基于网络药理学的清肺合剂抗肺癌作用机制研究

目的 采用网络药理学方法阐明清肺合剂"多成分-多靶点-多途径"的作用理念，为进一步研究清肺合剂抗肺癌的药效物质基础和作用机制提供理论依据。方法 通过检索TCMSP数据库，结合口服生物利用度（OB ≥ 30%）、小肠上皮细胞渗透性（Caco-2 ≥-0.4）和类药性分析（DL ≥ 0.18）参数，筛选清肺合剂的活性成分；通过TCMSP、STITCH、Swiss数据库预测活性成分的靶点；通过TCMSP、TTD、PharmGKB数据库筛选出肺癌疾病相关基因；利用Cytoscape软件构建"活性成分-靶点-疾病"网络图；运用String数据库进行蛋白相互作用分析，建立PPI网络图；运用DAVID数据库进行GO功能注释和KEGG通路富集分析。结果 经筛选后得到清肺合剂的108个活性成分，对应357个靶点。挖掘得到肺癌靶点412个，其中成分-疾病交互靶点38个，参与细胞增殖和凋亡、血管生成、有丝分裂等生物过程，涉及多种肿瘤通路、焦点黏附通路、血管内皮生长因子信号通路、p53信号通路、ErbB信号通路。结论 清肺合剂通过多成分、多靶点、多通路调控细胞的分化、增殖、凋亡，调节血管生成，调控有丝分裂和减数分裂以及调节炎症反应从而发挥抗肺癌作用。     

基于网络药理学的香附抗抑郁作用机制研究

目的 基于网络药理学方法研究香附多成分-多靶点-多途径的抗抑郁潜在作用机制。方法 通过中药系统药理学分析平台（TCMSP）数据库、文献挖掘和本实验室已有研究收集香附化学成分，并依据类药原则进行筛选。使用PhamMapper和DrugBank数据库进行靶点预测和筛选，通过MAS 3.0及KEGG通路注释分析香附抗抑郁效应化学成分的作用通路，采用Cytoscape 3.6.1软件构建"化合物-核心靶点-通路"网络，预测其抗抑郁药效成分及相关作用靶点。结果 香附中的69个化合物作用于103个靶点，29个核心靶点。构建的"化合物-核心靶点-代谢通路"网络预测发现，香附中48个化学成分直接或间接作用于15个核心靶点，8条抑郁相关代谢通路，主要涉及细胞过程、对应激的应答等生物过程，通过调节黏附斑、神经营养因子、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、NOD样受体、胰岛素、趋化因子、ErbB信号通路发挥抗抑郁作用。结论 网络药理学分析结果初步揭示了香附以多成分、多靶点、多通路的协同作用方式发挥抗抑郁效应机制。     

基于网络药理学分析宣肺败毒方治疗SARS、MERS和COVID-19的作用机制

目的 探讨宣肺败毒方对冠状病毒感染治疗作用的有效成分、作用靶点、信号通路等,从而阐释其作用机制。方法 利用Cytoscape构建了宣肺败毒方的药物–性–味–归经网络。采用TCMSP数据库、SwissADME数据库和Swiss Target Prediction数据库筛选宣肺败毒方的有效成分和相关靶点,通过GeneCards数据库和CTD数据库收集严重急性呼吸道疾病（SARS）、2012年的中东呼吸综合征（MERS）和新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的疾病靶点,将药物靶点和疾病靶点取交集,利用Cytoscape软件构建网络;运用String数据库,对潜在靶点进行蛋白相互作用（PPI）网络模型构建;通过Metascape数据库对潜在靶点进行GO和KEGG富集分析,并且用Cytoscape构建网络。结果 宣肺败毒方中有10种药材与肺经有关。从中筛选出167个活性成分和242个潜在作用靶点,核心药物为甘草、麻黄、青蒿、马鞭草、虎杖,核心成分为槲皮素、豆甾醇、山柰酚、木犀草素、异鼠李素等,核心靶点为AKT1、IL-6、TP53、VEGFA、TNF等,可能的作用机制与PI3K-Akt signaling pathway、HIF-1 signaling pathway和TNF signaling pathway等多个信号通路有关。结论 通过网络药理学探讨了宣肺败毒方对SARS、MERS和COVID-19的潜在共同作用机制,体现了中药多成分、多靶点、多途径的作用特点。     

基于网络药理学及分子对接探讨仙鹤草改善慢性萎缩性胃炎的作用机制

目的 运用网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨仙鹤草改善慢性萎缩性胃炎的物质基础及作用机制。方法 通过TCMSP数据库筛选仙鹤草的活性成分并预测其作用靶点；通过GeneCards、OMIM数据库筛选慢性萎缩性胃炎相关靶点；将活性成分靶点与慢性萎缩性胃炎靶点取交集，通过String 12.0数据库构建蛋白相互作用（PPI）网络，并运用Cytoscape 3.10.1软件构建“中药–疾病–化合物–交集靶标”网络图；通过R软件对核心靶点进行基因本体（GO）和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析以预测作用机制；通过AutoDock软件进行分子对接验证。结果 从仙鹤草中筛选出5个活性成分，作用于90个靶点，其中仙鹤草改善慢性萎缩性胃炎的核心活性成分为鞣花酸、山柰酚、儿茶素、木犀草素、槲皮素；核心靶点为B淋巴细胞瘤-2（Bcl-2）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（CASP3）、表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、缺氧诱导因子-1A（HIF-1A）、原癌基因（MYC）等；作用机制主要涉及抗肿瘤、调节免疫、调节脂代谢、抗病毒等多条信号通路；分子对接显示，仙鹤草核心活性成分与核心靶点具有较高亲和力。结论 仙鹤草可能通过调节细胞增殖、凋亡、炎症、代谢等相关基因及通路发挥多靶点、多通路的治疗作用。     

三七主要活性成分作用机制的网络药理学研究

目的 通过网络药理学研究三七的主要活性成分、作用靶点、相关信号通路和疾病等几方面的关联性，揭示其发挥药效的作用机制。方法 从中药系统药理学分析平台（TCMSP）数据库中获得三七的化学成分，并把口服生物利用度（OB）≥ 30%和类药性（DL）≥ 0.15作为筛选条件，获得三七的主要活性成分和相关作用靶点。通过UniProt数据库提取作用靶点的基因名称，并用CTD网络在线分析平台获得与靶点相关的疾病和信号通路。最后用Cytoscape 3.6.1构建"活性成分-靶点""靶点-信号通路"和"靶点-疾病"网络图，采用Cytoscape 3.6.1的Network Analyzer插件分析网络图，探讨三七的多重药理作用机制。结果 共获得槲皮素、β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、人参皂苷rh2等9个主要活性成分；这些成分可作用于176个靶点，其主要靶点有PTGS2、PTGS1、HSP90AB1、ER、PDE3A等，这些靶点与肿瘤、高血压、中枢神经系统障碍、自身免疫疾病等45种疾病相关，涵盖癌症、心血管系统、神经系统、免疫系统等几大类疾病。三七的主要活性成分通过作用于靶点而影响相关的信号通路发挥治疗疾病的作用，其影响的信号通路主要包括信号转导通路、免疫通路、Cytokine信号通路、癌症通路等，其中肿瘤、免疫相关的占绝大部分。结论 三七是通过多成分、多靶点、多信号通路的协调作用发挥治疗疾病的作用，其中在治疗肿瘤疾病和增强人体免疫力方面具有潜在的优势。     

基于网络药理学和分子对接的薏苡附子散对类风湿性关节炎及慢性心力衰竭“异病同治”作用机制探讨

目的 基于网络药理学和分子对接方法探讨薏苡附子散治疗类风湿性关节炎(RA)及慢性心力衰竭(CHF)"异病同治"的作用机制。方法 通过中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台(TCMSP)数据库筛选薏苡附子散的活性成分,并利用 Pubchem 数据库获得 Smile 号,进而通过 Swiss Target Prediction 数据库获取活性成分对应的靶点。在 GeneCards 和 OMIM数据库平台预测 RA 及 CHF 疾病作用靶点。对活性成分靶点与疾病交集靶点进行蛋白质相互作用(PPI)网络构建及核心靶点筛选,并进行基因本体(GO)功能及京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)通路富集分析。筛选核心成分和核心靶点,利用 AutoDock 软件进行分子对接验证。结果 从薏苡附子散中共筛选得到符合条件的活性成分 10 个,活性成分潜在作用靶点 403 个,RA 疾病靶点 1 112 个,CHF 疾病靶点 2 983 个,取交集,获得药物、疾病交集靶点 69 个。GO 富集分析结果显示主要与炎症反应的调节、MAPK 级联调控、对氧化应激的反应、骨化的调节、平滑肌细胞增殖等相关;KEGG 通路富集分析得到 236 条通路,与RA及CHF相关且排序较靠前的通路有 PI3K-Akt 信号通路、NF-κB 信号通路、MAPK 信号通路等。分子对接结果表明,薏苡附子散中的核心成分多根乌头碱、水黄皮素、豆甾醇具有与核心靶点 TNF、SRC、ESR1 和 PTGS2良好的结合潜力。结论 薏苡附子散治疗 RA 和 CHF 具有多靶点效应,涉及多条生物过程和信号通路,可能通过调控炎症反应、氧化应激反应、血管生成和发育、心脏收缩调节及 MAPK 级联调控等发挥"异病同治"作用。     

逍遥散与文拉法辛联用抗抑郁的网络药理学机制研究

目的 运用网络药理学技术探讨逍遥散与文拉法辛联用抗抑郁的作用机制。方法 通过TCMSP、PubChem、OMIM、GeneCards以及UniProt等数据库获得逍遥散和文拉法辛治疗抑郁症的作用靶点；利用STRING网站得到蛋白互作网络；并通过Metascape网站对潜在作用靶点进行富集分析；使用Cytoscape软件绘制“靶点-成分-通路”可视化网络图。结果 逍遥散主要通过芍药苷、刺槐素、儿茶素、槲皮素等化学成分和文拉法辛联合作用发挥抗抑郁作用。逍遥散和文拉法辛治疗抑郁症的相关靶点共208个，主要为酪氨酸蛋白激酶（SRC）、信号转导和转录激活器3（STAT3）、转录因子AP-1（JUN）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3（MAPK3）等。这些主要靶点作用于糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号通路（AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications）、癌症通路（pathways in cancer）等43条通路，调节对受损的应答（response to wounding）、对无机物的应答（response to inorganic substance）以及细胞成分运动的正向调节（positive regulation of cellular component movement）、血液循环（blood circulation）和有机羟基化合物代谢过程（organic hydroxy compound metabolic process）等生物学过程发挥抗抑郁作用。结论 逍遥散与文拉法辛联用通过多靶点、多通路发挥抗抑郁作用，利用网络药理学预测中西药联合治疗疾病的作用机制值得深入探讨。     

基于网络药理学分析防风-乌梅药对治疗荨麻疹的作用机制

目的 基于网络药理学分析防风-乌梅药对治疗荨麻疹的物质基础及分子机制。方法 根据文献报道,结合口服利用度≥ 30%和类药性分析≥ 0.18,在TCMSP数据库、BATMAN-TCM数据库筛选防风-乌梅药对活性成分及靶点,GeneCards数据库筛选荨麻疹靶点,通过靶点映射确定药对活性成分作用的荨麻疹靶点;借助Cytoscape 3.5.1软件构建活性成分-靶点网络图,STRING平台构建靶蛋白互作网络,应用DAVID数据库对靶点进行KEGG通路分析,利用Cytoscape软件中BiNGO和MCODE插件对靶基因进行GO生物过程富集和聚类分析。结果 从防风-乌梅药对中筛选得到槲皮素、山奈酚、汉黄芩素、欧前胡素、升麻素等16个活性成分,作用于IL-6、TNF、SRC、EGFR、IL-8、PTGS2等62个荨麻疹相关靶点,调控TNF信号通路、PI3K/Akt信号通路、NF-kB信号通路、低氧诱导因子1信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路等8条信号通路,参与调节炎症反应、肽-酪氨酸磷酸化、蛋白质分解代谢等生物过程。结论 充分揭示了防风-乌梅药对多成分、多靶点、多通路治疗荨麻疹的科学内涵。     

基于网络药理学对舒肝宁注射液抗炎保肝作用的机制研究

目的 构建舒肝宁注射液活性成分-作用靶点和蛋白相互作用网络,探讨舒肝宁注射液抗炎保肝作用机制。方法 通过TCMSP数据库获取舒肝宁注射液中茵陈、栀子、黄芩、板蓝根和灵芝的主要活性成分;利用GeneCard和OMIM数据库筛选舒肝宁注射液活性成分对应靶点中与肝炎相关靶点;采用Cytoscape构建活性成分-作用靶点网络;应用String数据库和Cytoscape软件绘制蛋白相互作用网络;通过DAVID数据库对靶点进行GO及KEGG通路分析。结果 筛选得到舒肝宁注射液活性成分20个,共83个作用靶点。GO分析表明,舒肝宁注射液主要影响细胞过程和生物过程的调控,以及对化学刺激和应激的反应等作用。KEGG通路分析显示,舒肝宁注射液抗炎保肝作用的靶点主要涉及TNF、IL-17、MAPK等信号通路。结论 舒肝宁注射液的抗炎保肝作用具有多成分、多靶点、多通路的特点,可能通过调节TNF、IL-17、MAPK等通路发挥作用。     

基于网络药理学的升麻治疗乳腺癌作用机制研究

目的 通过构建升麻Cimicifugae Rhizoma化学成分-靶点-代谢信号通路网络，探讨其治疗乳腺癌的作用机制。方法 利用中药系统药理学数据库与分析平台（TCMSP）和PharmMapper获取升麻化学成分与作用靶点，将其与乳腺癌疾病靶点取交集得到升麻治疗乳腺癌的作用靶点，进一步利用靶点-成分反向筛选得到治疗乳腺癌的升麻潜在活性成分；通过GeneMANIA数据库获取间接靶标和“蛋白-靶点”互作网络，并通过蛋白-蛋白相互作用筛选关键靶标；采用Cytoscape构建“成分-靶点”网络图，使用分子对接将潜在活性成分和关键靶标配对，以证实前期靶标筛选和反向药效团匹配的可靠性；通过DAVID网站对作用靶点进行基因本体论（GO）分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）分析，利用R语言和在线绘图网站（omishare tools）将结果可视化。结果 获得升麻潜在活性成分共68个，与乳腺癌相关疾病靶点48个，关键靶点为ESR1、SRC和HRAS。GO功能富集分析得到生物过程（BP）条目484条，细胞组成（CC）条目7条，分子功能（MF）条目75条。KEGG通路富集筛选获得到21条信号通路。分子对接结果显示关键靶标与升麻潜在活性成分匹配性较好。结论 升麻主要通过作用于ESR1、SRC、HRAS等靶点，调节癌症通路、蛋白多糖通路和雌激素信号通路等起到治疗乳腺癌的作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.