腹腔镜胆道探查取石术中纤维胆道镜入路的选择

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用纤维胆道镜治疗胆总管并发结石的入路及临床意义.方法:采用Olympus P20胆道镜对64例胆囊结石并发胆总管结石选择性施行胆道探查取石术,其中经胆囊管入路26例,胆总管前壁切开入路38例.结果:①经胆囊管入路取净结石24例,残留结石2例,术后经内镜十二指肠乳头肝胰壶腹括约肌切开(EST)取石成功.②经胆总管前壁切开入路取出结石34例,推入十二指肠3例,阴性探查1例.一期缝合17例,术后胆漏2例,引流1周内愈合;置放T形管21例,术后无胆漏.残留结石1例,经T形管窦道取石成功.结论:腹腔镜术中经胆囊管入路胆道镜胆总管探查取石,创伤小、痛苦轻、恢复快,但对不适宜的患者仍应坚持切开胆总管前壁,探查取石后酌情行一期缝合或置放T形管引流.     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查取石39例报道

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管治疗胆食结石合并胆总管结石的应用价值。方法 2009年5月至2016年5月腹腔镜下经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石39例,横行剪开胆囊管1/2~2/3周径或胆囊管汇入部微切开,置入胆道镜,完成胆道探查后一期缝合切开处或置"T"管引流。结果 39例均完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管探查取石术。31例Hem-o-lok夹闭胆囊管,5例T管引流,39例全部取净胆总管结石;手术时间55~150min,平均92min,术中出血20~60mL,平均18mL,术后1例胆瘘,腹腔引流7d痊愈。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石创伤小、恢复快、具有很好的临床应用价值。     

胆道镜胆道探查在胆囊手术中的应用价值

目的探讨以纤维胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查的临床应用方法与价值。方法对30例胆囊结石合并胆总管内小结石患者在切除胆囊后经过胆囊管行纤维胆道镜胆道探查,术后不留置T管Ⅰ期缝合胆囊管及汇入部微切口。结果 30例患者均痊愈出院,未出现胆漏,腹腔感染,出血等并发症,术后住院时间为8～10d。结论术中经胆囊管和汇入部微切口入路进行胆道镜检查,与传统胆总管切开入路相比具有损伤小,患者术后恢复快,并发症少,住院时间短等优点。胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查取石是部分胆石症患者理想的手术方法。     

胆囊管汇入部微切开入路胆道镜检查的临床分析

目的探讨术中经胆囊管汇人部微切开入路胆道镜检查后一期缝合的可行性和安全性。方法对具有胆道探查指征的病人，施行胆囊管汇入部切开约2～3mm，然后经此切开处置人胆道镜进行检查和治疗。探查完成后，不放置T管，直接（一期）缝合胆囊管及汇入部微切口。结果自2006年1月至2008年10月间，已施行此术式22例。发现肝外胆管结石12例21枚，术中结石取净率为100％（12／12），阴性探查10例。胆道镜检查或协助取石时间为10～30min，平均15min，无1例发生胆瘘。术后住院时间为7，10d，平均8d。22例得到随访，随访时间为3～24个月，平均为14．6个月。经B超和CT证实，无1例有胆管狭窄表现。结论术中经胆囊管汇入部微切开入路进行胆道镜检查，与传统的经胆总管前壁切开入路相比具有创伤小、病人术后反应小、安全、方便等优点。此方法免除了病人术后带T管的痛苦，减少了术后并发症，缩短了术后住院时间，并且适用于大部分胆道结石的病人。     

双镜联合经胆囊管治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床疗效分析

目的探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜(双镜)经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床价值。方法腹腔镜下切除胆囊之前切开胆囊管,插入纤维胆道镜,发现胆总管结石后,经金属网篮或取石钳取出。结果 46例患者,41例双镜联合经胆囊管取石成功并未安置T管,2例行胆总管一期缝合,3例中转开腹安置T管,手术时间70~125min,平均85.5min;术后住院时间4~9d,平均6.4d;术后随访3个月,B超检查均无胆漏,无胆道残余结石,无胆总管狭窄。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管取石治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石,手术方式减少了胆总管切开探查及安置T管所带来的并发症,且保留oddi括约肌功能,具有创伤小、效果好、并发症少、恢复快等优点,是一种值得推荐的微创治疗方法。     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查82例

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术的方法及临床应用价值。方法 回顾分析我院应用腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜施胆总管探查取石术82例临床资料。结果 82例手术均获成功，胆总管切开取石T管引流术64例，胆总管Ⅰ期缝合18例，平均手术时间110min，Ⅰ期缝合后胆漏1例，T管引流术后第21天拔T管出现胆漏1例，术后结石残留3例。结论 腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆总管探查术治疗肝内外胆管结石是安全、可行的，治疗效果肯定，微创意义明显。     

改良腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石胆道缝合134例体会

目的总结134例胆总管结石患者腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石胆道一期缝合的治疗经过。方法回顾性分析同济医院分院从2004年3月至2010年12月收治胆总管结石患者134例,采用气管插管全身麻醉,首先行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC),然后剪开胆囊管入口处远端1.5cm扩大胆囊管注入胆总管处的开口、经此口插入胆道镜取出结石。结果 117例获得成功(结石取净胆总管下端通畅无胆瘘)。余17例行扩张器和球囊扩张相结合循序渐进的方法多次行胆囊扩张,扩张术后均能顺利通过胆道镜完成术中取石和探查。术后有1例出现胆漏。结论术中应用纤维胆道镜经胆囊管探查胆总管是一可靠有效方法,可提高诊断准确性降低结石残留率。     

胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查356例临床分析

目的：探讨胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查的临床价值。方法：对356例胆囊切除术患者,采用经胆囊管行胆总管探查取石治疗。结果：348例成功经胆囊管探查,探查阴性者125例（35.9%）,胆管结石223例（64.1%）,215例通过胆囊管处理,术后恢复顺利,无胆漏,术后随访半年无残余结石。结论：术中胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查及取石手术具有操作简单、创伤小、降低胆管盲目切开及术后常规住院日缩短等优点,有较好的临床应用价值。     

经胆囊管胆道镜胆管探查取石43例

目的探讨胆囊切除术中经胆囊管纤维胆道镜检查、取石对胆总管结石的治疗价值。方法回顾分析2005年7月-2009年6月间,对43例有胆总管探查指征、高度怀疑有胆总管继发性结石的患者,在胆囊切除术中经胆囊管用胆道镜探查胆管并清除结石的临床资料。结果43例中,18例探查阴性,25例发现胆总管结石,直径2-6 mm。21例以取石网套取后,一次或分次自胆囊管取出;4例用取石网将结石推入十二指肠;行胆总管侧壁小切开33例,留置T形管5例,全组无并发症,术后平均8.4 d出院。结论经胆囊管胆道镜胆管探查、取石,符合微创外科的原则,胆囊结石合并胆总管结石者,无论是开腹还是腹腔镜手术,都可考虑选择经胆囊管途径行胆管探查取石术。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆总管切开术的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜在胆囊切除＋胆总管切开手术中的应用方法和价值。方法对15例腹腔镜联合胆道镜施行胆囊切除＋胆总管切开手术病例分析总结。结果本组15例均在腹腔镜下行胆囊切除＋胆总管前壁切开置入胆道镜探查/见结石取石后＂T＂型管引流术14例取石成功,1例因胆总管粘连,而中转开腹。有效率93.3%;全组病例随访6-12月,均无不良反应。结论双镜联合施行胆囊切除、胆总管切开手术,具有创伤小、探查准确,术后并发症少,恢复快等优点,值得有条件医院临床推广。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.