周围神经损伤晚期修复后脊髓后角P物质和降钙素基因相关肽变化的定量研究

目的：探讨周围神经损伤晚期修复后脊髓后角内P物质（SP）、降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）变化，以反映脊髓后角的功能状态。方法：新西半兔16只腓总神经切断1年后修复，术后1，3，5月取腰骶段脊髓，切片作SP、CGRP免疫组化染色。采用计算机图像分析对后角内SP、CGRP含量进行定量分析研究。结果：失神经1年后，脊髓后角内SP、CGRP含量分别为正常的70％和86％。腓总神经晚期修复后，后角内SP、CGRP先丧失，随后逐步恢复，至术后5月，后角内SP、CGRP含量接近正常。结论：周围神经损伤晚期修复后，脊髓后角有再生表现，从神经肽角度证明晚期神经损伤有修复价值。     

胫神经和腓总神经损伤修复后相应脊髓节段神经元细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异的实验研究

目的比较大鼠下肢同一平面胫神经、腓总神经损伤修复后相应脊髓节段神经元细胞Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异。方法雄性SD大鼠90只随机分为3组:A组为对照组,B组为胫神经切断缝合组,C组为腓总神经切断缝合组。分别于术后1、3、7、14、28 d取大鼠L4~6节段脊髓进行HE染色,计算脊髓前角运动神经元数量,采用免疫组化检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达差异,并计算Bcl-2/Bax比值。结果 A组术后脊髓组织未见明显异常,B、C组术后可见脊髓组织结构紊乱,神经元细胞水肿、坏死。术后1、3、7、14 d,B、C组脊髓前角运动神经元数目均小于A组(P0.01)。术后3、7、14、28 d,B组脊髓前角运动神经元数目显著多于C组(P0.01)。B、C组Bcl-2蛋白表达出下降后上升的趋势,分别于术后3、7 d下降至低谷;B、C组Bax蛋白表达呈现出先上升后下降趋势,均于术后3 d上升至高峰;B、C组Bcl-2/Bax比值呈现出先下降后上升趋势,术后3、7、14、28 d,B组Bcl-2/Bax比值显著高于C组(P0.01)。结论大鼠下肢同一平面胫神经和腓总神经损伤后都会导致近端脊髓神经元细胞出现凋亡,但是和腓总神经损伤相比,胫神经损伤后对近端神经元退变死亡的影响较小。     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤后降钙素基因相关肽在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化

目的:观察周围神经损伤后降钙素基因相关肽(Calcitoningen-relatedpeptide,CGRP)在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化,以探讨CGRP与运动终板退行性变的关系。方法:以切断坐骨神经的大鼠为模型,以免疫组化方法结合计算机图像分析技术检测CGRP在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化,并以镀银法作同期运动终板退行性变的观察。结果:神经损伤1周后CGRP即在脊髓前角运动神经元中升至最高,并持续4周,8周后恢复正常。在正常胫前肌中可见神经末梢及运动终板均被CGRP抗体清晰标记。神经损伤1周后,CGRP在神经末梢和运动终板中即完全消失。神经切断后镀银法显示运动终板在前2周无明显变化,3周运动终板开始部分染色模糊、浅淡,8周运动终板完全消失。结论:在运动终板退行性变的机制中,CGRP的缺乏可能是一个重要的因素。     

地塞米松对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元CGRP的影响

目的：观察地塞米松对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓运动神经元降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的影响。方法：56只Wistar大鼠分为损伤组、地塞米松组（DSP组）及盐水组各16只,正常组8只。前3组大鼠均右侧股外侧切口,钳夹右侧坐骨神经造成神经损伤模型。造模成功后即刻DSP组局部肌肉间隙内注射DSP0．5mg／kg,每日1次;盐水组注射等量生理盐水,均4周;损伤组及正常组不做任何处理。利用免疫组织化学技术检测脊髓前角运动神经元内CGRP的变化。结果：造模术后各时间段比较,DSP组脊髓运动神经元CGRP的表达均高于其它各组（P〈0．01）。结论：DSP促进坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元内CGRP的表达增强,可能是其促进神经元修复的重要途径之一。     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤后降钙素基因相关肽在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化

目的：观察周围神经损伤后降钙素基因相关肽(Calciton ingen-related peptlde，CGRP)在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化，以探讨CGRP与运动终板退行性变的关系。方法：以切断坐骨神经的大鼠为模型，以免疫组化方法结合计算机图像分析技术检测CGRP在脊髓神经元及运动终板中的变化，并以镀银法作同期运动终板退行性变的观察。结果：神经损伤1周后CGRP即在脊髓前角运动神经元中升至最高，并持续4周，8周后恢复正常。在正常胫前肌中可见神经末梢及运动终板均被CGRP抗体清晰标记。神经损伤1周后，CGRP在神经末梢和运动终板中即完全消失。神经切断后镀银法显示运动终板在前2周无明显变化，3周运动终板开始部分染色模糊、浅淡，8周运动终板完全消失。结论：在运动终板退行性变的机制中，CGRP的缺乏可能是一个重要的因素。     

不同功率氦氖激光照射与大鼠脊髓降钙素基因相关肽表达的关系

目的 :研究不同功率氦氖(He -Ne)激光照射与大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)表达的关系。方法 :168只雄性SD大鼠制成坐骨神经损伤模型 ,应用5、10和15mW的氦氖激光照射神经损伤部位 ,免疫组化方法观察脊髓内CGRP表达的变化。结果 :神经损伤后1d脊髓内CGRP表达即增加 ,1周内各激光照射组和对照组无明显差异。第2周和第4周时 ,各激光照射组脊髓内CGRP表达均高于对照组 ,激光照射组之间比较无明显差异。阳性表达主要存在于脊髓灰质内前角运动神经元和背根感觉纤维 ;8周时各组CGRP表达仍保持较高水平 ,各组之间已无明显差异。结论 :He -Ne激光照射可引起损伤神经后大鼠脊髓中CGRP表达的变化 ,有促进完成神经再生的作用。     

超短波对大鼠周围神经缺损修复术后神经再生的影响*

目的：通过检测小剂量超短波对脱细胞同种异体神经移植物修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损后再生神经传导速度、患侧胫前肌湿重比率、患侧L4脊髓内脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）和降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）的表达,来观察小剂量超短波对周围神经缺损修复术后神经再生的影响。方法：将36只Wistar大鼠随机分成3组：正常组（n=4）,对照组（n=16）及实验组（n=16）,对照组采用脱细胞同种异体神经移植物修复大鼠坐骨神经1cm 缺损,实验组于术后第2天开始给予小剂量超短波治疗,7min/天,1次/天,直至取材,后两组分别于术后第2、4、8、12周时检测患侧L4脊髓内BDNF及CGRP蛋白表达,术后第12周时行患侧胫前肌湿重比率及再生神经电生理检测。结果：①对照组术后第2周时患侧L4脊髓内BDNF表达已开始增高,第4周时达高峰,第8周后逐渐降低,第12周时仍显著高于正常对照组,与对照组相比,实验组只有在第8周时BDNF蛋白表达明显高于对照组（P<0.05）,其余各时间点差异无显著性意义。②对照组患侧L4脊髓内CGRP蛋白表达与BDNF表达趋势基本一致,实验组在术后各时间点脊髓内CGRP蛋白表达均明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。③与对照组相比,术后第12周时实验组再生神经传导速度加快,波幅升高,潜伏时缩短,胫前肌湿重比率明显增加（P<0.05）。结论：小剂量超短波可以促进大鼠周围神经缺损修复术后神经髓鞘及轴索的再生,此作用可能与小剂量超短波上调患侧脊髓内CGRP蛋白的表达,延长BDNF表达的高峰持续时间有关。     

腓总神经损伤18例修复与功能重建的回顾性分析(英文)

背景:伤后手术时间、手术方法选择对周围神经损伤后修复与功能恢复程度具有一定参考价值。目的:探讨相关因素对腓总神经损伤后修复与功能重建的影响。设计:病例分析。单位:中国医科大学第四附属医院骨外科。对象:选择1991-01/2001-01在中国医科大学第四附属医院骨外科病房住院治疗的单纯腓总神经损伤患者18例。男15例,女3例;年龄12～61岁,平均26.5岁;完全断裂9例,不完全断裂3例,卡压1例,挫伤4例,不可逆损伤1例;伤后0.5h～6个月入院。方法:患者入院后均行腓总神经探查术。行神经吻合12例,神经松解2例,肌腱移位1例,3例保守治疗。术后常规应用抗生素,活血药物及神经营养药物,并指导患者被动功能锻炼,防止关节僵硬及肌肉萎缩。主要观察指标:术后6个月时对腓总神经功能恢复进行评定(优:同侧胫前肌肌力4以上;良:同侧胫前肌肌力3级;可:同侧胫前肌肌力2级;差:同侧胫前肌肌力1级或0级)。结果:18例患者均进入结果分析。其中优10例,良6例,可2例,优良率为89%(16/18)。结论:对腓总神经损伤患者,确诊后应尽早行一期修复断裂神经,有利于肢体的功能恢复。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复及前角运动神经元功能的改变

目的观察大鼠不同方式脊髓损伤后损伤下段脊髓前角运动神经元内降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）与乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）的变化,并对损伤后后肢运动功能的恢复情况进行比较。方法60只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、切割型脊髓损伤组和撞击型脊髓损伤组,采用联合均分（ACOS）神经行为学评定观察损伤后大鼠运动功能的恢复,术后1、2、4、10周,用Karnovsky-Roots直接法染色检测L2～L4段脊髓AChE、免疫组化方法检测CGRP的水平。结果术后1～10周内,撞击组大鼠ACOS得分明显高于切割组,两损伤组大鼠术后前角运动神经元CGRP和AChE的含量均下降,但撞击组10周时有了明显恢复,而切割组一直处于较低水平,且CGRP的改变早于AChE。结论在大鼠不同脊髓损伤后,运动功能变化与前角运动神经元的功能状态具有一定联系;CGRP和AChE可能在对脊髓损伤后运动功能的恢复中起一定作用。     

腓肠肌外侧头肌支神经转移术对大鼠腓深神经损伤的修复作用

目的探讨腓肠肌肌支神经转移术修复腓深神经损伤的可行性和有效性。方法 32只成年雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠分成空白组、对照组、神经直接吻合组(腓深神经直接吻合)和神经转移组(腓肠肌外侧头肌支转移至腓深神经),每组各8只。术后12周,肉眼观察神经吻合口生长情况,测量胫神经各肌支长度(L1)、入肌点处直径(D1)、各肌支起点至腓骨颈平面的距离(S),腓总神经膜内可分离的最大长度(L2)、腓深神经的直径(D2),比较手术前后大鼠患肢腓神经功能指数(PFI)、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)波幅、神经传导速度(NCV)、胫前肌湿重、肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)酶活性。结果所有实验大鼠均L1S,不能直接与腓骨颈处的腓深神经无张力吻合。神经膜内分离腓总神经后,比目鱼肌支和腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支均能与腓深神经无张力吻合。神经转移组PFI、CMAP波幅、NCV、胫前肌湿重、CK酶活性均优于对照组(P0.05),与神经直接吻合组间无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论腓肠肌外侧头肌支神经转移至腓深神经修复腓深神经在解剖上可行,但要实现无张力吻合需要将腓总神经向近端进行神经膜内无损伤分离。腓肠肌外侧头肌支神经转移术能有效恢复腓深神经功能。     

Analysis of human acellular nerve allograft reconstruction of 64 injured nerves in the hand and upper extremity: a 3 year follow‐up study

Human acellular nerve allografts have been increasingly applied in clinical practice. This study was undertaken to investigate the functional outcomes of nerve allograft reconstruction for nerve defects in the upper extremity. A total of 64 patients from 13 hospitals were available for this follow‐up study after nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. Sensory and motor recovery was examined according to the international standards for motor and sensory nerve recovery. Subgroup analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the relationship between the known factors and the outcomes of nerve repair. Mean follow‐up time was 355 ± 158 (35–819) days; mean age was 35 ± 11 (14–68) years; average nerve gap length was 27 ± 13 (10–60) mm; no signs of infection, tissue rejection or extrusion were observed among the patients; 48/64 (75%) repaired nerves experienced meaningful recovery. Univariate analysis showed that site and gap length significantly influenced prognosis after nerve repair using nerve grafts. Delay had a marginally significant relationship with the outcome. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that gap length was an independent predictor of nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. The results indicated that the human acellular nerve allograft facilitated safe and effective nerve reconstruction for nerve gaps 10–60 mm in length in the hand and upper extremity. Factors such as site and gap length had a statistically significant influence on the outcomes of nerve allograft reconstruction. Gap length was an independent predictor of nerve repair using human acellular nerve allografts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The ultrasonographic appearance of the femoral nerve and cases of iatrogenic impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of ultrasonography of femoral nerves in a cadaveric specimen, healthy volunteers, and patients. METHODS: In 1 unembalmed cadaveric specimen (female, 90 years) and 20 healthy volunteers (9 male and 11 female, 18-50 years; n = 40 scans), the topographic features, cross-sectional shapes (oval or triangular), and cross-sectional areas of the femoral nerves were evaluated by ultrasonography (5- to 12-MHz broadband linear array). In a subsequent study, 7 consecutive patients with postoperative findings assigned to the femoral nerve were evaluated and assessed by a neurologist. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the femoral nerves in the volunteers were 3.1 +/- 0.8 and 9.8 +/- 2.1 mm, respectively, at an average cross-sectional area of 21.7 +/- 5.2 mm2. The cross-sectional shape was oval in 67.5% superior to the inguinal ligament and in 95% inferior to the ligament. The infrainguinal femoral nerve showed variable distances to the femoral artery. In the subsequent patient study, 5 patients had swelling of the femoral nerve in the affected side. In 1 patient, the nerve had a blurred echo structure due to a hematoma. In 1 patient, major damage of the femoral nerve was ruled out clearly. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonography allows the depiction and assessment of the femoral nerve from about 10 cm superior to 5 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament. In this region, ultrasonography is helpful in detection of impairments and, therefore, in decisions about planning and even acceleration of further treatment.     

Lipofibromatous hamartoma of a digital branch of the median nerve: A case report and review of literature

Lipofibromatous hamartoma (LFH) is a benign tumor that causes nerve enlargement due to fatty adipose tissue infiltration around bundles of peripheral nerves. It most commonly occurs at the median nerve with associated macrodactyly. We present an uncommon case of LFH that affected a digital branch of the median nerve without macrodactyly.     

借助人工神经修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损的实验研究

目的：研究人工神经－壳聚糖复合胶大气层 管修复大鼠坐骨神经15mm缺损的可行性。方法：借助人工神经修复10只大鼠坐骨神经缺损15mm，神经缺损7只为对照组，术后2个月，4个月行免疫组化，Osmium染色、Bodian染色，运动终板的特异染色、WGA－HRP神经示踪及大体观察。结果：术后2个月再生神经修复了坐骨神经的缺损，实验动物未出现排斥反应及明显的炎症反应。结论：人工神经导管对缺损的坐骨神经修复具有良好的桥梁作用和促神经生长的作用。     

耳后切口在腮腺肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 评价耳后切口在腮腺肿瘤手术中应用的临床价值.方法 33例腮腺肿瘤患者,采用由耳后腮腺切口入路,术中保留面神经和耳大神经,胸锁乳突肌瓣填塞缺损区.结果 所有患者均达临床I期愈合,无涎瘘发生.6例患者术后出现暂时性面瘫,均在1个月内恢复.所有患者耳垂麻木均于术后3个月内恢复.结论 腮腺耳后切口较传统切口并发症少,不损容,效果好,具有临床应用价值.     

化学去细胞同种异体神经移植治疗医源性副神经缺损4例报告

目的:报告应用化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体副神经医源性缺损4例。方法:应用化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复副神经医源性缺损患者4例,术后定期随访,行运动功能、神经超声、MRI及肌电图检查评估。结果:4例患者分别随访45、25、21和5个月,神经功能恢复优2例,良2例。结论:化学去细胞同种异体神经移植修复人体副神经医源性缺损疗效好。     

高频超声检测正常成人股神经和隐神经的研究

目的探讨应用高频超声检测正常成人股神经和隐神经的方法和声像图表现。方法应用高频超声探头检测42例正常志愿者双下肢股神经和隐神经,观察正常神经的声像图表现,测量宽径、厚径及横截面积等参数,并分析其与年龄、身高、体重的相关性。结果高频超声可清晰显示股神经的主干和隐神经的大腿主干部分。左侧与右侧的股神经与隐神经的宽径、厚径及横截面积比较均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;股神经和隐神经的宽径、厚径及横截面积与年龄均无相关关系（P均〉0．05）;股神经与隐神经的宽径、厚径及横截面积与身高、体重呈正相关关系（P均〈O．05）。结论高频超声可清晰显示股神经和隐神经的主干,对超声引导下神经阻滞定位有重要的临床意义。     

腓浅神经浅支移植修复桡神经缺损

[目的]探讨腓浅神经浅支修复桡神经缺损的临床效果。[方法]对腓浅神经浅支与桡神经形态结构进行比较，并对腓浅神经浅支移植修复桡神经缺损性损伤5例进行临床分析。[结果]腓浅神经浅支与桡神经形态结构大体一致．5例病例平均随访11(8～26)个月．按文献标准评定，优3例，良2例。[结论]腓浅神经浅支可作为修复桡神经缺损理想的供体神经。     

Safety and efficacy evaluation of a human acellular nerve graft as a digital nerve scaffold: a prospective,multicentre controlled clinical trial

This study developed a human acellular nerve graft (hANG) as an alternative to autogenous nerve and reports on its safety and efficacy. There were two groups comprised of 72 patients that received digital nerve repair with hANG (test) and 81 that received conventional direct tension‐free suture repair of the nerve defect (control). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by static 2‐point discrimination (s2PD) and Semmes‐Weinstein monofilament testing. Safety was evaluated by local wound response and laboratory testing. Mean age of patients in the test group was 33.0 ± 11.1 years (range 18‐61 years) and in the control group 36.9 ± 13.4 years (range 15‐77 years) (p = 0.0470). Mean time from injury to repair in the test group was 23.7 ± 52 days (range 0‐200 days) and in the control group 1.5 ± 10.4 days (range 0‐91 days) (p = 0.0005). Mean length of nerve graft was 1.80 ± 0.82 cm (range 1‐5 cm). All surgeries were performed successfully and without complications. The excellent and good rate of s2PD in the test group was 65.28% and 95% CI was 51.98‐78.93%. s2PD in the test group improved over time and average distance was 12.81 ± 5.99 mm at 6 months postoperatively. No serious adverse or product‐related events were reported. These results indicate that hANG is a safe and effective for the repair of nerve defects of 1‐5 cm in size. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.