乳腺小黏蛋白在检测乳腺癌患者外周血微转移中的意义

目的探讨乳腺小黏蛋白（small breast epithelial mucin，SBEM）mRNA作为检测乳腺癌患者外周血微转移指标的临床意义。方法用巢式逆转录-聚合酶链反应（Nested—RT—PCR）法检测22例女性胃癌、16例结／直肠癌、107例乳腺癌、40例乳腺纤维腺瘤患者和27例健康志愿者外周血中SBEM—mRNA的表达情况。结果107例乳腺癌患者外周血中SBEM—mRNA有57例表达，阳性率为53．27％，其余对照组中SBEM—mRNA表达均为阴性。两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。SBEM—mRNA的阳性表达与患者的淋巴结转移状况和TNM分期均有相关性（P均〈0．01）；而与患者的年龄、原发肿瘤大小、病理类型、ER、PR等无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论SBEM—mRNA特异表达于乳腺癌患者的外周血，可能成为检测乳腺癌患者外周血中微转移和判断预后的指标之一。     

SBEM-mRNA与CEA在乳腺癌患者外周血表达的临床意义

目的：通过检测人类原发性乳腺癌患者外周血中乳腺小粘蛋白（SBEM）mRNA和癌胚抗原（CEA）的表达情况，同时结合患者其他相关临床病理学资料，探讨二者检测在乳腺癌患者中的临床意义。方法：采用逆转录-聚合酶反应（RT—PCR）和酶联免疫反应（ELESA）方法分别检测60例乳腺癌患者外周血中SBEM—mRNA和CEA的表达情况，另抽取20例乳腺纤维腺瘤患者和10例健康人的外周血标本加以检测，作为对照研究纽。采用SPSS 10．0软件进行统计学处理。结果：在60例乳腺癌患者外周血中SBEM—mRNA和CEA的阳性表达率分别为53-3％和31．7％。而在对照组检测中，CEA在纤维腺瘤患者外周血中阳性率为5．0％，在健康人的外周血中为阴性表达；SBEM—mRNA在二者中均为阴性表达。统计学分析发现，乳腺癌患者中SBEM—mRNA和CEA的阳性表达均与腋淋巴结转移情况、肿瘤TNM分期差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05），而与患者的其他临床病理学特征的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。对比研究表明，二者联合检测比单项检测有更高的敏感度和准确性（Pl〈0．05）。结论：乳腺癌患者外周血中SBEM—mRNA和CEA的检测对指导乳腺癌患者的治疗和判断预后具有重要意义，二者联合检测在提高对乳腺癌微转移敏感度和准确性的同时，又保持了较高的特异性，是较为理想的检测组合方式。     

CK19和hMAM及SBEM检测乳腺癌微转移价值分析

目的：探讨生物学标志乳腺上皮小黏蛋白（smallbreastepithelialmucin,SBEM）、乳腺珠蛋白（humanmamma—globin,hMAM）和细胞角蛋白19（cytokeratin19,CK19）检测乳腺癌外周血及淋巴结微转移的临床应用价值。方法：收集2012-04—13—2012-10—10广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科首诊的患者外周血及组织标本。采用巢式PCR技术对47例乳腺癌患者和45例乳腺良性肿瘤患者外周血有核细胞中SBEM、hMAM和CK19的mRNA进行检测;采用半定量PCR技术对10例乳腺癌组织及对应的癌旁组织,以及10例乳腺良性肿瘤患者组织mRMA进行检测;采用免疫组化技术对其中27例乳腺癌患者的109个淋巴结进行检测。结果：乳腺癌和乳腺良性肿瘤患者的外周血SBEM表达率分别为82．98％（39／47）和62．22％（28／45）,χ2=5．005,P=0．021;乳腺癌和乳腺良性肿瘤患者的外周血hMAM表达率分别为65．96％（31／47）和42．22％（19／45）,差异有统计学意义,χ2=5．220,P=0．022;乳腺癌和乳腺良性肿瘤患者的外周血CK19表达率分别为89．36％（42／47）和80．00％（36／45）,差异无统计学意义,χ2=1．562,P=0．211。免疫组化CK19在52个转移性淋巴结中强阳性表达,在57个常规病理检查未发现的转移性淋巴结中检出5个淋巴结存在转移灶;hMAM及SBEM在转移性淋巴结中表达比CK19弱,而且阳性细胞染色不均一。结论：SBEM、hMAM和CK19作为乳腺癌外周血微转移生物学标志具有较高的灵敏性,但缺乏特异性,联合检测可以提高特异性,对发现早期乳腺癌微转移有一定临床意义;CK19可用于检测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的微小转移灶。     

乳腺癌患者外周血hMAM及SBEM检测及其临床意义

目的研究乳腺癌患者外周血人乳腺珠蛋白（hMAM）及乳腺上皮粘蛋白（SBEM）的表达及临床意义。方法应用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术检测58例乳腺癌患者外周血hMAM mRNA及SBEM mRNA的表达，并用健康志愿者及乳腺良性肿瘤患者各10例作为对照。结果hMAM及SBEM在58例乳腺癌患者外周血的阳性表达率分别为34.5%、25.9%，乳腺良性肿瘤和正常对照均无阳性表达，两者的阳性表达与患者的临床分期显著相关（P〈0.05），两者联合检测的总阳性率为41.4%（24/58），与单一标志物相比缺乏统计学意义。结论hMAM及SBEM特异性表达于乳腺癌外周血，可作为检测乳腺癌外周血肿瘤细胞标志物，并有可能在乳腺癌微转移诊断和预后判断中具有重要意义。     

SBEM和hMAM在乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨乳腺上皮粘蛋白（SBEM）和人乳腺珠蛋白（hMAM）在乳腺癌中的表达及其临床意义。方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）检测109例乳腺癌患者和25例对照组（5例健康者与20例其他肿瘤患者）外周血SBEM mRNA和hMAM mRNA的表达情况,流式细胞术检测SBEM和hMAM阳性表达细胞的比例;并分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果 RT-PCR检测显示SBEM mRNA和hMAM mRNA仅表达于乳腺癌患者外周血中,在健康者和其他肿瘤患者外周血中无表达。流式细胞术检测显示SBEM和hMAM在乳腺癌患者中阳性表达细胞的比例分别为55.9％和40.4％,而在健康者和其他肿瘤患者中仅为10％左右。乳腺癌外周血SBEM和hMAM表达与TNM分期、淋巴结转移有关,而与年龄、肿瘤大小、激素受体和C erbB-2均无关。结论 SBEM mRNA和hMAM mRNA在乳腺癌患者外周血中均有高表达,两者联合检测有助于判断血道微转移的存在。     

乳腺癌患者骨髓GalNAcT mRNA的检测及其临床意义

目的：研究乳腺癌患者骨髓β1，4-N-乙酰半乳糖胺转移酶（GalNAcT）mRNA的表达，探讨其作为乳腺癌骨髓微转移检测指标对临床的应用价值。方法：对40例乳腺癌患者的骨髓及外周血采用巢式RT—PCR方法检测GalNAcT mRNA表达，同时以免疫组化的方法检测骨髓标本中细胞角蛋白（cytokeratin，CK）的表达。结果：40例患者骨髓中GalNAcT mRNA阳性表达17例（42．5％），外周血阳性表达7例（17．5％）；10例血液系统良性疾病患者骨髓和15例健康志愿者外周血中GaINAcT mRNA均为阴性。免疫组化结果显示：40例乳腺癌骨髓中有11例（27．5％）CK阳性，其GalNAcT mRNA都阳性；有6例（15．0％）CK阴性而GalNAcT mRNA阳性。结论：RT—PCR和免疫组化都是检测乳腺癌患者骨髓微转移的可靠的方法，但前者的敏感性高于后者。GalNAcT mRNA可作为一种新的肿瘤标志物来检测乳腺癌患者骨髓微转移。     

CK-19mRNA表达与乳腺癌关系的研究

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者外周血中细胞角蛋白19mRNA（CK-19mRNA）的表达与手术、化疗、临床病理的关系及其临床意义。方法：应用实时荧光定量PCR检测60例Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者手术及化疗前后外周静脉血CK-19mRNA的含量。选择20例乳腺良性疾病手术患者做为对照。结果：对照组外周血中未检出CK-19mRNA。术前乳腺癌组外周血CK-19mRNA阳性率为30．0％（18／60），与对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。术后1周内及术后化疗1周期后CK-19mRNA阳性率分别降至25．0％（15／60）和13．3％（8／60）。Ⅲ期乳腺癌CK-19mRNA的阳性表达率高于Ⅱ期（P〈0．05），CK-19mRNA的表达与激素受体、HER2表达无关（P〉0．05）。有神经及脉管受侵或淋巴结转移者CK-19mRNA的阳性表达率增高，与无神经及脉管受侵或淋巴结转移者有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：CK-19mRNA的表达与神经及脉管受侵以及淋巴结转移有关，与激素受体及HER2表达无关。随着肿瘤分期的增高，微转移检出率将升高。     

C—erbB2、PCNA、ER、PR在126例乳腺癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：研究C—erbB2、PCNA、ER、PR在乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌临床、病理因素之间的关系。方法：采用免疫组化SP法检测126例乳腺癌组织CerbB2、PCNA、ER、PR蛋白的表达。结果：C—erbB2、pCNA、ER、PR在乳腺癌阳性表达率分别为：36．5％,95．2％,65．1％,54％。C—erbB2、pCNA、ER、PR蛋白阳性表达率和表达强度与乳腺癌患者的年龄、淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小、pTNM分期差异性无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。C—erbB2、PCNA与组织学分级差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。C—erbB2与ER、PR均呈负相关（r=-0．344,P=0．000;r=-0．226,P=0．011）。结论：C—erbB2,PCNA过表达者预后差,可以作为判断乳腺癌患者预后的有效指标。     

乳腺癌外周血乳腺上皮小黏蛋白和CA153联合检测的临床价值

目的探讨乳腺上皮小黏蛋白(SBEM)和糖类抗原153(CA153)联合检测在乳腺癌微转移中的临床价值。方法选取2014年1月至2016年6月间上海市徐汇区大华医院收治的60例乳腺癌患者的血标本为观察组,选取20例乳腺纤维腺瘤患者、10例其他系统恶性肿瘤患者和10例健康志愿者的血标本为对照组。分别采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)技术和化学发光法检测两组血标本中的SBEM mRNA及CA153的表达水平,并分析其在乳腺癌微转移中的诊断价值。结果RT-PCR检测显示观察组血标本中SBEM mRNA阳性表达率为48.3%(29/60),而对照组血标本的中SBEM mRNA阳性表达率为0.0%(0/40);CA153敏感度为31.7%(19/60),特异度为92.5%(37/40),两者联合检测敏感度为63.3%(38/60)。乳腺癌患者外周血SBEM mRNA表达与患者有无淋巴结转移和TNM分期差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时SBEM mRNA的表达与CA153的表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外周血SBEM mRNA和CA153联合检测提高了检测敏感度,有助于判断乳腺癌微转移。     

乳腺癌转移癌基因C—erbB蛋白表达及DNA图像分析对照观察

目的：探讨乳腺癌淋巴结转移及预后相关指标。方法：对56例乳腺癌术后原位石蜡包埋切片，应用计算机癌细胞DNA图像分析系统，进行DNA定量分析及癌基因C－erbB蛋白表达对照观察。结果：在56例乳腺癌中术后病理诊断，前哨啉巴结（腋下淋巴结及内上象限淋巴结）转移的为39例，较非淋巴结转移的17例C－erbB阳性表达率明显升高；有淋巴结转移的原位肿瘤C－erbB阳性表达率为84．6％（33／39）；而17例乳腺癌非淋巴结转移原位肿瘤C－erbB阳性表达率仅23．5％（4／17）。对比组之间的差异具有显著性（P＜0．05），在淋巴结转移的乳腺癌中DNA图像定量分析，DNA质量随淋巴结转移的增多而升高；DⅠ指数在1．32－1．43之间，癌细胞周期中S期为61％－64．42％，G2／M期1％－4．8％，DNA图像直方图倍体为异倍体（或多倍体5C－7C），表明预后差。结论：侵袭性乳腺癌有淋巴结转移C－erbB阳性过度表达具有重要意义，癌细胞DNA图像分析G2／M期细胞增高，可能是更有价值的预后指标。     

Malignant Neoplasm Prevalence in the Aktobe Region of Kazakhstan

An oncopathological state assessment was conducted among adults, children and teenagers in Aktobe region for 2004-2013. Overall the burden of mortality was in the range of 94.8-100.2 per 100,000 population, without any obvious trend over time. Ranking by pathology, the highest incidences among women were registered for breast cancer (5.8-8.4), cervix uteri (2.9-4.6), ovary (2.4-3.6) and corpus uteri, stomach, esophagus, without any marked change over time except for a slight rise in cervical cancer rates. In males, the first place in rank was trachea, bronchus and lung, followed by stomach and esophagus, which are followed by bladder, lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues pathology. Agian no clear trends were apparent over time. In children, main localizations in cancer incidence blood (acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease), brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages, kidneys, and eye and it’s appendages, in both sexes. Similarly, in young adults, the major percentage was in blood and lymphatic tissues (acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease) a significant percentage accruing to lymphosarcoma, lymphoma, other myeloid leukemia and hematological malignancies as well as tumors of brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages. This initial survey provides the basis for more detailed investigation of cancer epidemiology in Aktobe, Kazakhstan.     

Incidence trends in invasive uterine cervix cancer and carcinoma in situ in Incheon, South Korea

Introduction: This study examined trends of invasive and carcinoma in situ(CIS) in terms of the incidence and mortality of uterine cervix cancer in Incheon over a twelve year period. Methods: Uterine cervical cancer data were retrieved from the Incheon Cancer Registry(ICR) and Korea Central Cancer Registry(KCCR) from 1997 to 2008. The time trend in age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) of invasive uterine cervix cancer and CIS were calculated and compared with the nation-wide cancer registry data for each year. Mortality/incidence (M/I) ratios according to age and the incidence of pathological subtype in Incheon each year were also examined, along with an international comparison. Results: A total of 3,096 cases of invasive cervical cancer and 2,079 cases of carcinoma in situ were analyzed from 1997 to 2008. The time trend incidence of the total ASR in uterine cervical cancer decreased from 25.7 in 1997 to 13.4 in 2008, but incidence of CIS increased from 7.6 to 15.8 in same period. In invasive cancers, the age-specific incidence rates were highest in those in their sixties and patients in their forties showed highest incidence of CIS. The mortality rate in ICR was 3.7 from 1998 to 2002. Compared to the other countries which have high risk factors for cervix cancer, the peak incidence zone was different in Incheon. Conclusion: The ICR showed a decrease in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer that was similar to the nation-wide data. An early increase zone is a characteristic pattern in the age specific incidence curve. Early screening and a vaccination program should be activated for prevention of young age cervical cancer.     

Costing of a State-Wide Population Based Cancer Awareness and Early Detection Campaign in a 2.67 Million Population of Punjab State in Northern India

Background: Punjab state is particularly reporting a rising burden of cancer. A ‘door to door cancer awareness and early detection campaign’ was therefore launched in the Punjab covering about 2.67 million population, wherein after initial training accredited social health activists (ASHAs) and other health staff conducted a survey for early detection of cancer cases based on a twelve point clinical algorithm. Objective: To ascertain unit cost for undertaking a population-based cancer awareness and early detection campaign. Materials and Methods: Data were collected using bottom-up costing methods. Full economic costs of implementing the campaign from the health system perspective were calculated. Options to meet the likely demand for project activities were further evaluated to examine their worth from the point of view of long-term sustainability. Results: The campaign covered 97% of the state population. A total of 24,659 cases were suspected to have cancer and were referred to health facilities. At the state level, incidence and prevalence of cancer were found to be 90 and 216 per 100,000, respectively. Full economic cost of implementing the campaign in pilot district was USD 117,524. However, the financial cost was approximately USD 6,301. Start-up phase of campaign was more resource intensive (63% of total) than the implementation phase. The economic cost per person contacted and suspected by clinical algorithm was found to be USD 0.20 and USD 40 respectively. Cost per confirmed case under the campaign was 7,043 USD. Conclusions: The campaign was able to screen a reasonably large population. High to high economic cost points towards the fact that the opportunity cost of campaign put a significant burden on health system and other programs. However, generating awareness and early detection strategy adopted in this campaign seems promising in light of fact that organized screening is not in place in India and in many developing countries.     

Effect of homeopathic medicines on transplanted tumors in mice.

Ultra low doses used in homeopathic medicines are reported to have healing potential for various diseases but their action remains controversial. In this study we have investigated the antitumour and antimetastatic activity of selected homeopathic medicines against transplanted tumours in mice. It was found that Ruta graveolens 200c and Hydrastis canadensis 200c significantly increased the lifespan of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma and Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites induced tumour-bearing animals by 49.7%, and 69.4% respectively. Moreover there was 95.6% and 95.8% reduction of solid tumour volume in Ruta 200c and Hydrastis 200c treated animals on the 31st day after tumour inoculation. Hydrastis 1M given orally significantly inhibited the growth of developed solid tumours produced by DLA cells and increased the lifespan of tumour bearing animals. Some 9 out of 15 animals with developed tumors were completely tumour free after treatment with Hydrastis 1M. Significant anti-metastatic activity was also found in B16F-10 melanoma-bearing animals treated with Thuja1M, Hydrastis 1M and Lycopodium1M. This was evident from the inhibition of lung tumour nodule formation, morphological and histopathological analysis of lung and decreased levels of gamma-GT in serum, a cellular marker of proliferation. These findings support that homeopathic preparations of Ruta and Hydrastis have significant antitumour activity. The mechanism of action of these medicines is not known at present.     

Lifetime Risk and Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence in Greater Mumbai

Objective: To estimate the probability of developing lung cancer in the entire life span of the people ofGreater Mumbai and variation according to age and sex. Information on cancer incidence trends in a communityforms the scientific basis for planning and organising prevention, diagnosis and treatment. During the last 24year period, a total of 11,458 lung cancer cases were registered (9,052 male and 2,406 female) by the BombayCancer Registry. Lung cancer accounts for 9.4% of all male cancers and 2.7% of those in females (6.2% of allcancers) in Greater Mumbai. The probability of developing cancer in the entire life span of the people of GreaterMumbai was estimated. Methods: A method based on the cumulative risk of cancer was used to estimate theprobabilities using lung cancer data collected by the population-based Bombay Cancer Registry from the years1982 to 2005. For evaluation of trends, a linear regression model based on the logarithm of the observed incidencerates was applied. The annual percentage change was also computed for the evaluation. The cumulative incidencerate percentage was calculated by adding up the age-specific incidence rates at single ages and then expressed asa percentage. Results: The results show that age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer during the period 1982to 2005 showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in males and a statistically significant increasingtrend among females. When these trends were examined across different age-groups (0-39, 40-64 and 65 orolder), the rates showed a statistically significant decreasing trend from 0-64 years in males and a statisticallysignificant increasing trend in females aged 65 years and older. The rates proved stable across the other agegroups.The probability estimates indicate that one out of every 74 men and one out of every 242 women willcontract lung cancer at some time in their whole life in the absence of other causes of death, assuming that thecurrent trends prevail over the time period. Most of them will acquire the disease after the age of 40 years, afterwhich risk increases with time. Conclusions: The variation in age-adjusted incidence rate across different agegroupsin both sexes clearly indicate that there has been a change in the etiology of lung cancer in GreaterMumbai over time. The most important reason for this would be decrease in smoking prevalence among males.The other reasons for this have to be explored through risk assessment studies, but these findings may be ofgeneral interest because changes in diagnostic practices are confounders in time trends of lung cancer in manydeveloped countries, preventing inferences on changes in risk factors.     

Level and Evaluation of Tumor Marker CA-125 in Ovarian Cancer Patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan

Background: Due to the increase in morbidity and mortality rate, cancer has become an alarming threatto the human population worldwide. Since cancer is a progressive disorder, timely diagnosis is necessary toprevent/stop cancer from progressing to a severe stage. In Khyber Paktunkhwa, Pakistan, many tumors arediagnosed with endoscopy and biopsy; rare studies exist regarding the diagnosis and evaluation of ovariancancer, based on tumor markers like CA-125. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate andevaluate levels of CA-125 in hospitalized ovarian cancer patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, a totalof 63 admitted patients having ovarian cancer by biopsy were included. The level of CA-125 was determinedin the blood of these patients using ELISA technique. Results: Out of 63 patients, the level of CA-125 was highin 52% . The affected individuals were more in the group of 40-60 and the level of CA-125 was comparativelyhigher in patients having moderately differentiated histology than those having well differentiated and poorlydifferentiated tumor histology. Moreover, the highest level of CA-125 was present among the patients havingserous subtype of carcinoma and the common stage of carcinoma was stage II followed by stage III, I and IV.Conclusions: CA-125 level was high in more than 50% of the total patients. Moreover, CA-125 elevation wasmore common in serous subtype and stage II cancer patients.     

Factors Associated with Delayed Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Iran - a Survey in Isfahan City

Background: In the absence of routine screening program for cervical cancer in Iran and high rate of diagnosedcancer in its advanced stage, recognition of sociodemographic factors related to delayed diagnosis of cancer in Irancould be helpful in reducing the burden of disease in our community. The aim of this study was to determine thestage of cervical cancer at diagnosis and factors related to delayed diagnosis of cervical cancer in Isfahan, Iran.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study women diagnosed with cervical cancer for the first time byhisto-pathological examination were enrolled. According to the clinical and paraclinical findings and staging ofthe cancer, they were classified into early and delayed diagnosis of cervical cancer. Sociodemographic factorswere compared in the two groups. Results: In this study of 55 women mean age was 48.3±12.0. According to ourclassification 6/55 (10.9%) and 49/55 (89.1%) of them had early and delayed diagnosis of cervical cancer. Delayeddiagnosis of the cancer was significantly higher in patients with lower degree of education, lower socioeconomicstatus, having smoker and addict husband and those who did not have a history of Pap smear test (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results of this study indicated risk factors related to delayed diagnosis of cervical cancer. Theaffected women should be targeted for implementation of specialized educational programmes for improvingknowledge and screening test.     

Genetic variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway predict platinum-based chemotherapy response of advanced non-small cell lung cancers in a Chinese population

Objective: The PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway has been implicated in resistance to cisplatin.In the current study, we determined whether common genetic variations in this pathway are associated withplatinum-based chemotherapy response and clinical outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)patients. Methods: Seven common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in core genes of this pathway weregenotyped in 199 patients and analyzed for associations with chemotherapy response, progression-free survival(PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed an association between AKT1rs2494752 and response to treatment. Patients carrying heterozygous AG had an increased risk of diseaseprogression after two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy compared to those with AA genotype (Adjustedodds ratio (OR)=2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-4.77, which remained significant in the stratifiedanalyses). However, log-rank test and cox regression detected no association between these polymorphisms inthe PI3K pathway genes and survival in advanced NSCLC patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest thatgenetic variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway may predict platinum-based chemotherapy responsein advanced NSCLC patients in a Chinese population.     

Cancer Incidence and Mortality Data in Aktobe,West Kazakhstan, 2000-2010

The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of cancer incidence and mortality in the territory ofAktobe city for the period 2000-2010. The most common cancers were found in the lungs, stomach, esophagusand breast throughout the period, with slight increase in colon cancer and decrease in esophageal cancer beingapparent. In an attempt to cast light on effects of environmental pollution, the authors also compared data ontotal emissions of chemicals into the air. While preliminary, the findings provide a basic picture of cancer burdenin this industrialised city in Kazakhstan which should be followed up by more comprehensive monitoring.