初发腰腿痛年轻人群中腰椎间盘退变与椎旁肌群改变的相关性

[目的]探寻腰椎间盘退变程度与腰椎旁肌肉群之间的关系。[方法]本研究包括患者组27例,为首次发生腰腿痛或未经过保守治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者,平均年龄(22.33±1.64)岁;对照组25人,平均年龄(22.16±1.60)岁,为来院体检的健康人群。全部研究对象接受磁共振检查,按Pfirrmann标准对退变椎间盘进行分级,并在T2相上测量椎旁肌群与相应节段椎体间的横截面积比(MVr),脂肪浸润情况。[结果]患者组中的多裂肌群显著小于对照组(P=0.046),而最长肌、腰大肌在两组间无显著差异。患者组中的脂肪浸润等级显著高于对照组(P0.01)。在患者组中,脂肪浸润等级与椎间盘退变等级之间并不存在线性相关联系。椎旁肌群的MVr与椎间盘退变等级之间存在着中等的线性相关联系。[结论]腰椎多裂肌、最长肌、腰大肌与椎间盘突出程度之间存在着中等联系,其中多裂肌可能更为重要。椎间盘患者组中的腰椎旁肌群有更明显的脂肪浸润,然而脂肪浸润与椎间盘突出之间可能并不存在线性联系。     

椎旁肌退变对退变性腰椎侧凸短节段减压融合病人术后临床疗效的影响

目的分析椎旁肌退变程度对退变性腰椎侧凸短节段减压融合病人术后临床疗效的影响。方法退变性腰椎侧凸行短节段(≤3个节段)椎管减压椎体间融合治疗的病人53例,根据术前核磁共振是否存在椎旁肌退变分为观察组28例,对照组25例。比较两组术前术后腰椎Cob角、椎旁肌(竖脊肌、多裂肌、腰大肌)横截面积、椎旁肌脂肪化率、视觉模拟量表评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数。结果两组病人术前Cob角、VAS、ODI评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后6个月两组病人Cob角与术前比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后12个月观察组Cob角大于对照组,对照组VAS、ODI评分优于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组多裂肌和竖脊肌的凹侧横截面积与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组中凹侧和凸侧比较,多裂肌及竖脊肌横截面积比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多裂肌脂肪化率与术后ODI评分存在显著相关性(r=0.462)。结论退变性腰椎侧凸病人术前应重视椎旁肌退变程度的评价,特别是多裂肌的脂肪化率,延长固定节段或注意加强腰背肌的锻炼,有助于缓解病人术后腰背痛。     

不同影像学参数在评估腰部椎旁肌退变中应用的研究进展

椎旁肌是维持脊柱稳定和运动功能的重要结构之一,包括前群（腰大肌、腰小肌和腰方肌）和后群（多裂肌、竖脊肌、半棘肌、回旋肌和横突间肌）。椎旁肌退变的研究主要集中在多裂肌、竖脊肌和腰大肌退变,其与多种腰椎疾病及手术预后密切相关。椎旁肌退变包括肌肉数量（quantity）和肌肉质量（quality）两方面改变,主要以肌肉萎缩（肌纤维变细及减少,肌肉质量变小）和脂肪浸润（肌肉成分改变）的形式表现。随着影像技术不断发展,研究者可利用超声、CT和MRI等手段从不同角度描述椎旁肌退变,探究其在腰椎退行性疾病中的作用。已有大量研究报道了椎旁肌退变的影像学评估及其与腰椎疾病的关系,但是由于采用影像学参数不同、评价体系不统一,且受个体因素差异大,使得不同研究的结果难以比较[1~3]。目前该研究领域中最常用的影像学参数为椎旁肌横截面积（cross-sectional area,CSA）、肌肉密度（muscle density）及脂肪浸润（fat infiltration）,笔者将从这三方面以及新型影像学指标在评估腰部椎旁肌退变中的应用进行文献综述,比较各个影像学参数在相关研究中的适用范围、优势及不足。     

椎旁肌退变在峡部裂性腰椎滑脱与退变性腰椎滑脱的比较

目的比较峡部裂型腰椎滑脱患者和退变性腰椎滑脱患者椎旁肌退变参数之间的差异, 并分析椎体滑移率(SP)与椎旁肌退变的相关性。方法分析2018年1月至2022年12月于郑州大学第一附属医院骨科住院并接受手术治疗的腰椎滑脱症患者的临床资料, 分为峡部裂组(83例)和退变组(118例)。用ImageJ软件测量L3椎弓根水平MRI图像L3椎体、竖脊肌(ES)、多裂肌(MF)以及腰大肌(P)的横截面积(CSA)及各肌肉脂肪浸润面积(FCSA), 计算各椎旁肌的脂肪浸润率(FIR)。椎旁肌横截面积与L3椎体横截面积之比定义为相对面积(RCSA)。腰椎侧位数字化X光片上测量滑移距离, 计算相应SP。用SPSS软件行数据录入及分析。分析两组间椎旁肌RCSA和FIR差异, 以及SP与椎旁RCSA和FIR的相关性。结果退变组MF-RCSA、ES-RCSA及P-RCSA均显著低于峡部裂组(0.61±0.19比0.71±0.23、2.12±0.54比2.32±0.71、0.81±0.29比0.93±0.34, t=3.173、2.525、2.681, P<0.05)。退变组ES-FIR和P-FIR均显著高...     

椎旁肌退变的影像学评价及其与腰椎疾病关系的研究进展

正腰椎周围的主要肌肉分为前后两群,前群主要包括腰大肌、腰小肌和腰方肌,后群主要为多裂肌、竖脊肌、半棘肌、回旋肌和横突间肌,竖脊肌又称为骶脊肌,包括髂肋肌、最长肌、棘肌,而目前针对腰部椎旁肌的研究主要集中在腰大肌、多裂肌和竖脊肌。椎旁肌对维持脊柱的稳定性起着重要作用,椎旁肌退变与多种腰椎疾病及术后并发症的发生发展存在相关性~([1])。影像学检测椎旁肌退变主要有三个征象:肌肉量(size)下降、放射图像密度下降及脂肪堆积增加~([2])。利用B超、CT和MRI等影像学技术研究椎旁肌     

退行性脊柱侧凸患者椎旁肌退变与脊柱-骨盆参数的关系

目的 :分析退行性脊柱侧凸(adult degenerative scoliosis,ADS)患者椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)MRI影像退变程度与脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系,为ADS患者矢状位失平衡评估提供新的线索。方法:回顾性分析在我院就诊的女性ADS患者52例,年龄55～65岁,收集患者人口统计学资料,分别测量患者腰椎MRI上L1～S1椎间盘层面椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)、脂肪化比例(fat saturation fraction,FSF),并在患者脊柱全长X线片上测量冠状位和矢状位的影像学参数,包括冠状位Cobb角、矢状位垂直偏距(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、PI-LL,对椎旁肌L1～S1各层面FSF行单因素方差分析并进行LSD事后多重比较,利用Pearson相关分析比较椎旁肌退变程度和脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系。结果:L1～S1各层面FSF有显著性差异(P0.01),L5/S1层面椎旁肌FSF明显大于其他层面(P0.05)。冠状位Cobb角与L1/2、L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间盘层面CSA呈负相关(r=-0.358、-0.367、-0.329、-0.283,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与PT在L1～S1各层面呈正相关(r=0.487、0.394、0.354、0.356、0.355,P0.05),而与SS呈负相关(r=-0.494、-0.440、-0.373、-0.301、-0.300,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与LL在L1/2、L2/3层面呈负相关(r=-0.398、-0.328,P0.05)。椎旁肌总体FSF(TFSF)与PT呈正相关(r=0.395,P0.01),与LL呈负相关(r=-0.345,P0.05)。L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA、FSF与SVA、PI、TK的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。BMI与L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA呈正相关(P0.05),而与椎旁肌各层面FSF的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在ADS患者中,椎旁肌FSF与PT有明显的正相关性,提示椎旁肌的退变可能参与了脊柱退变和代偿机制的过程,椎旁肌FSF可能反映了ADS患者矢状位失平衡的严重程度。     

对颈椎椎旁肌脂肪浸润与颈椎病患者颈椎前路Hybrid术后矢状面平衡参数关系的分析

目的 探讨颈椎椎旁肌脂肪浸润对颈椎病患者颈椎前路Hybrid术后矢状面平衡参数的影响。方法 对2011年1月至2020年7月四川大学华西医院骨科行双节段Hybrid手术(置换节段为C5/6)的颈椎病患者27例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。收集全部患者的年龄、性别分布、体质量指数(BMI)、手术融合节段、手术时间、术中失血量和随访时间等一般临床资料和术中指标;采用JOA评分、NDI和VAS评分对术后患者临床症状改善进行评估;通过颈椎侧位及功能位X线测量患者颈椎矢状面平衡参数,包括颈椎曲度、矢状面垂直轴偏距、融合节段脊柱功能单位(FSU)Cobb角、置换节段FSU的Cobb角、置换节段Cobb角、C2-7节段活动度(ROM)和置换节段ROM;利用术前颈椎MRI T2加权成像轴位像C5/6层面评估胸锁乳突肌、颈长肌和颈深伸肌肌群的横截面积,同时评估C5椎体面积和椎旁肌脂肪浸润程度。依据Goutallier分级法对椎旁肌脂肪浸润程度进行分级,并以全部患者椎旁肌脂肪浸润分级中位数1.5级为划分标准将患者分为少脂组(Goutallier 0～1.5级)和多脂组(Goutallier 2～4级)。对两组...     

保守治疗与椎体后凸成形术对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者椎旁肌退变的影响

目的比较保守治疗与椎体后凸成形术(percutaneous kyphoplasty, PKP)对骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者椎旁肌退变的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年12月收治骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者286例的病历资料, 男54例, 女232例;年龄(67.7±13.3)岁(范围52～90岁)。根据治疗方式分为保守治疗组(134例)和PKP组(152例), 比较两组患者治疗前后双侧椎旁肌(腰大肌、竖脊肌及多裂肌)横截面积(cross-sectional area, CSA)及脂肪浸润率(fatty infiltration, FI%);同时比较两组患者卧床时间、疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale, VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index, ODI)、椎体前缘高度比、椎体矢状位Cobb角恢复情况。结果两组患者治疗前L3-4、L4-5和L5S1椎间盘水平各个椎旁肌CSA及FI%的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。PKP组术后3个月L3-4、L4-5和L5S1椎间盘水平多裂肌CSA分别为(...     

慢性非特异性腰痛患者腰椎椎旁肌脂肪浸润比与腰椎-骨盆参数的相关性

目的 :比较双侧和单侧慢性非特异性腰痛(chronic non-specific low back pain,CNLBP)患者不同节段腰椎椎旁肌脂肪浸润比和腰椎-骨盆参数,并探讨两者间的关系。方法:纳入28例双侧CNLBP患者(A组)、20例单侧CNBLP患者(B组)和20例非腰痛志愿者(C组)。在腰椎MRI上获取L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1三个节段椎旁肌的脂肪浸润比(FIR)和脂肪浸润比的不对称性(FIRasy),在站立位X线片上测量腰椎-骨盆参数:冠状面骨盆倾斜角(pelvic obliquity,PO)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic titl,PT)和骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)。观察三组腰椎椎旁肌FIR表现,比较CNLBP患者与对照组椎旁肌FIR的差异和单、双侧CNLBP患者腰椎-骨盆参数的差异;用Pearson相关性分析CNLBP患者椎旁肌FIR与腰椎-骨盆参数的相关性。结果:三组年龄、性别比和体重指数(BMI)无显著性差异(P0.05),具有可比性。A组L4/5、L5/S1左右两侧腰大肌FIR、L4/5左右两侧竖脊肌FIR有统计学差异(P0.05);B组痛侧与非痛侧FIR比较无统计学差异(P0.05);相较于C组,A、B组多裂肌FIR更高(P0.05)。A组与B组的PO、LL、PI、PT、SS均无统计学差异(P0.05)。A组LL与L3/4左侧腰大肌的FIR、L5/S1腰大肌的FIRasy存在负相关(r=-0.460、-0.425,P0.05),与L3/4多裂肌的FIRasy存在正相关(r=0.459,P0.05);SS与L3/4左侧腰大肌的FIR存在负相关(r=-0.496,P0.05)。B组PI、PT与L5/S1腰大肌的FIRasy均呈正相关(r=0.490、0.516,P0.05);LL、SS与L4/5竖脊肌的FIRasy均呈正相关(r=0.503、0.523,P0.05)。结论:CNLBP患者的多裂肌表现出更高的脂肪浸润,单侧和双侧CNLBP患者腰椎旁肌FIR的对称性表现差异和不对称的脂肪化(左右两侧腰椎旁肌FIR的差值)与腰椎-骨盆矢状面参数具有显著相关性。     

微创与开放经椎间孔腰椎间融合术后邻近节段退变的比较

目的研究两种手术方式治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳术后出现邻近节段退变的情况。方法将115例L4~5椎间盘突出伴不稳行腰椎后路椎间融合术患者根据手术方式分为经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(TLIF)组(开放组,53例)和微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(MIS-TLIF)组(微创组,62例)。手术前后评测邻近椎间盘Pfirrmann评分及椎间隙高度变化,术后通过Seo评分系统评估椎间小关节受损情况,应用疼痛VAS评分及ODI评分评估临床疗效,评估术后邻近椎间盘的退变情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间6~48个月。VAS评分及ODI评分:术后3 d微创组明显低于开放组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术后1年两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后多裂肌横截面积减少的程度及多裂肌脂肪化程度微创组明显小于开放组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。手术对腰椎椎间关节的损伤开放组明显高于微创组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。邻近节段退变的发生与多裂肌功能减退及小关节突退变具有相关性(P0.01)。结论 MIS-TLIF治疗腰椎间盘突出伴不稳较开放TLIF可以更好地保护椎旁肌及小关节突的完整性,且术后近期邻近节段退变的发生率低。     

Corticobasal degeneration

Opinion statement  Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by a combination of cortical and basal ganglia signs. Pathologically, it is classified as a tauopathy. The most distinctive clinical feature is its unilateral or markedly asymmetric presentation; among parkinsonian syndromes, with rare exceptions, only Parkinson’s disease presents with such asymmetry. The most common presenting cortical features include apraxia (patients often complain of a “useless” limb), aphasia (usually nonfluent), parietal lobe sensory signs (agraphesthesia, extinction, astereognosis), frontal dementia, or myoclonus. Basal ganglia signs include rigidity, akinesia, limb dystonia, and postural instability. The diagnosis is often challenging for three reasons: 1) The full complement of findings are rarely seen at presentation; 2) If CBD is not suspected, subtle but relevant findings (eg, extinction, language impairment, myoclonus, or apraxia) may not be searched for or appreciated; 3) The clinical picture of CBD has substantial overlap with a variety of other parkinsonian and dementing illnesses. The differential diagnosis includes Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia, primary progressive aphasia, and Alzheimer’s disease. The clinical diagnosis is not confirmed pathologically in up to half of cases, so the term corticobasal syndrome is often preferred during life, reserving the term corticobasal degeneration for pathologically verified cases. Treatment of CBD is primarily supportive, and most patients die within 10 years of onset. Parkinsonian signs may improve to a modest degree with levodopa, clonaze pam can suppress myoclonus, and botulinum toxin can relieve dystonia. Early speech therapy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy, as well as assist devices such as a rolling walker may improve functioning and reduce complications such as aspiration pneumonia and falls. With time, however, most patients lose their independence and mobility. Throughout the course of the illness (particularly when it is advanced), caring for the caregiver is as important as caring for the patient.     

Corticobasal degeneration

Opinion statement Corticobasal degeneration is one of the neurodegenerative tauopathies, which are defined as a group of heterogeneous dementias and movement disorders that are characterized neuropathologically by prominent intracellular accumulations of abnormal filaments formed by the microtubule-associated protein tau. Although there are no curative treatments, symptomatic and supportive management can be helpful. Many new therapies are still under development. However, more needs to be learned about the pathogenesis and molecular biology of this disease before an effective therapy can be developed.     

Intervertebral disc degeneration

Summary Disc degeneration in the human spine is a complex phenomenon characterised by biochemical change in the nucleus pulposus and inner annulus and the formation of clefts and fissures radiating from the central area of the disc towards the periphery. In addition, and probably independent of these phenomena, discrete defects in the outer annular attachement are seen which are likely to be due to mechanical stress and failure. The presence of stress tears in disc tissue and their failure to heal can initiate or accelerate the degeneration of the central component of the intervertebral disc. We postulate that discogenic pain may be linked to damage to the outer portion of the annulus fibrosus. Although it would seem logical to assume that discs with sustained high intradiscal pressure would be more prone to pain referred in the outer annular layers because of higher tensile strain, analysis of prospective studies has failed to confirm a relationship between typical pain reproduction at discography and high pressure values. It is concluded that, at present, the only consistent morphological changes present in patients with pain reproduction at discography are the presence of various annular defects involving the outer layers. Whether nerve ingrowth during attempts at repair of these defects is a consistent feature remains to be established.     

Age-related macular degeneration

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND PATHOGENIC DATA: Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the first cause of blindness in industrialized countries in patients over the age of 55. Its prevalence increases with age, affecting up to 25% of the population aged over 75. The pathogenesis of this disease is not well known. Not only aging, but also other varying degrees of genetic and environmental factors are implied. CLINICAL ASPECTS: Precursors (first clinical signs of ARMD) can be observed on examination of the fundus: drusen (localized deposits of lipids and lipoproteins) and alterations in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (hypo- or hyperpigmentation). Two forms of complications are observed: atrophic (or "dry") and exudative (or "wet"). The atrophic form is defined by the presence of degeneration in the central RPE, choriocapillaris and photoreceptors, resulting from the enlargement and/or coalescence of small areas of peri-foveolar atrophy (or "geographic" atrophy). The exudative form, responsible for the majority of cases of blindness due to ARMD, is characterized by the appearance of choroidal new vessels, identifiable on fluorescein angiography and responsible for serous retinal detachment, edema and hemorrhage, leading to the destruction of the macular photoreceptors. FROM A THERAPEUTIC POINT OF VIEW: Treatment of the atrophic form is currently only palliative (visual aids and re-habilitation of low vision). Treatments of the exudative form having demonstrated their efficacy are laser photocoagulation and dynamic phototherapy with verteporfine, providing relative stabilization of visual acuity in around 2/3 of the eyes. Other treatments are under evaluation: anti-angiogenic treatments, surgical techniques (ablation of the new vessels, foveal translocation), new laser treatments (transpupillary thermotherapy, selective photocoagulation of the feeder vessels). Photoreceptor and pigment epithelium transplantations or implantation of microphotodiodes represent other long-term alternatives.     

Imaging intervertebral disc degeneration

Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent anatomic detail of spinal tissues, but fails to provide the type of information that permits a definitive diagnosis in many patients with back pain. New imaging strategies that can be applied to the study of intervertebral disc degeneration include diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, dynamic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and T2 relaxometry. With dynamic imaging, the relative motions of normal and degenerated lumbar motion segments can be evaluated noninvasively. With further evaluation of the technique, hypermobile segments may be distinguishable from those with normal relative motion. T2 measurements obtained by T2 relaxometry appear to have important advantages with regard to spinal imaging because this modality provides a continuous and objective measure of the content of free water in the disc, which decreases with aging and degeneration. Anatomic imaging of the spine is highly accurate in the evaluation of nonmechanical causes of back pain and less beneficial in the evaluation of back pain that is due to mechanical causes. The development of functional imaging strategies of the spine will likely improve the management of patients with back pain. This article outlines the current magnetic resonance imaging protocols for intervertebral disc degeneration, indicates deficiencies in current imaging, and describes functional imaging strategies for the spine that will likely improve the evaluation of patients with back pain. It also reviews recent published articles on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic imaging of the spine and details the results of studies that have explored the future potential of spine imaging.