微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术（MPCNL）治疗肾及输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法采用钬激光微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗60例输尿管上段结石,并记录碎石取石时间、结石数目、手术时间、并发症及住院时间。结果 60例经一期或二期手术成功。经1个月后结石残留清除率为100%。结论微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石,具有窗口小、易恢复、取石成功率高等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术的应用解剖及其临床应用

目的：探讨术前X线照片和B超定位引导建立经皮肾穿刺通道，行微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)的手术方法及临床价值。方法：采用术前将病人模拟手术体位，作X线下结石照片定位与B超下肾穿刺点和穿刺方向及深度定位的方法，建立经皮肾穿刺通道；对158例肾结石、输尿管上段结石患者行微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗。结果：158例结石患者中153例手术获成功，5例失败；无1例中转开放性手术。120例肾结石，结石总取净率88．3％，肾盂梗阻解除率100％。49例输尿管上段结石，总取净率100％。无术中输血病例。结论：在熟练掌握肾脏解剖的基础上，使用术前X线照片和B超定位方法，行微创经皮肾镜取石术安全可行，适合在基层医院推广应用。     

微创经皮肾结石切开取出术治疗上尿路结石112例分析

传统的经皮肾镜取石（PCNL）由于操作困难、并发症多,技术推广和治疗范围受到一定限制。近年来发展起来的微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）主要用于不能通过保守治疗排出的输尿管上段结石取出,对肾创伤小,出血少,结石取净率高,本文对我科2009年1月～2009年12月采用MPCNL治疗上尿路结石患者112例,取得良好效果,现报告如下。     

局麻下分期经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的探讨局麻下分期经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性。肾结石的安全性及可行性。方法回顾分析我院2007年11月至2009年2月收治的诊断明确、具备经皮肾镜取石术指针的复杂性肾结石患者35例临床资料,采用局麻下分期经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术。结果35例患者：Ⅰ期取石32例,结石取净率71．8％,Ⅱ期取石12例,Ⅲ期取石4例;采用单通道取石30例,双通道取石5例;住院时间7～28d,平均18d,无手术大出血输血及中转开放手术病例。结论局麻下分期经皮肾微造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石,具有微创、安全、经济、并发症少等优点,在具有相应设备及经验的医院应作为治疗复杂性肾结石的首选方法。     

超声引导微创经皮肾镜治疗肾及输尿管上段结石并发症分析

目的探讨超声引导下微创经皮肾镜取石术(mPCNL)治疗肾结石及输尿管上段结石的并发症及预防措施。方法对本院2008年10月至2012年12月开展的超声定位下经皮肾镜取石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中肾结石428例,输尿管上段结石267例,肾结石合并输尿管上段结石135例。结石直径1.5～3.2 cm,平均直径约2.1 cm。结果所有患者并发症总发生率为28.43%(236例),包括术中peel-away鞘置入失败62例(7.47%),其中改二期手术2例,其余60例经更换穿刺点后完成手术;术中肾集合系统穿孔伤150例(18.07%),均未造成大出血而终止手术;术中大出血需要输血者21例(2.53%),术后迟发性出血37例(4.46%),行高选择性肾动脉介入栓塞术3例(0.36%);胸腔积液1例(0.12%),后经胸腔闭式引流5 d后痊愈;术后发热162例(19.50%),经积极对症处理后痊愈;所有病例均未发生肾静脉等大血管及肝脏等腹腔内脏器损伤。结论超声引导下微创经皮肾镜治疗肾结石及输尿管上段结石临床疗效好,但是应加强术中大出血、术后迟发性出血、术后感染等严重并发症的防治,只有重视并采取预防措施才有利于此项技术的广泛开展。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的临床对比观察

目的：探究微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的临床疗效。方法将120例肾结石患者随机分为观察组与对照组,各60例。观察组行微创经皮肾镜取石术,对照组行标准通道经皮肾镜取石术。结果观察组手术时间高于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组,<0.05;结石清除率、结石残留率与不良反应发生率上,两组患者无统计学差异,>0.05。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结均疗效显著,可根据患者具体病情选择术式。     

超声引导下经皮肾镜取石术在上尿路结石治疗中的应用（附359例报告）

目的探讨超声引导下经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）在治疗上尿路结石的方法、临床疗效和安全性。方法对我院2009年10月~2012年12月359例上尿路结石患者采用在B超定位引导下PCNL术临床资料回顾性分析。结果本组患者成功施行经皮肾穿刺并建立经皮肾通道行钬激光碎石取石术。297例一期取净结石,62例二期取净结石。术后部分病例出现肉眼血尿、轻度发热;术后随访3～8w,全组无输血及严重并发症。结论超声引导下PCNL治疗上尿路结石微创高效,安全可靠,并发症少,具有临床推广应用推广价值。     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石400例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜取石术在治疗上尿路结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2010年1月~2014年1月内收治的经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石患者400例的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。结果270例肾结石,130例输尿管上段结石,一期取石356例次,二期取石49例次;单通道经皮肾通道367例次,多通道33例次。手术时间40~270min,平均(90±15)min。并发症主要为大出血(2%)、感染(4%)、结石残留(10%),无周围器官损伤。一期结石清除率85%(340/400),二次肾镜取石49例(12.3%)。结论经皮肾镜取石术具有安全性、疗效确切、创伤小、患者痛苦轻、恢复快、出血少等优点,值得在临床推广和应用。     

肾移植后的尿酸性肾石病

背景：高尿酸血症是肾移植后常见的并发症之一,其引起的尿酸性肾石病如果治疗不及时可以造成移植肾肾后性失功。 目的：探讨肾移植后尿酸性肾石病的诊断和治疗方案。 方法：回顾性总结19例肾移植后发生尿酸性肾石病梗阻患者的临床资料,入院时均伴高尿酸血症,8例患者手术切开取石并行输尿管-膀胱再吻合术,11例患者行药物保守治疗。 结果与结论：16例患者为移植输尿管下段结石,2例为移植肾肾盂结石并肾盂积水,1例为移植肾重度积水并输尿管全段结石。18例患者治疗后移植肾功能、尿量恢复正常;1例患者造成移植肾失功能,切除移植肾。提示对于肾移植后血尿酸升高患者应尽早应用药物保守治疗,一旦保守治疗无效应及时采取手术方式,减少肾后性原因引起的移植肾失功。     

B超引导下微创经皮肾镜术治疗无明显积水的肾铸型结石

目的探讨B超引导微创肾穿刺造瘘、经皮肾取石术治疗无积水的铸型肾结石的疗效。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2010年9月采用微创经皮肾镜术（MPCNL）治疗27例无明显积水的铸型肾结石患者的临床资料。结果 27例均成功建立经皮肾镜微创通道,25例患者一期单通道碎石取石,2例因出血和体位不能耐受,留置肾造瘘管后改二期碎石取石。19例患者一期一次手术取净结石;3例患者经2次MPCNL手术;1例患者经过3次MPCNL手术均取净结石;2例患者残留结石配合ESWL治疗,术后1~2个月复查结石排出,总结石清除率为92.6%。2例患者残留结石（单发）位于肾下盏,结石直径小于5 mm。结论 B超引导MPCNL治疗无明显积水的肾铸型结石安全有效。     

上尿路结石致重度肾积水的临床治疗（附27例报道）

目的探讨上尿路结石致重度肾积水的临床治疗及最大可能保肾的可行性。方法 27例上尿路结石均致患侧重度肾积水,其中输尿管中下段结石12例,肾盂出口及输尿管上端结石8例,肾脏多发结石5例,肾脏多发结石伴输尿管结石2例;27例患者中,6例伴有对侧上尿路结石,采用经尿道输尿管镜,开放性肾切除、经皮肾穿刺造瘘及经皮肾输尿管镜等治疗手段。结果3例行肾切除,其余24例均成功处理结石并保肾成功。结论对于上尿路结石致重度肾积水患者,可结合尿动力学检查,在安全膀胱情况下尽可能保肾。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石和经尿道输尿管镜碎石治疗 嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的疗效对比分析

目的 研究微创经皮肾穿刺取石（MPCNL）和经尿道输尿管镜碎石（URL）治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2016年4月~2017年4月在我院治疗的108例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组54例。对照组采用URL治疗,观察组采用MPCNL治疗,对比两组患者临床结石清除率、手术指标以及并发症发生情况。结果 观察组术后清石率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 MPCNL治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石清石效果优于URL术,且术后并发症少,手术安全有效,可作为治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的方法。     

腔内泌尿外科技术处理移植肾输尿管梗阻

背景：移植肾输尿管梗阻是肾移植后最常见的并发症,传统上需采用开放手术修复,但腔内泌尿外科技术的发展和经验的积累已使内镜技术成为临床处理这类并发症的另一选择。 目的：回顾性分析腔内泌尿外科技术处理移植肾输尿管梗阻的临床效果。 方法：2001-02/2010-10对23例移植肾输尿管梗阻患者采用腔内技术治疗。术中采用气囊扩张或腔内切开梗阻后,留置两条双J管4~6周。术后定期随诊,行B超、肾图和肾功能检查。 结果与结论：4例患者采用气囊扩张,19例采用腔内切开。术中均成功将梗阻段扩张或切开,术中和术后无并发症发生。随访6~108个月,14例输尿管引流通畅,肾功能稳定;9例梗阻复发,其中2例采用长期输尿管换管,1例永久肾造瘘,6例患者改开放手术治疗(4例成功,2例失败后采用长期输尿管换管)。提示腔内泌尿外科技术处理移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻安全、有效,但首次内切开失败后再次腔内治疗的复发率高。     

新疆哈密地区汉族泌尿系结石患者尿路结石成分分析

目的 研究新疆哈密地区汉族泌尿系结石患者的尿路结石成分及其分布特征。方法 收集选取2013年4月~2016年12月我院汉族泌尿系结石患者557例,分析其结石成分,并对其结石构成进行检测。结果 结石患者男女比为2.92:1,上、下尿路结石比为6.96:1。检出率最高的为草酸钙469例（84.22%）,其次是碳酸磷灰石216例（38.79%）,尿酸85例（15.27%）、磷酸镁铵62例（11.13%）、胱氨酸3例（0.54%）等成分结石占比较低。患者的发病率随年龄逐渐升高,40~60岁时达高峰。尿路结石主要分布于肾脏,占60.32%。各部位的尿路结石均以草酸钙、碳酸磷灰石为主,尿酸等成分较少。结论 新疆哈密地区汉族泌尿系结石患者的结石成分以草酸钙为主,结石发病率较高与饮食结构及生活习惯关系密切。     

B超引导下局麻经皮肾镜取石术治疗上尿路结石的临床应用

目的 探讨B超引导下局麻经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2008年3月—2012年10月B超引导下局麻行PCNL 的86例患者的临床资料,其中复杂性肾结石16例、单纯肾盂结石52例、输尿管上段结石18例。在B超定位下选择中盏或结石所在肾盏处作肾穿刺点,用1%盐酸利多卡因10～40 ml自穿刺点向肾脏方向穿刺浸润麻醉,深达肾包膜。然后在B超引导行PCNL。结果 86例患者麻醉效果满意,均顺利完成手术。穿刺成功率100%(86/86),术中未发现肝、脾、胸膜、肠管损伤等严重并发症。单纯肾盂结石患者结石取尽率96.2%(50/52);结石残留2例,予体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)排出。输尿管上段结石患者结石取尽率100%(18/18)。复杂性肾结石患者结石取尽率81.3%(13/16);术后结石残留3例,行二期PCNL取石2例,予ESWL排出1例。所有患者均获随访3～12个月,平均8.5个月。随访期间未发现结石残余和复发,无继发性上尿路感染。结论 B超引导下局麻行PCNL简单、安全、有效,尤其适用于肾脏及输尿管上段结石患者,值得临床推广应用。     

Pharmacoechography

Ultrasonic scanning of the kidney was conducted in the presence of drug-induced polyuria in order to detect upper urinary urodynamic disorders and termed "pharmaco-echography". Pharmaco-echography with furosemide enables an indirect assessment of functional capacity and reserve potentials of the kidneys and the upper urinary tract, and detect a latent functional insufficiency. Detection of upper-urinary urodynamic disorders, using this method, makes possible timely treatment, thus preventing the development of disease. Pharmaco-echography with furosemide, combined with roentgenologic investigation in urologic patients provides an assessment of the events occurring in the upper urinary tract as well as the latter's performance and reserve potentials.     

Anatomical bases of percutaneous surgery for calculi in horseshoe kidney

Summary Horseshoe kidney is a renal fusion which combines three anatomic abnormalities: ectopia, malrotation and vascular changes. These anomalies can be recognised separately to varying degrees in unfused kidneys. Necessary modifications of the standard technique for percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) are directly deducible from analysis of the anatomic data of the imaging of horseshoe kidneys. We report our experience with 5 patients (7 kidneys) who underwent PNL for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. The percutaneous approach was performed under ultrasound and fluoroscopic monitoring. In situ disintegration by ultrasonic lithotripsy and nephrostomy drainage were necessary in all cases. Modifications of the standard PNL procedure are related to the anatomic changes. The lower abdominal position of a horseshoe kidney necessitates upper or middle calyceal puncture, while the malrotation necessitates a more posterior puncture. Monitoring of the puncture needle by fluoroscopy as it is advanced postero-anteriorly is more difficult and the risk of the surgeon's hand entering the radiation path is increased. The renal pelvis is deep and a long endoscope may be required. Aberrant segmental vessels may create potential hazards. The majority of problems in location can be avoided by use of an ultrasonically guided needle. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the treatment of choice for calculi in horseshoe kidneys for the following reasons: the high incidence of recurrent lithiasis in horseshoe kidney and the complexity of repeated surgical approaches diminish the acceptable results of open surgery; difficulties in focussing on the calculi and drainage problems militate against the success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL); PNL has a good success rate and the least morbidity.Work presented at the 1st European Association of Clinical Anatomy congress, Brussels, Belgium, September 9–10, 1991     

双侧上尿路梗阻致肾功能不全200例分析

目的探讨双侧上尿路梗阻引起肾功能不全的诊断和治疗。方法对我院收治的200例双侧上尿路梗阻引起肾功能不全患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果农村患者发病比例为86%,明显高于城镇患者（P〈0.05）。最主要的梗阻原因是尿路结石。用输尿管插管、经皮肾穿刺造瘘和手术方法及早引流,解除梗阻,治愈88.5%,好转11.5%,平均住院26.55 d,血BUN、Cr恢复正常平均22.85 d,术后第7天总体血BUN、Cr分别下降73.35%和57.25%。结论双侧上尿路梗阻引起肾功能不全是泌尿外科的急重症,尽早解除梗阻有利于肾功能的恢复。     

Renal transplantation in children. A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study.

BACKGROUND. Previous studies of renal transplantation in children have focused on the survival of grafts and patients. Little information is available about the cause of renal disease, the sources of donated organs, or children's growth after transplantation. The North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study was organized to identify the diseases that require transplantation and to analyze factors that affect the success of transplantation in children. METHODS. We collected data from 73 pediatric transplantation centers from 1987 through 1990. These data included information about demographic characteristics of patients, graft function, and therapy one month after transplantation and every six months thereafter for each patient 17 years of age or younger. RESULTS. Altogether, 1550 children received 1667 renal allografts during this period; 31 percent of the children were five years of age or younger. Forty-three percent of the transplanted kidneys came from a living related donor, and 57 percent from a cadaver. The two most common causes of renal disease leading to transplantation were congenital malformations of the kidneys and urinary tract (42 percent of the patients) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (12 percent). One year after transplantation, the rate of graft survival in recipients of a kidney from a living related donor was 89 percent; it was 80 percent after three years. For recipients of cadaver kidneys, the comparable rates were 74 percent and 62 percent, respectively (P less than 0.001). The best growth was observed in patients who were no more than five years old at the time of transplantation. During follow-up, 79 patients died, and cancer developed in 12 patients. CONCLUSIONS. The most common causes of end-stage renal disease in children and adolescents are congenital malformations of the kidneys and urinary tract and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The rates of graft survival at one and three years are better in children and adolescents who receive a kidney from a living related donor than in those who receive a kidney from a cadaver.