儿童单纯性肥胖相关危险因素的性别差异

目的 分析儿童青少年单纯性肥胖症相关危险因素的性别差异.方法 采用横断面研究,以5所学校2 852名6～16岁中小学生为调查对象,测量其身高、体质量,并发放自填式调查问卷,内容包括年龄、性别、出生体质量、监护人教育程度、6个月内喂养方式、父母亲肥胖及慢性病史、饮食因素和运动因素,以上内容填写完整的2 396名学生纳入研究,根据体质量指数(BMI)分为正常组和超重肥胖组,分别对男女童组行单因素统计分析,有统计学意义的危险因素进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 高出生体质量只在男童中显示为危险因素,其发生肥胖的危险性是出生体质量正常的1.78倍(95％ CI 1.18 ～2.67,P=0.006).诊断为超重肥胖的父亲,其子女发生超重肥胖的危险性分别是体质量正常组的1.70倍和1.91倍(P=0.000),而母亲相应为1.86倍和2.32倍(P =0.000).父亲至少患有1种慢性病者仅对男童超重肥胖有影响(OR=1.45,95％CI 1.05 ～2.01,P=0.024).饮食方面,偏荤的女童容易发生肥胖(OR=1.85,95％CI 1.06 ～3.21,P=0.030),同时,进食速度在10 min以下的男童和女童患超重肥胖的危险性是25 min以上的3.93倍和2.82倍(P＜0.05).运动方面,女童组显示:寒暑假每周大于0.5h的户外运动次数为0～1次的女童患超重肥胖的危险性是每周户外运动次数为8次女童的2.32倍(95％ CI 1.15 ～4.67,P=0.018);男童组显示:学习日放学后户外基本不运动的男生患超重肥胖危险性是户外运动大于1.0h男童的2.56倍(95％ CI 1.65 ～ 3.97,P=0.000).结论 男女童单纯性肥胖共有的危险因素包括父母亲肥胖遗传史和进食速度,且母亲遗传效应更明显;男童独有的危险因素包括高出生体质量、父亲患有慢性病(高血压、糖尿病、脂肪肝、血脂代谢异常中至少1种)、学习日放学后基本不运动;女童独有的危险因素包括饮食摄入蔬菜少、荤菜多、寒暑假每周＞0.5h的户外运动低于5次.     

三种骨龄评价方法在3～17岁儿童临床应用中的一致性比较研究

目的评价Greulich-Pyle图谱法(GP)、中国人手腕骨发育标准-CHN法(CHN)和中国人手腕标准-中华05法(TW3-C RUS)测得的骨龄是否会影响临床医生对儿童骨成熟水平的判断。方法纳入因身材矮小或提前发育或怀疑生长发育问题有必要行X线片评估的3~17岁儿童左手正位X线骨龄片。排除患遗传代谢性、骨软骨发育障碍性疾病的儿童,排除接受过生长激素等治疗的儿童。1名经过骨龄片评估培训的研究生依序对每张X线骨龄片用上述3种方法分别评价,采用Bland-Altman法构建一致性限。结果 567例左手正位X线片进入分析,男童269例,女童298例,男、女童各分3~4、~6、~8、~10、~12、~14和~17年龄组,每组17~78例。男103例和女142例达到青春期发育标准。男、女童所有年龄组测得的骨龄CHN法GP法和TW3-C RUS法;男、女童中除3个年龄组外,余11个年龄组测得骨龄TW3-C RUS法均GP法。男、女童的所有年龄组3种方法评价的最大骨龄与最小骨龄的差值随年龄增加而增大。鉴于TW3-C RUS评价男童最大骨龄为16岁,女童最大骨龄为15岁,去除TW3-C RUS法男童≥16岁(18例)和女童≥15岁(34例)的骨龄片,515例左手正位的X线片(男251例,女264例)进入3种方法一致性限分析。男童3~4岁骨龄和~6岁骨龄TW3-C RUS法与GP法一致性良好,女童3~4岁骨龄CHN法与TW3-C RUS法、~8岁骨龄TW3-C RUS法与GP法一致性良好,女童未发育组TW3-C RUS法与GP法一致性良好,余男、女童不同骨龄和发育情况3种骨龄测量法一致性差。结论 3种骨龄测量方法得出的骨龄结果不能相互替代,临床应用时应明确骨龄测评的方法。     

基因拷贝数变异与汉、维、哈三民族儿童超重/肥胖患病风险之间的关联研究

目的 了解新疆汉族、维吾尔族（简称维族）、哈萨克族（简称哈族）儿童超重/肥胖患病情况与基因拷贝数变异（CNV）之间的关系。方法 以新疆伊犁、阿勒泰和克拉玛依3个城市中的幼儿园作为研究现场,采用分层整群抽样方法抽取3~7岁儿童,测量身高、体重并采集口腔黏膜脱落细胞,采用CNVplex®方法检测FTO_1、IRX3_1、IRX3_2、MC4R_1、MC4R_2等5个位点CNV。结果 调查儿童603名,其中男307名,女296名;汉族261名,维族194名,哈族148名。汉族、维族、哈族儿童超重/肥胖率分别为28.3%、10.3%、31.1%（P < 0.001）。在哈族儿童中,IRX3_1、MC4R_2两位点CNV与超重/肥胖相关（P < 0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,汉族和哈族儿童发生超重/肥胖的风险分别是维族儿童的3.443倍（95%CI：2.016~5.880）和3.924倍（95%CI：2.199~7.001）;IRX3_1位点CNV是超重/肥胖的危险因素（P=0.028,OR=2.251,95%CI：1.418~5.651）。结论 IRX3_1 CNV与汉族、维族、哈族儿童超重/肥胖的患病风险有关,尤其应关注哈族儿童中IRX3_1 CNV与超重/肥胖之间的关联性。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童体格生长状况的横断面调查

目的：探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童体格生长偏离状况。方法：本文数据来自于2016年1月至2019年8月在复旦大学附属儿科医院有资质的发育行为专科医生诊断的ASD专科病历数据库，采集在疑似（<2岁）和诊断ASD时常规体格测量等检查数据，疑似ASD的幼儿随访到2岁后诊断。体格测量结果依据WHO儿童体格参考标准转化为年龄相应的体重、身长/身高、BMI的Z值,用于体格生长状况评价。BMI Z值>+2 SD为肥胖、<-2 SD为消瘦，肥胖和消瘦统称为生长偏离。并行生长偏离影响因素分析。结果：ASD专科病历数据库511例连续样本进入本文分析， 1~4岁420例（82.2%），~8岁91例（17.8%）；男431例，女80例。总体ASD人群及1~4岁肥胖比例高于消瘦，差异有统计学意义；~8岁ASD人群肥胖与消瘦比例差异无统计学意义；ASD男女童肥胖、消瘦比例差异无统计学意义。~8岁ASD人群生长偏离和消瘦发生率分别是1~4岁的3.3倍（95%CI: 1.81~6.00）和5.64倍（95%CI: 2.22~14.31）。总体和1~4岁ASD人群相比，体重、身长/身高和BMI的Z值分布曲线较WHO儿童参考标准Z值正态分布参考线右移，向肥胖偏离；~8岁ASD人群BMI的Z值分布曲线峰值低，体型匀称比例下降，向+2 SD和-2 SD外延伸，向肥胖、消瘦偏离。结论：ASD儿童人群生长偏离既有肥胖也有消瘦，ASD学龄期儿童人群生长偏离发生率高于学龄前期儿童人群，且体型匀称比例下降，向肥胖和消瘦偏离。     

血清谷丙转氨酶与儿童超重、肥胖的关系

目的：探讨血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与儿童超重、肥胖的关系。方法：对年龄7～18岁的2889例正常儿童及702例超重、肥胖儿童的资料进行分析,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,检测空腹血糖、血脂、ALT、胰岛素等生化指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果：男童ALT水平高于女童。随着体重指数（BMI）的增加,男女童正常组、超重组、肥胖组ALT水平均逐渐增加。ALT与BMI、腰围、甘油三酯、胰岛素抵抗指数等相关。在超重、肥胖儿童中,男童ALT升高组BMI、腰围、血压、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数均较ALT正常组高（P<0.05）;女童ALT升高组腰围、血压、胰岛素抵抗指数高于ALT正常组,而高密度脂蛋白降低（P<0.05）。结论：ALT与儿童超重、肥胖及其引起代谢异常如血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗相关。     

乌鲁木齐市家长喂养行为现状及其与儿童体重指数的相关性

目的 探讨家长喂养行为与儿童体重指数（BMI）间的相关性,为预防和干预儿童超重、肥胖提供科学依据。方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,抽取乌鲁木齐市新市区7所幼儿园976名儿童,通过问卷调查和体格测量获得相关数据。结果 共发放调查问卷976份,收回有效问卷924份（94.7%）。儿童体重不足、超重、肥胖总检出率分别为3.1%（29例）、9.2%（85例）、6.7%（62例）。家长喂养行为以监督饮食水平最高,其次为限制饮食,逼迫进食水平最低。其中汉族儿童家长采用限制饮食及逼迫进食的水平高于维吾尔族儿童家长（P < 0.01）。家长喂养行为中,限制饮食与汉族及维吾尔族男童BMI均呈正相关（P < 0.01）;逼迫进食与汉族男童及女童BMI均呈负相关（P < 0.01）,与维吾尔族男童及女童BMI均呈正相关（P < 0.01）;监督饮食与维吾尔族和汉族男童及女童BMI均呈负相关（P < 0.05）。汉族及维吾尔族男童中超重/肥胖儿童其父母限制饮食得分高于正常体重儿童家长（P < 0.05）;维吾尔族男童及女童中,超重/肥胖儿童其父母逼迫进食得分高于正常体重儿童其家长（P < 0.01）;汉族、维吾尔族男童及女童中超重及肥胖儿童其父母监督饮食得分低于正常体重儿童家长（P < 0.01）。结论 乌鲁木齐市家长喂养行为状况总体较好,其中维吾尔族儿童家长喂养行为略优于汉族儿童家长。家长喂养行为与儿童BMI密切相关,其相关性在不同民族及性别间存在差异。高水平的监督饮食及低水平的限制饮食、逼迫进食可能有利于预防和控制儿童超重、肥胖的发生与发展。     

学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数的相关性

目的 探讨学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数的相关性及颈围对学龄前儿童超重/肥胖的诊断价值。 方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取乌鲁木齐市10所幼儿园3 719名7岁以下儿童,收集儿童一般资料并进行体格测量,采用Pearson相关分析法评估颈围与体重指数的相关性,采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线分析颈围判断超重/肥胖的准确性,采用Kappa一致性检验评价颈围与体重指数判断超重/肥胖的一致性。 结果 各年龄阶段的男童、女童颈围与体重指数均呈正相关（r ≥0.50,均P<0.001）。以体重指数作为判断超重/肥胖的标准分为超重/肥胖组与非超重/肥胖组,各年龄阶段的超重/肥胖组颈围均大于非超重/肥胖组（P<0.001）。ROC曲线分析显示,男童和女童颈围判断超重/肥胖的曲线下面积均大于0.7。Kappa一致性检验显示,各年龄阶段男童、女童的颈围和体重指数判断超重/肥胖的Kappa值均大于0.40。 结论 学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数呈正相关;颈围可较好地判断学龄前儿童超重/肥胖。 ［中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24（9）：1042-1046］     

22 609例西南地区2～18岁儿童青少年营养状况分析

目的调查西南地区2～18岁儿童青少年营养状况、危险因素和其对生化指标的影响。方法纳入2017年4月至2021年3月在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院进行常规体检的儿童。BMI确定营养状况, 根据性别、地区、年龄进行统计分析, 采用多因素Logistic回归分析不同营养状况的危险因素。结果共纳入22 609例, 其中消瘦、超重和肥胖的总体发生率分别为5.87%、9.81%和10.50%。男孩肥胖和消瘦患病率高于女孩(χ2=24.79、12.39, 均P<0.05), 而超重患病率低于女孩(χ2=4.32, P<0.05);城市地区男孩超重患病率高于农村地区(χ2=4.68, P<0.05);男孩与女孩在三个年龄组中分别进行对比, 12～18岁年龄组中男孩肥胖患病率最高(χ2=12.49, P<0.01), 女孩消瘦患病率最低(χ2=6.18, P<0.05)。与男孩相比, 女孩发生肥胖(OR=0.80, 95%CI:0.73～0.87)和消瘦(OR=0.80, 95%CI:0.71～0.90)的风险降低。与12～18岁青少年组相比, 2～<6岁组儿童发生肥胖的...     

上海市7~18岁学生1985至2014年的超重和肥胖流行趋势

目的：分析上海市1985至2014年7~18岁学生的超重和肥胖的动态变化趋势。方法：选取1985（n=14 677）、1995（n=7 916）、2000（n=15 270）、2005（n=7 492）、2010（n=14 301）和2014（n=15 423）年6次中国学生体质与健康调研上海地区资料进行分析。采用中国学龄儿童超重、肥胖BMI分类标准。结果：基于上海市6个区总调查样本量,以10年（1985、1995、2005和2014年）为1个周期,随年代增长上海市7～18岁男、女学生BMI P50百分位数曲线逐年提高,总体男生较女生提高更为明显,不同年龄组的男女生BMI均值呈上升趋势且均为男生高于女生。2014年上海市BMI和全国比较,P50男女生均高于全国水平,P85和P95男女生11和12岁前与全国水平重合,之后高于全国水平。与1985年比较,2014年上海市7～18岁男生超重检出率增加了11倍（19.3% vs 1.7%）,肥胖检出率增加了29倍（11.7% vs 0.4%）,平均增长率为12.3%;上海市7～18岁女生超重检出率增加了7倍（11.6% vs 1.5%）,肥胖检出率增加了31倍（6.4% vs 0.2%）,平均增长率为12.7%。各年龄组男生超重检出率14.3%~26.9%、肥胖检出率7.3%～17.0%,男生11岁超重和肥胖检出率最高;各年龄组女生超重检出率8.6%~14.0%、肥胖检出率2.8%～11.2%,女生7岁超重和肥胖检出率最高。男生各年龄段超重和肥胖检出率均高于女生。结论：上海市1985至2014年7~18岁学生超重与肥胖检出率持续增长。低年龄段男生超重流行程度较为严重,已处于国际高位水平。     

中国0～7岁儿童单纯性肥胖症流行病学Meta分析

目的 对1986年至2010年我国0～7岁儿童单纯性肥胖流行病学的临床资料进行Meta分析,描述肥胖发生率历年变化情况.方法 以“儿童”、“超重”和“单纯性肥胖”为中文关键词,“child”、“overweight”和“simple obesity”为英文关键词,在中文科技期刊数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据资源系统和PubMed、Cochrane Library上检索1980年1月1日至2012年7月31日中英文文献,按评分标准纳入标准筛选文献,利用Stata 10.0软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析,通过Begg's检验绘制漏斗图,评估各文献的发表偏倚,同时进行异质性检验,采用适当模型计算患病率和95％ CI,比较男童和女童的患病率.结果 共纳入14篇文献,提取0～7岁儿童样本总量126 310例,男66 558例,女59 752例,儿童单纯性肥胖发病率为4.30％,95％ CI:3.30％ ～5.40％,男童肥胖发病率为4.80％,95％ CI:3.60％～6.00％,女童肥胖发病率为3.70％,95％ CI:2.80％ ～4.60％;男女肥胖发病率在1986年至1995年差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),在1996年至2010年差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且差异逐渐增大.结论 1986年至2010年儿童单纯性肥胖发病率持续上升,男女对比差异也逐渐增大,亟须引起国家重视,出台政策干预和预防儿童单纯性肥胖的发生发展.     

Television, computer use, physical activity, diet and fatness in Australian adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine sedentary behaviours (including television viewing, playing computer games and computer use), diet, exercise and fitness in relation to overweight/obesity in Australian adolescents. METHODS: Questionnaires elicited food frequency data, time spent in TV-viewing, using computers, other sedentary occupations and physical activity recall. Weight, height and fitness (laps completed in the Leger test) were measured. RESULTS: Among 281 boys and 321 girls, mean age 12 years (SD 0.9), 56 boys (20.0%) and 70 girls (23.3%) were overweight/obese. Greater fitness was associated with decreased risk of overweight/obesity in boys (Odds ratio [OR] 0.74; 95% CI 0.55, 0.99) and girls (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.91, 0.99). TV-viewing predicted increased risk in boys (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.06) and decreased risk in girls (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99). Computer use, video games, and other sedentary behaviours were not significantly related to risk of overweight/obesity. Vegetable intake was associated with lower risk in boys (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97, 0.99); greater risk was associated with lower fat intake in boys and girls, lower consumption of energy-dense snacks in boys (OR 0.74; 95% CI 0.62, 0.88) and greater intake of vegetables in girls (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00, 1.03), suggesting dieting or knowledge of favourable dietary choices in overweight/obese children. CONCLUSIONS: Among these adolescents, fitness was negatively related to risk for overweight/obesity in boys and girls. TV-viewing was a positive predictor in boys and a negative predictor in girls but the effect size was small; other sedentary behaviours did not predict risk.     

An assessment of adolescent overweight and obesity in Xi'an City, China.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the magnitude of overweight and obesity, and its associated socio-demographic factors in adolescents in Xi'an city, China. METHODS: A total of 1804 adolescents attending junior high schools in Xi'an City (age: 11-17 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Body mass index using IOTF cut-offs defined overweight and obesity. Socio-demographic information was collected from the parents of the survey participants using self-administered, structured and pre-coded questionnaires. RESULTS: Overall, 16.3% of adolescents were overweight or obese, but there was a marked gender difference in the prevalence with 19.4% (95% CI: 15.6% - 23.7%) of boys versus 13.2% (95% CI: 10.0% - 16.4%) ofthe girls being overweight or obese. In a multivariate model, age, residence, household wealth, and parents' body mass index were significantly associated with being overweight/obese (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age and gender, the odds of an adolescent being overweight or obese was 2.7 times (95% CI: 1.8 - 4.0) higher in urban areas compared to rural areas; and 1.6 times (95% CI: 1.04 - 2.5) higher for adolescents from rich compared to poor families. An adolescent with one or both parents being overweight was 1.8 times (95% CI: 1.3 - 2.5) more likely to be overweight themselves compared to those with normal weight parents. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Overweight and obesity is a major public health problem in adolescents in Xi'an City and is likely to increase rapidly in the near future; 2) Overweight and obesity is more prevalent in younger boys from richer families living in urban districts and whose parents were either overweight or obese.     

Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: cross sectional survey.

AIMS: To determine the percentage of children and young adults who are obese or overweight within different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data on 5689 children and young adults aged 2-20 years from the 1999 Health Survey for England. RESULTS: Twenty three per cent of children (n = 1311) were overweight, of whom 6% (n = 358) were obese. More girls than boys were overweight (24% v 22%). Afro-Caribbean girls were more likely to be overweight (odds ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.33), and Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls were more likely to be obese than girls in the general population (odds ratios 2.74 (95% CI 1.74 to 4.31) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.76), respectively). Indian and Pakistani boys were more likely to be overweight (odds ratios 1.55 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.17) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.83), respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of obese and overweight children from different social classes. CONCLUSION: The percentage of children and young adults who are obese and overweight differs by ethnic group and sex, but not by social class. British Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls have an increased risk of being obese and Indian and Pakistani boys have an increased risk of being overweight than the general population. These individuals may be at greater combined cumulative risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and so may be a priority for initiatives to target groups of children at particular risk of obesity.     

Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: cross sectional survey

Aims: To determine the percentage of children and young adults who are obese or overweight within different ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Methods: Secondary analysis of data on 5689 children and young adults aged 2–20 years from the 1999 Health Survey for England. Results: Twenty three per cent of children (n = 1311) were overweight, of whom 6% (n = 358) were obese. More girls than boys were overweight (24% v 22%). Afro-Caribbean girls were more likely to be overweight (odds ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.33), and Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls were more likely to be obese than girls in the general population (odds ratios 2.74 (95% CI 1.74 to 4.31) and 1.71 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.76), respectively). Indian and Pakistani boys were more likely to be overweight (odds ratios 1.55 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.17) and 1.36 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.83), respectively). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of obese and overweight children from different social classes. Conclusion: The percentage of children and young adults who are obese and overweight differs by ethnic group and sex, but not by social class. British Afro-Caribbean and Pakistani girls have an increased risk of being obese and Indian and Pakistani boys have an increased risk of being overweight than the general population. These individuals may be at greater combined cumulative risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease and so may be a priority for initiatives to target groups of children at particular risk of obesity.     

Overweight, obesity, weight-related concerns and behaviours in Hong Kong Chinese children and adolescents

Aim: To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and weight-related concerns and behaviours among overweight, obese and non-overweight children and adolescents. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey of all Chinese students in primary schools in the Central and Western District of Hong Kong in March 2002. Thirty-one of 32 schools participated, and 5402 boys and 5371 girls aged 8 to 15 y who completed a standardized questionnaire were included. We used the International Obesity Task Force definition (IOTF reference) to define overweight and obesity. Results: The prevalence (95% CI) of overweight was 16.4% (15.7-17.1%) (19.9% in boys, 12.9% in girls), and that of obesity was 7.7% (7.2-8.2%) (10.3% in boys and 5.1% in girls). The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was similar to that based on the local reference. Overweight children had more concerns about their weight than obese children. They were more likely than obese children to feel fat, wish to be lighter, diet and exercise to lose weight. Although obese children were heavier, they did not make more effort to lose weight than overweight children.

Conclusions: The differences in weight-related concerns and behaviours among overweight, obese and non-overweight children suggested good validity of the IOTF reference and the self-reported data. The differences between overweight and obese children suggested that the two groups had different psychological states and that they needed different weight management programmes and other intervention strategies.     

Gender-specific prevalence and associated risk factors of prehypertension among rural children and adolescents in Northeast China: a cross-sectional study

Little is known about the prevalence and risk profile of prehypertension among Chinese children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prehypertensive status and its associated risk factors among rural Chinese children and adolescents. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 5,245 children and adolescents (2,732 boys and 2,513 girls) aged 5–18 years in Northeast China. Main anthropometric data and related information were collected. The overall prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 15 % and 20.2 %, respectively. The prevalence of prehypertension among boys was 15.7 %, compared to that of 14.2 % among girls (P?=?0.256). After adjusting for age, race, weight status, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, family income, smoking and drinking status, boys aged 12–14 and 15–18 years had a 2.86- and 5.97-fold risk of prehypertension, respectively, compared to those aged 5–8 years. Overweight and obese boys had an increased risk of prehypertension in comparison to those with normal weight (overweight: odds ratio [OR]?=?1.837, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.321–2.556; obese: OR?=?2.941, 95 % CI 1.783–4.851). A larger triceps skinfold (≥90th percentile) was significantly related to increased odds of prehypertension (OR?=?2.32; 95 % CI, 1.516–3.55) among boys. For girls, only older age was found to be a risk factor for prehypertension. Conclusion: Pediatric prehypertension is highly prevalent in rural Northeast China. The risk factors for prehypertension differed among boys and girls. A more comprehensive risk profile of prehypertension among children and adolescents needs to be established for early prevention.     

Overweight and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents from a private school in Recife

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in students from a private school in Recife; compare the prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and in different age groups (children and adolescents) and verify the correlation between body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness in this population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 762 students (332 children and 430 adolescents) from a middle/upper class school in Recife, in 1999. Overweight was defined as body mass index equal or above the 85th percentile for age and gender. Obesity was defined as body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness equal or above the 85th percentile. RESULTS: The prevalence rates were 26.2% (95%CI = 23 to 29%) for overweight, and 8.5% (CI95% = 6.5 to 10.5%) for obesity. Overweight was more prevalent among children (34.3%) than among adolescents (20.0%) (P<0.001). Obesity was more frequent among children (14.2%) than among adolescents (4.2%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of overweight in boys (34.6%) was higher than in girls (20.6%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of obesity was also higher in boys (14.7%) than in girls (4.4%) (P<0.001). The correlation coefficient between body mass index and triceps skinfold thickness was equal to 0.64 (95%CI = 0.60 to 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of overweight in our study population was as high as that found in industrialized countries; obesity, however, was less frequent.     

Associations of overweight with insulin resistance, beta-cell function and inflammatory markers in Chinese adolescents

Background: Obesity is a growing global health problem. Obesity‐associated inflammatory and metabolic consequences may vary in different ethnic populations, and data in Chinese adolescents are sparse. In this study, we analysed the clinical and biochemical factors associated with overweight and obesity in Chinese adolescents. Methods: This is a cross‐sectional cohort study with 2102 Chinese adolescents randomly selected from 14 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Clinical and biochemical parameters including inflammatory markers, among different groups stratified by degrees of obesity, were compared by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The median age was 16 yr (interquartile range: 14–17 yr) (45.6% boys and 54.4% girls). Among the boys, 16.5% were overweight and 6.8% were obese. The respective percentages in girls were 8.2 and 5.8%. Compared with the group with normal weight in both boys and girls, high systolic blood pressure (SBP), increased insulin resistance (by homoeostasis model assessment, HOMA‐IR), elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) level and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) level were independently associated with overweight/obesity. In boys, the respective odds ratio (95% CI) was 1.03 (1.01–1.05) for SBP, 21.0 (12.0–36.8) for HOMA‐IR, 3.65 (2.10–6.35) for hsCRP and 0.24 (0.11–0.51) for HDL‐C. In girls, the respective figures were 1.02 (1.00–1.04), 9.82 (5.65–17.1), 6.28 (3.12–12.6) and 0.18 (0.08–0.41). In girls, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was also independently associated with overweight/obesity [1.56 (1.09–2.24)]. Conclusions: In Chinese adolescents, overweight/obesity is independently associated with SBP, insulin resistance, hsCRP and low HDL‐C. Early intervention in overweight and obese adolescents may potentially retard the development of these cardiovascular risk factors.     

Parental overweight/obesity,social factors,and child overweight/obesity at 7 years of age

Background: This study used gender‐based analyses to examine whether child overweight/obesity is related to parental overweight/obesity and sociodemographic factors, in a representative population‐based cohort of 7‐year‐old children. Methods: Data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998–2010 was used. Children (n= 1336) were randomly selected from each public health region of Québec. The study was based on face‐to‐face interviews and a set of questionnaires addressed to mothers and fathers. Results: Compared to children with no overweight/obese parent, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of being overweight/obese with two overweight/obese parents was 5 for boys (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.31–10.85) and 5.87 for girls (95%CI: 2.63–13.12). Gender differences appeared when one parent was overweight/obese. For girls, having either an overweight/obese mother (OR, 3.10; 95%CI: 1.14–8.38) or father (OR, 3.64; 95%CI: 1.68–7.91) significantly increased the odds of being overweight/obese at 7 years. For boys, however, having only an overweight/obese father (OR, 2.05; 95%CI: 1.01–4.16) was related to overweight/obesity, but having only an overweight/obese mother was not related to overweight/obesity at 7 years for boys. In girls, but not in boys, having an immigrant mother also significantly related to overweight/obesity (OR, 2.71; 95%CI: 1.28–5.75) at 7 years, after controlling for other social factors. Conclusions: Gender differences in socialization may explain why at 7 years of age, girls' bodyweight is influenced by having even one overweight/obese parent (mother or father), while boys' bodyweight appears to be influenced only by father's overweight/obesity when only one parent is overweight/obese.     

Body mass index in Belgian schoolchildren and its relationship with sensitization and allergic symptoms

Results of studies of the influence of body mass index (BMI) on the allergic status are controversial. As a part of the Aalst Allergy Study, we assessed the prevalence of the different BMI categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity) and a possible association between BMI and atopy in 1576 unselected Belgian schoolchildren, aged from 3.4 to 14.8 yr. BMI was used to determine weight status. Skin prick testing with the most common aeroallergens was performed. A parental questionnaire documented data on respiratory and allergic disorders, demographic characteristics and other potential risk factors for sensitization. Among the total children, 4.1% of the children were underweight, 14.5% were overweight, and 7.4% were obese. More girls than boys were overweight (p = 0.015). In the group of children older than 12 yr, we found more overweight (p = 0.03) and obese (p = 0.004) girls, and more obese boys (p = 0.004) than in the younger age groups. In contrast with reports in the literature, an increased prevalence of allergic sensitization in underweight girls only [adjusted odd ratio (OR_adj) = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–6.4] was documented. A strong association between obesity and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms was found in both boys (OR_adj = 14.5, 95% CI: 2.9–73.3) and girls (OR_adj = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.3–17.4). No correlations with allergic respiratory symptoms, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis could be documented.