综合防治，抗击癌症的必由之路——美国癌症数据的启示

美国在癌症预防和控制上取得了举世瞩目的成就,最重要的表现是过去二十多年癌症死亡率发生了持续下降。通过对中美在总的癌症负担、癌症发展趋势、癌症瘤别构成及其变化、癌症生存率及其变化上的对比分析,发现中国的癌症负担显现出发病率和死亡率双双持续上升、生存率较低的特征,面临老龄化、癌症双重负担、癌症相关行为危险因素普遍流行等挑战,需要采取三级预防并重的综合防控策略,侧重控烟、早筛和提供规范均等的癌症诊疗服务。     

芬太尼透皮贴剂治疗肺癌癌痛疗效分析

目的：探讨芬太尼透皮贴剂在中重度肺癌癌痛治疗中的应用特点。方法：69例中重度肺癌癌痛患随机分成芬太尼透皮贴剂组和口服硫酸吗啡控释片组，评价其疗效和副反应。结果：芬太尼组36例中，未缓解3例，轻度缓解6例，部分缓解10例，明显缓解12例，完全缓解5例。口服硫酸吗啡按释片组分别为3例，5例，11例，10例及4例，两组相似。但是口服硫酸吗啡控释片组的消化道副反应明显。结论：对于慢性中重度肺癌癌痛患，芬太尼透皮贴剂是一种方便有效的镇痛药。     

Measuring progress against cancer

Summary The trends in age-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates in Denmark were evaluated over the period 1951–1980. The total incidence of cancer increased in all age-groups in both sexes, i.e. the life-time risk for any person of getting a malignancy has been increasing. The mortality from cancer shows a different pattern, especially in the younger age-groups where cancer mortality has been decreasing. The decrease in incidence of gastric cancer, when measured in terms of incidence or mortality rates, has been an important source of success. Screening for precancerous lesions of the cervix has been responsible for a large decrease incidence among younger women. Had it not been for the large increase in the incidence of lung cancer, the total cancer mortality in both sexes would, in nearly all age-groups, have been lower in 1976–1980 than in 1951–1955.     

Enhanced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Sporadic and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis of the Human Colon

Background: The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes exist in two related but unique isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) and catalyze the formation of prostaglandins (PGs). COX-1 is constitutively expressed, and is responsible for the synthesis of PGs necessary for gastroprotection and normal renal function. The COX-2 isoform is important in a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. Numerous studies report that regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can decrease the incidence of some tumor types, including gastrointestinal polyposis. Methods: In this study, we evaluated COX-1 and COX-2 expression in 30 polyps collected from 10 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and in 18 polyps collected from 18 patients with sporadic adenomatous polyposis (SAP) using COX-1 or COX-2 isoform-specific antibodies. All tissues were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Immunoreactivity was detected using tyramide signal amplification and evaluated utilizing an immunohistochemical scoring system. Results: COX-2 was minimally detected in the distant non-neoplastic epithelium, which also served as an internal negative control. In comparison, all polyps collected from SAP or FAP patients overexpressed COX-2 in the neoplastic epithelial cells (P     

Development of MR quantified pancreatic fat deposition as a cancer risk biomarker

Background

Excess body adiposity is associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer, and in animal models excess intra-pancreatic fat is a driver of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Within a programme to evaluate pancreatic fat and PC risk in humans, we assessed whether MR-quantified pancreatic fat fraction (PFF) was ‘fit for purpose’ as an imaging biomarker.