred for surgery three required a second operation and one required balloon dilatation. Percutaneous balloon dilatation gave effective relief of critical pulmonary stenosis in most neonates but complications and restenosis requiring surgery were common.     

40例主气道狭窄患者诊治体会

目的 探讨主气道狭窄患者的病因及选择适当的治疗方式.方法 收集吉林大学第二医院40例主气道狭窄患者的病因,并观察其选择不同治疗方式的效果.结果 40例主气道狭窄患者中,总气管肿物15例(37.5％),气管内膜结核11例(27.5％),气管插管及切开后9例(22 5％),气管黏膜炎症3例(7.5％),气管淀粉样变1例(2.5％),食管癌术后放疗1例(2.5％).在治疗方式的选择上,除外保守治疗(19例),选择气管切开9例,球囊扩张6例,T管置入5例,冷冻治疗7例,氩气刀治疗6例.接受气管切开、球囊扩张、T管置入、冷冻治疗及氩气刀治疗的患者呼吸困难等症状均得到明显减轻.结论 气管插管及切开造成主气道狭窄的发病率有所上升.患者通过气管切开可迅速缓解症状,联合介入技术及T管置入术已成为除外外科手术治疗的有效方式.