同期双侧丘脑底核深部电刺激治疗难治性帕金森病

目的:应用同期双侧丘脑底核深部电刺激(deepbrainstimulation,DBS)治疗难治性帕金森病,并对其疗效作出评价。方法:对6例帕金森病患者采用磁共振导向立体定向及术中电生理验证方法,将刺激电极分别植入丘脑底核,并同期植入发生器。术后1周用程控计算机在体外调整刺激参数,以达到最佳疗效。结果:6例患者术后震颤完全消失,肌张力恢复正常,步态、姿势明显改善,未出现任何并发症。帕金森病联合评分标准总分术前比术后:开(44.0±5.3)比(39.7±4.4)分;关:(76.2±5.7)比(40.8±5.2)分。运动评分均有显著好转(P<0.05)。结论:DBS作为目前最理想的手术方法治疗药物难治性帕金森病,具有极少副作用、可逆转的优点,且可根据患者的不同情况调节刺激参数达到最佳控制症状的效果,能完全控制震颤,明显改善肌张力障碍,步态、姿势等运动障碍。     

脑慢性深部电刺激治疗难治性帕金森病及特发性震颤

目的 应用脑慢性深部电刺激（ＤＢＳ）治疗难治性帕金森病（ＰＤ）及特发性震颤（ＥＴ）,并对其疗效作出评价。方法 对６例ＰＤ患及２例ＥＴ患采用磁共振导向立体定向及术中电生理验证方法。将刺激电极分别植入丘脑腹中间核及丘脑底核,并同期植入刺激发生器。结果 ６例患术中获得了显的疗效,震颤完全消失,肌张力恢复正常,步态、姿势明显改善,未出现任何并发症。结论 ＤＢＳ作为目前最理想的手术方法治疗药物难治性ＰＤ、ＥＴ,具有极少副作用、可逆转性的优点,能完全控制震颤,明显改善肌张力障碍、步态、姿势等运动障碍。     

同期双侧丘脑底核深部电刺激治疗难治性帕金森病

目的：应用同期双侧丘脑底核深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation，DBS)治疗难治性帕金森病，并对其疗效作出评价。方法：对6例帕金森病患者采用磁共振导向立体定向及术中电生理验证方法，将刺激电极分别植入丘脑底核，并同期植入发生器。术后1周用程控计算机在体外调整刺激参数，以达到最佳疗效。结果：6例患者术后震颤完全消失，肌张力恢复正常，步态、姿势明显改善，未出现任何并发症。帕金森病联合评分标准总分[术前比术后：开：(44．0&;#177;5．3)比(39．7&;#177;4．4)分；关：(76．2&;#177;5．7)比(40．8&;#177;5．2)分]。运动评分均有显著好转(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：DBS作为目前最理想的手术方法治疗药物难治性帕金森病，具有极少副作用、可逆转的优点，且可根据患者的不同情况调节刺激参数达到最佳控制症状的效果，能完全控制震颤，明显改善肌张力障碍，步态、姿势等运动障碍。     

丘脑底核电刺激治疗帕金森病12例

目的 探讨丘脑底核（STN）的脑深部电极刺激（DBS）治疗帕金森病（PD）的疗效、适应证及术后程控.方法 采用微电极记录STN电刺激术,对5例PD患者行双侧STN的DBS手术;7例PD患者行单侧STN的DBS手术,右侧2例、左侧5例（其中有3例同时给予对侧苍白球毁损术）.结果 12例患者经术中确定靶点定位,DBS后患者震颤停止,肌僵直明显改善,改善率达75％～85％.结论 DBS治疗PD有可逆性、可调节性的优点,效果理想、安全可靠,手术无明显并发症.     

脑深部电刺激术治疗帕金森病患者的围手术期护理

帕金森病(Parkirlsorl's disease,PD)又称震颤麻痹,是一种中枢神经系统退行性疾病.患者年龄均偏大,以50～60岁为发病高峰年龄群[1].PD以静止性震颤、肌强直、运动迟缓、姿势步态异常等运动症状为典型临床特征[2].脑深部电刺激(DBS)是一种能有效抑制PD症状的微创性的、可逆的、可调节的神经外科技术[3].我科2003年12月～2012年1月利用DBS术治疗PD患者12例,获得良好效果,现报告如下.     

丘脑底核深部脑刺激术对帕金森病非运动症状影响效果的研究进展

正脑深部电刺激术(DBS)被广泛应用于帕金森病(PD)等锥体外系疾病的治疗。长期以来,PD的四大核心运动症状-静止性震颤、肌强直、运动迟缓、姿势步态异常已为人们所熟知,且通过丘脑底核(STN)DBS能明显改善以上症状。而PD的非运动症状(NMS)如自主神经功能障碍、神经精神症状、感觉障碍、睡眠障碍等症状未得到足够重视,而且会随着帕金森病晚期运动症状的进展而加重。虽然NMS不能作为STN DBS靶症状,但是许多研究表明,STN DBS能产生对NMS有益的多种效果,还进一步提高了生活质量,使手术达到更满意     

双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激对原发性帕金森病患者震颤、步态及姿势稳定性的改善作用

目的：探讨双侧脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation，DBS)治疗原发性帕金森病的效果，研究DBS丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus，STN)的慢性电刺激对帕金森病患者的震颤、肢体僵硬和运动迟缓的疗效。方法：2001／2003解放军第四军医大学唐都医院神经外科收治12例有双侧肢体症状或有轴性症状的帕金森病患者，应用CT影像学与微电极电生理定位结合的方法进行靶点定位，为12例患者进行24枚电极植入，经过3-41个月(平均为13个月)的随访，在“开”的状态和“关”的状态下，刺激器开启时进行统一帕金森病评定量表(unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale，UPDRS)运动评分和震颤、强直、运动迟缓、步态、姿势稳定性、语言、吞咽及流涎等主要症状评分，计算运动评分和各个症状改善率。结果：除刺激无效者1例外，11例双侧STN电极植入的患者术后的震颤、肢体僵硬、运动迟缓症状有明显改善，刺激器开启时，在“关”的状态下，UPDRS运动评分症状平均改善率61．6％，在“开”的状态下UPDRS运动评分症状改善率23．9％，未发现任何并发症。同时多巴胺类药物用量明显减少。结论：STN目前是电极植入的理想靶点，双侧电极植入在改善肢体症状的同时可以明显控制中轴症状，因DBS所引起的副反应可以逆转。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的护理——附8例报告

目的 了解并探索脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的护理措施。方法 总结了8例患者实施DBS治疗的护理措施。结果 8例患者采用DBS治疗后，震颤、强直、行走不稳等症状有明显改善，大大提高了患者的生存质量。结论 DBS是治疗PD的一种新的、有效的、安全的方法，术前患者的筛选，术后参数的调节和健康教育是DBS治疗PD的关键。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激对原发性帕金森病患者运动功能的改善作用

目的:评价对原发性帕金森病患者实施双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗后运动功能的改善情况,以及对左旋多巴用量的影响。方法:选择2003-09/2004-11在解放军第三军医大学新桥医院神经外科行双侧丘脑底核慢性高频脑深部电刺激的帕金森病患者6例。采用磁共振导向立体定向方法,将刺激电极分别植入双侧丘脑底核,同期植入刺激发生器。术后1个月用程控计算机在体外调整刺激参数,以达到最佳疗效。术后3个月分别在开、关状态进行帕金森病联合评分,日常生活活动评分评估肢体震颤,肌强直,运动减少等症状的改善。并对术前术后左旋多巴制剂用量进行了比较。结果:6例患者全部进入结果分析。①6例患者术后均获得了显著的疗效,震颤完全消失,肌强直、步态、姿势障碍以及药物所致的并发症明显改善。②药物开状态时(指药物开始起作用时,患者活动自如)日常生活活动评分、统一帕金森病评定量表总评分、运动评分:慢性高频脑深部电刺激术后刺激器开状态均明显优于刺激器关状态[(7.9±3.2),(23.5±5.3)分;(37.8±3.4),(45.2±5.4)分;(30.5±3.1),(42.1±5.4)分,(P<0.05～0.01)]。药物关状态时日常生活活动评分、统一帕金森病评定量表总评分、运动评分:慢性高频脑深部电刺激术后刺激器开状态均明显优于刺激器关状态[(8.6±2.8),(35.3±4.8)分;(42.6±4.9),(78.4±7.7)分;(35.2±4.7),(70.7±6.8)分,(P<0.05～0.01)]。③左旋多巴制剂的用量:慢性高频脑深部电刺激后3个月时明显低于刺激前[(346.3±182.8)mg/d,(880.6±254.9)mg/d,(P<0.01)]。结论:慢性高频脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病,可明显控制肢体震颤,肌张力障碍、步态、姿势等运动障碍,减少患者左旋多巴的用量。     

脑深部电刺激术前影像学定位和术后随访的影像学评价

<正>脑深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)因其安全性、有效性、可逆性以及并发症发生率低等特点,已经成为帕金森病(Parkinson′s disease,PD)、肌张力障碍、抑郁症和强迫症等疾病的重要治疗手段~([1-2]),特别对于伴有严重震颤或运动并发症的中晚期PD患者。DBS治疗成败的关键在于脑深部电极定位的精确性,其决定了患者的治疗效果及潜在的     

Deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson's disease

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a new and promising technique for the treatment of movement disorders. Medically intractable Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common indications for DBS. There are three possible subcortical targets for PD, depending on the symptomatology (i.e., the motor subdivision of the thalamus, the globus pallidus internus, the subthalamic nucleus [STN]). Thalamic stimulation has been well established as a safe and effective treatment for essential tremor and the tremor associated with PD. Globus pallidus internus and STN DBS are being investigated for the treatment of all the cardinal signs of PD. This article describes the pathophysiology of PD, the surgical treatment history of PD, surgical techniques used for DBS implants, and the role the perioperative nurse has in the care of the patients undergoing these procedures.     

Severe essential tremor compared with Parkinson's disease in male veterans: diagnostic characteristics, treatment, and psychosocial complications.

Essential tremor (ET), more common than Parkinson's disease (PD), has commonly been considered "benign." This investigation compared diagnostic characteristics, patient satisfaction with treatment, and psychosocial complications between a group of male patients treated for essential tremor and a group of male parkinsonian patients. Those who had ET tended to be more commonly misdiagnosed than those with PD. Fewer ET patients were satisfied with response to treatment than PD patients. Both groups equally expressed embarrassment about their condition, and both perceived similar difficulties with common activities of daily living and social situations. There were no significant differences between ET and PD patients for history of ethanol use or pharmacotherapy for anxiety or depression.     

Free-living energy expenditure reduced after deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease

Background: The clinical picture in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremor and postural instability. In advanced stages of the disease, many patients will experience reduced efficacy of medication with fluctuations in symptoms and dyskinesias. Surgical treatment with deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN‐DBS) is now considered the gold standard in fluctuating PD. Many patients experience a gain of weight following the surgery. The aim of this study was to identify possible mechanisms, which may contribute to body weight gain in patients with PD following bilateral STN‐DBS surgery. Methods: Ten patients with PD were studied before bilateral STN‐DBS surgery, and seven patients were studied again 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Clinical examination and resting metabolic rate with and without medical treatment was measured before and after STN‐DBS. Furthermore, free‐living energy expenditure, body composition, energy intake, peak oxygen consumption, maximal workload and leisure time physical activity were measured before and 3 and 12 months after surgery. Results: The STN‐DBS operated patients had a significant weight gain of 4·7 ± 1·6 kg (mean ± SE) 12 months postoperatively, and the weight gain was in the fat mass. The free‐living energy expenditure decreased postoperatively 13 ± 4% even though the reported dietary intake was reduced. A decreased energy expenditure took place in the non‐resting energy expenditure. The reported daily leisure time activity, peak oxygen consumption and maximal workload were unchanged. Conclusion: The STN‐DBS operated patients have a significant postoperative weight gain, as a result of a decrease in free‐living energy expenditure concomitant with an insufficient decrease in energy intake.     

Indication of surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease

We review the current status of surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The advantages of deep brain stimulation (DBS) over ablative surgery include reversibility and controllability of stimulation. In addition, DBS carries a smaller risk of side effects, especially when employed bilaterally. DBS of the thalamus is useful to control tremor which is unresponsive to medication. DBS of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) or the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is useful to control wearing off of motor symptoms which is difficult to manage with medication alone. DBS of STN and GPi improves motor function mainly during the off-period. DBS of STN attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesia through reduction of dopa requirement, whereas DBS of GPi attenuates dopa-induced dyskinesia directly. DBS of STN is also useful to control symptoms of PD in patients who are intolerant to dopa. However, DBS of either STN or GPi cannot reverse advanced symptoms of PD, which are unresponsive to dopa.     

Surgical considerations for tremor and dystonia

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is among the most effective approaches for the treatment of patients with advanced movement disorders. In patients with essential tremor, stimulation typically targets the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Results of several studies have shown that over a follow-up period of 1 to 5 years, the severity of tremor decreases by an average of approximately 50% from baseline. Ongoing research continues to define the optimal stimulation parameters for patients with tremor, including frequency, voltage, and pulse width. In patients with dystonia, DBS typically targets the globus pallidus internus or the subthalamic nucleus. Long-term prospective clinical trials demonstrated reductions in motor severity rating scale scores of approximately 50% to 80% over follow-up periods of 2 to 3 years. Serious adverse events were uncommon, and included lead failures and infections. Appropriate candidates for DBS treatment of dystonia include patients with an unequivocal diagnosis of dystonia and significant disability. Several issues in the use of DBS for movement disorders remain unresolved, including the intensity of appropriate medical management before undergoing DBS, the importance of intraoperative mapping, optimal stimulator programming, and the time course of the beneficial effects of treatment.     

Thalamic stimulation for parkinsonian tremor: correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and physiological tremor characteristics

We used (15)O-labeled water (H(2)(15)O) positron emission tomography (PET) to study eight Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with unilateral ventral intermediate (Vim) thalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) for severe tremor. Triaxial accelerometry (TRIAX) was used during imaging to obtain on-line measures of tremor characteristics. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) scans together with TRIAX recordings were collected in three stimulation conditions (OFF, MID, and ON, corresponding, respectively, to 0%, 50%, and 100% reductions in mean accelerometry signal). Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM99) revealed significant rCBF reductions during stimulation in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and the contralateral cerebellum, as well as concurrent increases in the ipsilateral ventral thalamus (P < 0.05, corrected). Covariate analysis of rCBF with physiological tremor characteristics revealed that tremor acceleration correlated positively with changes in the SMC and supplementary motor cortex ipsilaterally (P < 0.05, uncorrected), and negatively with changes in the ipsilateral cuneus (P < 0.05, corrected). After removing tremor acceleration effects, changes in tremor frequency correlated negatively with changes in the contralateral dentate nucleus and pons (P < 0.05, uncorrected). Our results suggest that Vim DBS for PD tremor modulates the activity of cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways. Specific tremor characteristics relate to activity in different nodes of this system.     

Differential modulation of subcortical target and cortex during deep brain stimulation

The combination of electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) with functional imaging offers a unique model for tracing brain circuitry and for testing the modulatory potential of electrical stimulation on a neuronal network in vivo. We therefore applied parametric positron emission tomography (PET) analyses that allow characterization of rCBF responses as linear and nonlinear functions of the experimentally modulated stimulus (variable stimulator setting). In patients with electrodes in the thalamic ventrointermediate nucleus (VIM) for the treatment of essential tremor (ET) here we show that variations in voltage and frequency of thalamic stimulation have differential effects in a thalamo-cortical circuitry. Increasing stimulation amplitude was associated with a linear raise in rCBF at the thalamic stimulation site, but with a nonlinear rCBF response in the primary sensorimotor cortex (M1/S1). The reverse pattern in rCBF changes was observed with increasing stimulation frequency. These results indicate close connectivity between the stimulated nucleus (VIM) and primary sensorimotor cortex. Likewise, stimulation parameter-specific modulation occurs at this simple interface between an electrical and a cerebral system and suggests that the scope of DBS extends beyond an ablation-like on-off effect: DBS could rather allow a gradual tuning of activity within a neuronal circuit.     

High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson's disease--a team perspective.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 1.2 million people in the United States. Genetic and environmental toxins are believed to be risk factors in acquiring the disease. PD is characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, poor gait, and postural instability. These cardinal symptoms improve with medication such a levo-dopa (L-dopa). However, over time, as the disease progresses, the patient becomes refractory to medication, or medication produces debilitating side effects. When this occurs or when there are worsening of symptoms, neurosurgical treatment is recommended, particularly deep brain stimulating (DBS) electrodes implanted in the subcortical subthalamic nucleus (STN). Over the last 5 years STN DBS has gained acceptance and become the neurosurgical treatment of choice for PD. To achieve maximum beneficial effects with minimum adverse effects from the surgery, the expertise of an integrated team of physicians and nurses is essential. A clear understanding of the different aspects of the procedure, including the risks and benefits of the treatment, assists neuroscience nurses in communicating with the PD patient, and providing the most appropriate, knowledge-based pre- and postoperative care.     

微电极导向立体定向毁损术改善帕金森病症状的中远期疗效分析

目的评价微电极导向立体定向毁损术治疗帕金森病 ( PD) 的中远期疗效及总结临床治疗经验 . 方法对行微电极导向选择性苍白球腹后部和 /或丘脑损毁术的 102例次 PD患者的临床及随访资料进行分析 . 结果全组随访 3个月～ 2年 . 其中 72例随访 1年以上 , 平均 1.6年 . 6例患者的运动迟缓症状于手术半年后有不同程度的复发 , 震颤、僵直、药物诱发的运动障碍等症状及大部分患者的日常生活活动基本维持稳定的改善 . 无严重、永久的并发症 . 结论微电极导向立体定向毁损术治疗 PD有普遍稳定的疗效 , 其中以震颤、僵直及药物所致的运动障碍的改善稳定性较好、运动迟缓及中轴症状次之 . 除毁损靶点的精确定位外 , 适应证的合理选择以及科学合理的术后用药和康复治疗是全面提高疗效、改善患者中远期生存质量的重要因素 .     

Deep brain stimulation: current and future clinical applications

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has developed during the past 20 years as a remarkable treatment option for several different disorders. Advances in technology and surgical techniques have essentially replaced ablative procedures for most of these conditions. Stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus has clearly been shown to markedly improve tremor control in patients with essential tremor and tremor related to Parkinson disease. Symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, gait disturbance, and rigidity can be significantly improved in patients with Parkinson disease. Because of these improvements, a decrease in medication can be instrumental in reducing the disabling features of dyskinesias in such patients. Primary dystonia has been shown to respond well to DBS of the globus pallidus internus. The success of these procedures has led to application of these techniques to multiple other debilitating conditions such as neuropsychiatric disorders, intractable pain, epilepsy, camptocormia, headache, restless legs syndrome, and Alzheimer disease. The literature analysis was performed using a MEDLINE search from 1980 through 2010 with the term deep brain stimulation, and several double-blind and larger case series were chosen for inclusion in this review. The exact mechanism of DBS is not fully understood. This review summarizes many of the current and potential future clinical applications of this technology.