正常孕妇复合感染后妊娠结局的研究

目的 :探讨正常孕妇复合感染后对妊娠结局的影响并拟定初筛感染原方案。方法 :收集在本院分娩的 2 16例、2 16例正常头位初产妇初诊时的宫颈分泌物。每份标本都采用 3种聚合酶链反应 (PCR)同步检测 9种较常见的感染原 :人型支原体 (MH)、疱疹病毒 1、2型 (HSV- 1、2 )和人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV)应用 1次 PCR;解脲支原体 (U U)、沙眼衣原体(CT)及巨细胞病毒 (CMV)使用套式 PCR;淋球菌 (NG)与弓形体 (TOXO)采用两个基因区 PCR。结果 :1除外 7例因其他因素引起的不良妊娠结局者 ,复合感染率为 9.1% (19/ 2 0 9) ;占总感染数 2 0 .9% (19/ 91)。 2 19例复合感染中除 1例外 ,均感染支原体 ;3例死胎、畸胎均由复合感染疱疹科病毒孕妇所娩 ,其中 1例死胎脑组织检出 CMV- DNA。 3复合感染者之胎儿窘迫、剖宫产和死胎、畸胎率均明显高于未受染者 (P<0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ;而单一受染者则未发生死胎、畸胎。结论 :产前 ,最好在孕前 ,正常孕妇也应常规筛查至少两类疱疹科病毒 :CMV和 HSV- 2     

Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix: two new cases with morphological and molecular study.

In this paper, we report 2 new cases of villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma (VGPA) of the cervix, a rare, well-differentiated form of cervical adenocarcinoma. Both patients were without medical complications or history of oral contraceptive use and were nonsmokers. Extended hysterectomy was performed in both cases. Morphological criteria for a correct pathological diagnosis were emphasized. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to clarify the phenotype of the neoplasms. Moreover, for the first time, we probed to establish if VGPA could be correlated to human papilloma virus (HPV) and herpes virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, using polymerase chain reaction amplification of tumoral DNA. Both neoplasms showed positivity for B72.3, Ca-125, carcinoembryonic antigen, keratin 7, and p16(INK4a) protein. Vimentin, P53, estrogen, and progesterone receptors, instead, were negative. Molecular study by polymerase chain reaction amplification of tumor DNA revealed a strong positive signal for HPV-DNA and no signal for HSV-DNA. It is reasonable to conclude that our cases of VGPA, in accordance with other examples reported in literature, are due to HPV infection. Behavioral cofactors, such as HSV infection (types 1 and 2), oral contraceptive use and smoking, involved in the pathogenesis of other cervical malignancies, can be excluded for the present cases.     

Evaluation of the Possible Protective Role of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Infection in HPV-Associated Premalignant Disease of the Cervix

Objective. Our objective was to examine the prevalence of adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection in women with normal cervical smears and those with HPV-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Methods. HPV typing was performed on DNA from cervical smears of 211 women with CIN (CIN 1 = 83, CIN 3 = 128) and 433 healthy women who had a normal cervical smear. HPV typing was performed on all cases and controls using type-specific oligonucleotide primers (HPV 16, 18, 31, 33). AAV DNA was amplified by nested PCR from the same samples. The amplified DNA were separated on 2% agarose gels, blotted, and hybridized to AAV-2 DNA labeled by random priming with [α-³²P]dCTP to confirm specificity of amplification.Results. A total of 131 cases of CIN were positive for one of the HPV types either alone or in combination. HPV 16 was present in 120 (57%) cases, HPV 18 in 15 (7%), HPV 31 in 27 (13%), and HPV 33 in 15 (7%) and there were multiple HPV types detected in 34 (16%) cases. All of the controls were selected to be negative for HPV. A total of 6/433 (1.4%) control cervical smears and 4/211 (1.9%) of CIN (CIN1 = 2; CIN3 = 2) contained AAV DNA. No correlation between AAV and any clinical feature was observed.Conclusions. These results are different from some that have been previously published and suggest that AAV DNA is not frequently present in either normal control cervical samples or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This does not support the hypothesis that AAV may be protective against cervical cancer. Further research is necessary to understand the natural history of AAV infection and its role in human disease.     

Search for herpes simplex virus 2 and human papillomavirus genetic expression in vulvar neoplasia

Specimens from vulvar carcinomas and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) of various degrees were analyzed for the presence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV 2) and human papillomavirus (HPV) genetic information. A search for the HPV 16 E6 protein as well as the HSV 2 antigenic determinant LA1 and ICSP 11/12 protein was carried out with an immunoperoxidase assay on 12 vulvar carcinomas and 6 VINs. Seven invasive cancers and four VINs were screened for the presence of homology to HPV 16 DNA and HSV 2 DNA transforming sequences with Southern blot hybridization. We used specimens from labial tumors and from normal vulvas and cervixes as controls. The preliminary results showed that one vulvar carcinoma and two VINs contained HPV 16 DNA. Four vulvar carcinomas expressed the E6 protein, while all the VINs were negative. Homology to HSV 2 DNA transforming sequences was detected in one vulvar cancer but not in any VIN cases. Positivity to HSV 2 ICSP 11/12 was observed in 33.3% of VIN cases and 75% of invasive cancers. HSV 2 LA1 antigenic determinant was expressed in 33.3% of VIN and 66.6% of cancer cases.     

Occurrence of genital herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus infections in pregnancy.

A total of 244 pregnant women, 172 in the first and 72 in the third trimester, were screened for genital herpes simplex (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections using virus isolation, cytological examination and serological studies. In addition, immuno-fluorescence staining of exfoliated cervical cells was used for the detection of HSV infections. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) could not be isolated and no characteristic HSV altered cells were found in cytological (PAPA) smears. Cytomegalovirus was isolated four times but PAPA smears obtained from these patients were also normal. In 34 (14%) patients HSV antiserum detected immunofluorescence positive exfoliated cervical cells. Overall, 14% of patients had HSV-2 antibodies and 71% CMV antibodies. No differences between the first or third trimesters in these respects were noted.     

Evaluation of frequency human papillomavirus infections during pregnancy

OBJECTIVES: The frequency of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was estimated among pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cervical smears were obtained from 50 patients treated in the Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Medical School of Lublin. They were investigated for the presence of HPV DNA. For the above purpose Digene Hybrid Capture method was used. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in the 4 (8%) of 50 patients. One of them had mixed infection low and high risk types of HPV, the other--high risk types of HPV infections. CONCLUSIONS: 1. HPV DNA was detected in 8% of the patients, in all cases high risk types of HPV was found. 2. The diabetic patients seem to be more vulnerable to HPV infection during pregnancy.     

Subclinical manifestations of vulvar human papillomavirus infection.

We studied the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by in situ hybridization in 74 colposcopically defined subclinical vulvar lesions obtained from 51 patients (mean age 25 years, range 18-42 years) referred for atypical Papanicolaou smears to the Colposcopy Clinic. Serial sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy tissue were stained by routine hematoxylin and eosin stain or were separately hybridized with biotin-labeled probes of HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 at high stringency and with mixed HPV probes at low stringency. Histologic evidence of HPV infection (koilocytosis or dysplasia) was found in eight lesions. Overall, 10 lesions were positive by in situ hybridization with HPV DNA. Although certain colposcopic features were more strongly associated with HPV DNA than others were, we were unable to demonstrate any consistent correlation between HPV DNA positivity or specific HPV DNA types and colposcopic categories. There was little correlation between HPV DNA positivity and the histopathologic incidence of HPV infection and dysplasia. Three of the 10 hybridization-positive lesions were severely dysplastic as compared with 0 of 64 nonhybridizing lesions. In spite of this association between HPV DNA and dysplasia, HPV DNA hybridization added no additional clinically relevant information to the histopathologic findings. We emphasize the significance of careful colposcopic examination of the vulva with directed biopsies.     

Human papillomavirus DNA and mRNA positivity of the anal canal in women with lower genital tract HPV lesions: predictors and clinical implications

Objective

Women with HPV related pathology of the lower genital tract are at higher risk for AIN and anal cancer than the general population. A strategy to identify anal disease in these women has not been formulated. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of HPV related biomarker testing on anal smears, to identify the risk factors for anal HPV positivity and to provide information of the clinical implications of anal HPV infection in this population.

Methods

In women referred for colposcopy because of HPV related pathology of the lower genital tract (cervical cancer, CIN, VIN, warts) a detailed questionnaire, an anal smear and a cervical smear were taken. On each sample morphological cytology, flow cytometric evaluation of E6&7 mRNA, and HPV DNA detection and typing were performed. Women with a positive anal result were referred for high resolution anoscopy.

Results

So far 235 women have been included (mean age 34.3). HPV DNA, high-risk HPV DNA, high-risk mRNA was detected in 45%, 31% and 8% of the anal smears and in 56%, 39% and 25% of the cervical smears respectively. Absolute or partial concordance of the types between the cervix and the anus was seen in 74%. Positivity for mRNA was significantly lower in the anus than the cervix (8% vs 25%). Logistic regression analysis revealed risk factors for the presence of anal HPV DNA (> 3 lifetime sexual partners and presence of cervical HPV DNA), hr HPV DNA (presence of cervical hr HPV DNA), and hr mRNA (presence of cervical hr mRNA). Twelve months after LLETZ 53% of women were cervical HPV negative, but 25% of those were still HPV positive in the anus.

Conclusions

HPV infection of the anus is common in this group and is interlinked with the cervical infection. Anal HPV E6&7 mRNA expression is less common than in the cervix. Possible clinical implications of anal infection could be the development of AIN and recurrence of CIN after treatment due to cervical reinfection from the anal reservoir. The use of HPV biomarkers is feasible in anal smears, although especially DNA testing as triage method for referral to anoscopy is probably inappropriate due to high positivity rate.     

Distribution of human papillomavirus antigen in cervicovaginal smears and cervical tissues

An immunoperoxidase study, using the avidin-biotin complex method and a cross-reactive, antihuman papillomavirus (HPV) antiserum, was carried out on paired Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears and tissue sections from 45 cases of histologically diagnosed genital condyloma. There was a close correlation between the results of smears and cervical tissue sections. The smears were positive for intranuclear HPV antigen(s) in 67% of the cases and the tissues in 62% of the cases. Both cervical smears and tissues were positive in 53% of the cases. The combined detection rate (smears or tissues) was 76%. Only a small proportion of condylomatous cells in the smears displayed the HPV antigen. The antigen-positive cells were cytologically indistinguishable from antigen-negative cells. Antigen positivity correlated with increasing depth of condylomatous change in the tissues, with increasing numbers of condylomatous cells in the smears, and with decreasing severity of epithelial atypia. Immunologic staining of Papanicolaou-stained cervicovaginal smears for HPV provides a noninvasive technique for detection and long-term follow-up of genital papillomavirus infections without altering the biology of the lesion. This technique can be effectively utilized for both prospective and retrospective investigations.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and the presence of human papillomavirus in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions.

To determine the relationship between the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the presence or type of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), paired colposcopically directed cervical biopsies were obtained from 88 patients referred for abnormal Papanicolaou smears. One biopsy was formalin-fixed and processed for conventional light microscopy, and the other was immediately frozen. A portion of the frozen tissue was used for Southern blot HPV DNA hybridization and a portion for immunohistochemical studies for EGFR using a monoclonal antibody. Forty-seven cases were SIL and 41 were normal. In 41 (87%) of the cases of SIL and in eight (20%) of the normal cases, HPV DNA was detected. Of the SIL cases, HPV 16 was the most frequently detected type, being present in 12 (25%), followed by 10 (21%) types 31 or 35, nine (19%) types 52 or 56, five (11%) uncharacterized types, three (6%) type 18, and two (4%) multiple types. Regardless of histology, EGFR was detected in all cases. In normal cases, EGFR expression was detected in the basal cells only and in SIL in abnormal proliferating parabasal cells such that it correlated with the grade of SIL. When stratified by grade of SIL, no differential expression of EGFR was seen in cases where HPV was detected; in contrast, in cases where no HPV was detected, no differential expression was seen between cases of different HPV type. Thus, EGFR is expressed by all proliferating squamous epithelial cells and as such correlates with the grade of SIL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Human papilloma virus in uterine cervix: a comparison of detection by morphology and by dot-blot hybridization.

Colposcopically directed cervical biopsies, smears, and swabs obtained from 210 women with a previous abnormal cervical cytology were evaluated for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) using morphology and dot-blot hybridization. The diagnosis of HPV infection in biopsies and smears examined morphologically was rendered using established criteria for condyloma/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). In hybridization studies, DNA was isolated from cells obtained from cervical swabs and annealed with probes that detected HPV types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 using a dot-blot procedure. Ninety-five cases demonstrated morphologic evidence of condyloma/CIN; 51 of these (54%) were positive for HPV DNA (five cases 6/11, 21 cases 6/18, 20 cases 31/33/35, and five cases two different probes). HPV DNA was also detected in 6 of the 115 cases (5.2%) that were morphologically negative (three cases 16/18, three cases 31/33/35). The results demonstrated that morphology was more sensitive than dot-blot hybridization for detection of HPV-related lesions. The dot-blot hybridization did detect HPV DNA in a small percentage of the cases that showed no morphologic abnormality and was useful for typing of the HPV. At this juncture, however, the clinical significance of the latter findings is unclear.     

p53 Expression and Genetic Evidence for Viral Infection in Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Uterine Cervix

Infections with high-risk strains of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2), as well as inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, are important cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. We analyzed 41 paraffin-embedded cervical intraepithelial lesions, including 25 cases of low-grade cervical intraepithelia neoplasia (CIN), and 16 cases of high-grade CIN for the presence of HPV 16/18 and HSV 2 genomic sequences and for the nuclear accumulation of the p53 protein. HPV 16 DNA was detected in 24.% of low-grade CINs and in 43.7% of high-grade CINs. HPV 18 was found only in 8.% of low-grade CINs. None of the cases tested scored positive for HSV 2 DNA. Nuclear accumulation of p53 was found in 4% of low-grade CINs, and in 31.2% of high-grade CINs, including 57.1% of the lesions that were positive for HPV 16. These results indicate that HPV 16 infection was over sixfold more common than HPV 18 infection and that p53 overexpression was significantly associated with high-grade lesions.     

The latent infection of human papilloma virus in pregnat woman and colonization of placenta--preliminary report

Human papilloma virus infection may have a latent form without characteristic changes in Pap-smears. Some data suggests there exists a possibility of materno-foetal transmission of the HPV infection. HPV infection may be one of the possible reasons for IUGR. AIM: The main aim of the study was to find DNA HPV in the Pap-smear and placentas in pregnancy complicated by the intrauterine growth restriction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In two groups of women with normal Pap-smears, the material for DNA presence was taken from the uterine cervix and from the central part of placenta after the delivery. The study group consisted of pregnant women with the pregnancy complicated by fetal growth restriction. The control group consisted of women with normal fetal weight pregnancy. In cervical smears and placental fragments the presence of HPV DNA and typing of HPV using the PCR method has been done. RESULTS: In the control group the presence of low risk types of HPV was found but DNA HPV wasn't present in the placental fragments. In the study group, in 4 cases high risk HPV DNA was found in cervical smears and in 3 of those cases HPV DNA was also present in the placental fragments. In two cases it was type 16, in one--type 18. CONCLUSIONS: The latent form of high risk HPV infection might be the reason for materno-foetal transmission of HPV. The high rate of high oncogenic risk types of HPV in the group of pregnancies complicated by IUGR might suggest the correlation between HPV infection and IUGR etiology.     

A Phase I Study of a Daily ×3 Schedule of Intravenous Vinorelbine for Refractory Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Cervicography and HPV DNA testing have been proposed as intermediate triage techniques for the management of patients with Pap smear showing minor-grade atypia. The aims of the present study of 221 patients with positive Pap smear (ages 16–65) were (1) to evaluate the association of cervicography and HPV DNA test with the probability of biopsy and final histology diagnosis of CIN2 or worse, (2) to identify the combinations of results on cervicography and HPV DNA test associated with the absence of such lesions, and (3) to estimate the cost of a potential triage protocol for patients with HPV-CIN1 smear. The probability of biopsy showed a univariate association with the severity of the smear result and the cervicography classification but not the HPV DNA test. In the multivariate analysis, only the cervicography result was a significant predictor of biopsy. The final histology diagnosis showed a univariate association with each of the three tests and a multivariate association with the degree of cytology positivity and the cervicography result. Among patients with HPV-CIN1 smears, only a negative cervicography (with any HPV DNA test result) was always associated with the absence of severe histologic lesions. This pattern accounted only for 7% of such patients. The additional costs of a potential triage protocol based on cervicography were estimated to exceed the savings resulting from the reduced colposcopy rate.     

Detection of high-risk HPV (16, 18, 33) in situ cancer of the cervix by PCR technique

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to collect data about the incidence of high-risk HPV (16, 18, 33) types in in situ cervical cancers, and to evaluate the reliability of the morphological signs of HPV infection by comparing the presence of these signs to the PCR-proven HPV virus infection. METHODS: Fifty patients who underwent conisation at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary because of in situ cervical cancer were examined retrospectively for the presence of HPV infection by the PCR technique. The direct and indirect morphological signs of HPV infection identified in the histological and cytological samples were compared to the actual results of virus DNA amplification by PCR in the identical histological sections. The evaluation of the cytological smears and the histological sections was accomplished independently by two different pathologists. RESULTS: E6 open reading frame of HPV 16, 18 or 33 was detected by PCR in 56% (28 cases) of the histological sections of the 50 examined patients with in situ cancer. In 92% (26 patients) of the 28 HPV positive patients one HPV type was detected, while in one of the remaining two cases two HPV types (16/33), or all three types could be detected. The direct morphological signs for HPV infection proved to be 75% sensitive and 50% specific when compared to the results of PCR. Their predictive value for HPV infection was 65%. For the indirect HPV signs the sensitivity was 64% and specificity 31%. The predictive value, prognosticating the presence of HPV 16, 18, 33 infection was 54% in the same sections. Using significance analysis no significant relationship (p = 0.7728) could be detected between the positivity of indirect signs and the presence of HPV 16, 18, 33 infection, while in case of direct signs the relationship was almost significant (p = 0.0675). The joint testing of the direct and indirect signs did not improve the results (p = 0.1338). During the review of the cytological smears the specificity of the cytology in predicting true HPV infections was found to be 68% and sensitivity was 20%. The predictive value was only 50%. A significance analysis was not accomplished by this diagnostic method because of the missing data (see text). CONCLUSION: The method of Nawa et al. seems to be a reliable approach for the detection of HPV DNA in paraffin-embedded material. The three main types of HPV (16, 18, 33) are probably represented in lower percentages in CIN III in Hungary, but a larger survey is needed to obtain reliable data. The direct and indirect morphological signs of HPV infection failed to show a significant relationship with the PCR proven presence of HPV 16, 18, 33.     

Human papillomavirus in cervical smears taken from women wearing an intrauterine contraceptive device

Summary Cervical cells were screened for human papillomavirus (HPV) infections by in situ filter hybridization in 108 patients wearing intrauterine contraceptive devices. The cells were tested for the presence of HPV 6, 11, 16, 18. DNA. In 86 cases (79.6%) no reactions were obtained with³² P-labeled HPV DNA probes. 22 smears (20.3%) were positive for HPV: type 6 and 11 sequences were demonstrated in 17 cases (3 of them carried both). 4 smears hybridized with the probe for oncogenic HPV 16 and one with that for oncogenic type 18. All these five patients had normal smears and no abnormality on colposcopy.     

Different Detectability of High-Risk HPV in Smears from Incident and Prevalent High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix

Human papillomavirus (HPV) status in cervical smears from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 diagnosed in 36 of 892 women with a history of normal cytology and colposcopy (incident CIN 2/3) was compared with CIN 2/3 in 40 patients with a history of abnormal cytology (prevalent CIN 2/3). In all patients cervical smears for HPV testing and cytology and two cervigrams were taken. The scrapes were collected in hybrid capture assay solution and analyzed with the hybrid capture and general primer/type-specific primer polymerase chain reaction system (GP/TS-PCR) after DNA extraction. Patients with incident and prevalent CIN 2/3 were similar with respect to age. By GP/TS-PCR carried out under suboptimal conditions due to DNA extraction, HPV DNA was detected in 69.4% (25 of 36) of smears from incident CIN 2/3 compared to 95% (38 of 40) in prevalent CIN 2/3 (P= 0.003). Using hybrid capture, smears of incident CIN 2/3 were HPV positive in 50% (18 of 36) compared to 80% (32 of 40) in prevalent CIN 2/3 (P= 0.006). High-risk HPVs were significantly less common in smears from incident CIN 2/3 compared with prevalent CIN 2/3: 36.1% vs 72.5% by GP/TS-PCR (P= 0.001) and 47.2% vs 80% by hybrid capture assay (P= 0.003), respectively. Virus load in HPV-positive smears of prevalent CIN 2/3 was significantly higher than of incident CIN 2/3 using semiquantitative PCR (P= 0.0005). Thus, high-risk HPV types were detected less frequently and in lower concentration in smears from incident CIN 2/3 than in smears from prevalent CIN 2/3.     

Atypical squamous cells. A case-series study of the association between papanicolaou smear results and human papillomavirus DNA genotype.

Thirty women with "atypical" squamous cells but not cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) on their Papanicolaou smears were tested for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) with the Southern blot hybridization technique. The Papanicolaou smears were reviewed for the presence of atypical squamous cells according to Patten's criteria. Comparison groups consisted of 30 patients with normal, 29 patients with CIN I and 24 patients with CIN II Papanicolaou smears. Ten of the 30 women (33%) with atypical cells on Papanicolaou smears were positive for HPV DNA as compared to 17% with normal and 59% with CIN I or II Papanicolaou smears. HPV 16 was present in 70-80% of the HPV DNA-positive patients in each Papanicolaou smear group. Concurrent CIN was also identified on colposcopically directed biopsies in 27% of the patients with squamous atypia. Patients with atypical squamous cells on Papanicolaou smears had coexisting HPV infection and CIN in about one-third of the cases. Colposcopy and further follow-up are recommended for such patients.     

Seroprevalence, incidence of prenatal infections and reliability of maternal history of varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus and parvovirus B19 infection in South-Western Finland

Objective   To study seroprevalence and incidence and fetal transmission of varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 and parvovirus B19 infections during pregnancy and to evaluate the reliability of maternal past history of VZV, HSV and parvovirus infections.
Design   Prospective study of parturient women.
Setting   South-Western Finland.
Participants   Five hundred and fifty-eight parturient women.
Methods   IgG and IgM antibodies against VZV, CMV, HSV-1 and -2, and parvovirus B19 were measured from maternal serum in the first trimester and at delivery and from cord serum, mother's own information of her past infections was compared with her serological status.
Main outcome measures   Seroprevalence, seroconversions and fetal transmission of VZV, CMV, HSV and parvovirus B19, reliability of maternal history of VZV, HSV and parvovirus B19.
Results   Seroprevalences were 96.2% for VZV, 56.3% for CMV, 54.3% for HSV, 46.8% for HSV-1, 9.3% for HSV-2 and 58.6% for parvovirus B19. Parity was associated with CMV seropositivity, maternal age differed only between HSV-2 seropositive and seronegative women, while area of residence (urban or rural) had no effect. Six seroconversions were observed: two VZV, one CMV and three parvovirus infections. No cases of primary HSV infections occurred. Fetal transmission was observed in two cases of parvovirus infection. No infants with anti-CMV IgM antibodies were born to CMV immunised women. False positive history of chickenpox was given only by 1.5% of the women, history of herpes infections was less reliable, and history of parvovirus infection was unreliable.
Conclusions   Seroprevalence and the risk of viral infections during pregnancy cannot be extrapolated from one pregnant population to another.     

The Bethesda classification for squamous intraepithelial lesions: histologic, cytologic, and viral correlates.

In applying the Bethesda System of classification to cervical squamous lesions, we evaluated the Papanicolaou smears, cervical biopsies, and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA status of 76 clinic patients. The biopsy specimens and concurrent Papanicolaou smears were analyzed using criteria for low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and the biopsies were analyzed for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization. Two independent observers produced good agreement in both cytologic (kappa = 0.62) and histologic (kappa = 0.71) diagnoses. Predictive values of high-grade cytology (for high-grade histology) were high (0.95 for reviewer 1; 0.97 for reviewer 2), and both high-grade cytology and histology correlated strongly with certain "high-risk" HPV types. In contrast, the predictive value of low-grade cytology for either low-grade histology or HPV types other than "high risk" was poor. This study supports the use of certain histologic criteria for distinguishing squamous intraepithelial lesions into two grades. Limitations in cytologic-histologic correlation appear to reflect the absence of cytologic criteria for distinguishing well-differentiated precursor lesions associated with high-risk HPV types.