上海浦东三林镇老年人盲和低视力流行病学调查

目的调查上海市浦东新区三林镇70岁及以上老年人盲和低视力的患病率及致病原因。方法以世界卫生组织制定的分级为标准,使用针孔镜矫正视力,统计其盲与低视力患病率,分析盲及低视力的主要病因。结果盲及低视力患病率分别为2.4%和8.8%,致盲和低视力的眼病均以白内障居首位,其次为老年性黄斑变性、角膜病和青光眼等。结论手术治疗白内障是降低盲与低视力患病率的主要措施,老年性黄斑变性等难治性眼病的防治亦应成为防盲治盲工作的重点。     

沙湾县45岁及以上人群盲与低视力流行病学调查与治疗

目的调查新疆沙湾县≥45岁人群中盲与低视力患病率及致盲原因。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法,抽取8个基本抽样单位内的1322例≥45岁的患者作为调查对象。采用WHO盲与低视力标准由眼科医生作外眼、前房、晶状体、眼底等检查,对所有视力<03的患眼进行主要眼病原因诊断。结果1322列中受检1208例,总受检率9134%,盲目患病率为141%。低视力患病率为339%,致盲的主要眼病依次为白内障(4634%)、角膜病(1707%)、青光眼(976%)、玻璃体视网膜病(1463%)等。结论白内障仍占致盲和低视力病因的首位,今后防盲治盲的重点应是白内障的手术复明。     

山东枣庄地区低视力人群眼病筛查的调查研究

目的：通过对山东枣庄地区人群低视力筛查,明确低视力人群眼病的发病率和疾病的构成,明确可治眼病导致的低视力情况,制定有针对性的眼病健康教育和适合本地区眼病防治的重点对象。

方法：通过对近年在山东枣庄地区开展学龄儿童入学筛查、白内障复明工程和下乡义诊筛查资料汇总进行回顾性分析研究。筛查人数12 685人,男性7 962人,女性4 723人。按照年龄分组：低年龄组2.5～15岁(含15岁)2 262人; 青中年龄组15～50岁(含50岁)4 684人; 高年龄组50岁以上5 739人。主要进行的眼部检查包括视力、电脑验光、前节裂隙灯、眼压、眼底检查(一般为小瞳,必要时散瞳),同时记录的治疗包括有无家族史、眼部外伤史、眼部手术史、眼部疾病治疗的情况。

结果：低年龄组盲和低视力人数423人,患病率为3.33%,导致低视力的主要原因为弱视、屈光不正、眼外伤、早产儿视网膜病变等。青中年龄组盲和低视力人数239人,患病率为1.88%,主要原因为眼外伤、高度近视、视网膜脱离等。高年龄组盲和低视力人数为597人,患病率为4.71%,主要原因为白内障、糖尿病视网膜病变、老年性黄斑变性等。盲和低视力随着年龄的增加患病率也升高,在性别上女性患病率稍高于男性。

结论：山东枣庄地区不同年龄组盲和低视力大患病率高于全国平均患病率0.5%,且不同年龄组致盲和低视力的眼病表现出显著地差异。针对低年龄组要做到及早进行视力筛查,做到早发现早治疗,尽可能提高视力; 青中年龄组要做好眼部防护以及眼病的早期健康教育; 高年龄组要做好早期眼病宣教,及早行白内障手术和眼底疾病的干预。     

天津郊县盲及低视力眼病调查分析

目的:调查低视力门诊盲及低视力眼病患病情况,获得流行病学资料。方法:2006-08/2007-07对来我院低视力门诊普查的天津郊县6209例行眼科检查并进行检查结果统计分析。结果:全部对象中盲及低视力患者326例(5.25%),其中白内障98例(1.58%),青光眼82例(1.32%),角膜病42例(0.68%),视神经萎缩31例(0.50%),糖尿病视网膜病变14例(0.23%),弱视10例(0.16%),原发性视网膜脱离8例(0.13%),老年性黄斑变性6例(0.10%),其它(包括:眼部炎症、外伤、视网膜中央静脉阻塞、视网膜色素变性)35例(0.56%)。结论:低视力和盲的门诊患病率随年龄增长而增高,白内障和青光眼是致盲的主要原因。现阶段白内障手术仍为防盲治盲工作重点,同时应加强卫生宣传及基层眼病普查制度。     

安阳县40岁以上农民白内障筛查及治疗

目的了解安阳县≥40岁自觉视力障碍的农民盲与低视力的患病率及致盲原因。方法安阳县各行政村中,≥40岁自觉视力障碍的农民为筛查对象。采用WHO盲与低视力标准和白内障诊断标准。由眼科医生作眼部检查。对所有视力<0.3的患眼进行主要病因诊断,确诊所有白内障患者,并筛选出需手术治疗者。结果共检查853例,盲目患者23例,患病率2.70%,低视力患者99例,患病率4.27%,致盲的主要眼病依次为白内障、角膜病、青光眼、视网膜病等。共筛查出533例白内障,行白内障手术治疗301人次,脱残率98%,脱盲率99.34%。结论白内障仍是盲和低视力的首要病因,防盲治盲的重点仍是白内障复明手术。     

河南省信阳市创建"白内障无障碍市"活动中白内障患病率调查——开展以白内障手术治疗为主的防盲治盲工作

目的 调查信阳市(含八县两区)白内障患病率,白内障致盲率,白内障手术负荷量;评价我市创建"白内障无障碍市",实施以白内障手术治疗为主的防盲治盲工作效果.方法 2006年12月～2007年7月,对全市眼病人群进行白内障的筛查.白内障定义为:至少1眼晶状体浑浊矫正视力＜0.6者,其中最好眼矫正视力＜0.05者为白内障盲人,矫正视力＜0.1眼为白内障手术对象.结果 眼病人群共3472例,接受检查3469例,总受检率99.91%,白内障患病率为65.84%,白内障致盲率为3.06%,白内障手术负荷量为30.18%.结论 白内障盲人所造成的社会负担较重,目前农村白内障致盲率较高,高质量增加白内障复明手术是防盲治盲的首要任务.     

陕西省农村50岁及以上人群白内障流行病学调查

目的：调查陕西省农村50岁及以上人群白内障患病率及手术情况,并评价由白内障造成的致盲率及术后效果。

方法：于2011-01/12采用整体随机分层抽样方法,在陕西省留坝县、黄陵县、蓝田县调查3 494人,其中≥50岁人群2 124人。所有调查对象均进行标准问卷调查及详细的眼科检查。采用WHO视力诊断标准和我国白内障诊断标准进行评价。

结果：实际受检者1 912人,应答率为90.0%。调查人群的白内障患病率为36.66%,其中50岁人群白内障患病率为15.80%,70岁以上人群则上升到68.71%,白内障的患病率随着年龄增长而明显上升(P<0.01)。此人群白内障致双眼盲和双眼低视力患病率分别为1.99%和7.17%,其中50岁人群双眼盲、单眼盲、双眼低视力、单眼低视力患病率分别为0.51%,0.63%,1.90%,2.53%,70岁以上人群患病率分别上升到4.55%,5.35%,16.44%,18.81%。不同年龄组白内障致盲与低视力患病率均有显著差异,且随着年龄增长而明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在86只白内障手术眼中,实施ECCE手术眼58只,实施PHACO手术眼23只,实施ICCE手术眼5只。其中术后矫正视力≥0.3术眼中ECCE占69.09%,PHACO占23.64%,ICCE占7.27%,脱残率为63.95%,脱盲率为91.86%。

结论：目前白内障在陕西省农村仍然是一个比较严重的公共卫生问题。陕西省防盲工作取得了一定的成绩,白内障的患病率、致盲率均有一定程度的降低。PHACO手术已在农村开展,但PHACO的普及率和手术技术需进一步提高。     

西藏朗县(无眼科县)眼病初步调查和白内障手术报告

目的:探讨西藏无眼科医疗服务县朗县眼病患病情况和初次开展白内障手术情况。方法:在包括眼科医生在内的援藏医疗队工作中,记录统计就诊眼病情况和盲与低视力原因,开展白内障等眼科手术。结果:22个工作日内共有首诊患者300余例,依次为白内障、眼睑及结、角膜疾病、屈光不正、鼻泪管阻塞(慢性泪囊炎)和视网膜变性等。盲或低视力的原因依次为白内障、角膜混浊、眼球萎缩、视网膜变性、视神经萎缩和屈光不正等。62眼盲眼中,26眼(41.9%)为白内障所致。完成手术42台,白内障囊外摘除术或加人工晶状体植入27例(29眼),脱盲率93.1%,脱残率69.0%,白内障手术率2000。结论:西藏无眼科和眼科医生县眼病患病情况严重,白内障是致盲的主要原因。派遣医疗队进行1～2mo的眼科医疗工作,开展白内障手术,可在一定程度上减少盲和低视力患者,缓解无眼科县缺医少药的紧张情况。     

新疆限定城乡40岁及以上人群低视力与盲的患病率及病因调查

目的 了解新疆维吾尔自治区城乡居民低视力与盲的患病率及病因构成,为地区性防盲、治盲提供资料和依据.方法 采用整群随机抽祥原则,以世界卫生组织盲目分级为标准,对新疆乌鲁木齐市及库车县农村抽取8295例进行低视力和盲的流行病学调查.结果 双眼低视力与盲的患病率分别为5.26％(城市3.65％,农村6.82％)和2.51％(城市1.56％,农村3.44％);男性双眼低视力与盲的患病率分别为5.47％和2.75％;女性双眼低视力与盲的患病率分别为5.10％和2.33％; 60岁～组及70岁～组低视力和盲的患病率增高明显.结论 城乡低视力与盲的患病率差异较大,致低视力和致肓眼病均以白内障为首位,其他致盲眼病依次为青光眼、眼底病、眼表疾病等.     

白内障超声乳化术后低视力原因分析

目的探讨白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术后低视力发生的原因。方法采用我国低视力诊断标准，用国际标准视力表及小数记录法，统计术后3月的视力检测结果，分析研究49眼白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术后低视力有关资料。结果一级低视力22眼，占44．90％；二级低视力27眼，占55．10％。由手术本身及其并发症引起者5眼，占10．20％；由术前已存在的眼病或全身病所致者44眼，占89．80％。结论临床上不可满足于单一的白内障诊断。采取手术费包干，疏于术前检查的做法值得商榷。白内障超声乳化人工晶状体植入术在低视力高危人群的防盲治盲复明增视方面仍具有重要意义。     

视网膜母细胞瘤治疗及研究进展

随着基础研究和临床实践的逐步深入,视网膜母细胞瘤（ RB）的治疗模式已发生改变。目前,RB的治疗方法包括局部治疗、化学治疗、放射治疗、手术治疗、基因治疗等,本文将就RB的治疗及研究进展进行综述。     

角膜和全眼高阶波前像差的特点及年龄相关性变化的研究

目的 研究人眼角膜和全眼单色高阶波前像差特点及年龄相关性变化.方法 使用Tracey-iTrace视觉功能分析仪测量113只正常国人眼计59人,年龄5～73岁,平均(33.81±20.50)岁,角膜和全眼的球差(Z40)、总高阶像差(HOAs)、总彗差(TC)、总球差(TS)、总三叶草像差(TT).并对角膜和全眼高阶波前像差进行年龄相关性分析.结果 角膜Z40的均方根系数值平均为(0.27±0.07)μm(0.130～0.451)μm,虽然角膜Z40随年龄略呈增加趋势,但无统计学意义(r=0.172,p=0.069).全眼的Z40随年龄增加而增加(r=0.545,p=0.000).角膜的HOAs(r=0.499,p=0.000)、TC(r=0.149,p=0.021)、TT(J=0.344,p=0.000)和全眼的HOAs(r=0.427,p=0.000)、TC(r=0.253,p=0.007)、TT(r=0.185,p=0.050)均随年龄的增加而增加.角膜HOAs、TC、,TT.与全眼相对应像差呈正相关(r=0.327,p=0.000;r=0.233,p=0.013;r=0.481,p=0.000).角膜TS不随年龄而变化(r=0.180,p=0.057),但全眼的TS随年龄的增加而增加(r=0.560,p=0.000).结论 国人角膜的HOAs、Tc、1Tr随年龄的增加而增加,并导致了全眼的上述波前像差随年龄的增加而增高.角膜的TS和Z40不随年龄发生明显变化,全眼的TS和Z40随年龄增加是由于晶状体总球差和球差随年龄增加的结果.国人角膜球差具有较大个体差异性,手术前角膜球差的测量是非球面IOL选择的必要步骤.     

Disruption and reacquisition of binocular vision in childhood and in adulthood

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews the most recent studies that address the loss of and restoration of binocular vision in childhood and adulthood and summarizes recent changes in treatment approaches. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies during the last two years support the idea of continued plasticity of the binocular visual system throughout life. Children and adults with strabismus onset following binocular vision maturation are susceptibility to a permanent disruption of stereopsis and sensory fusion. Plasticity of the binocular visual system, however, also means continued restorability of function. Despite a rather short critical time interval for restoration of normal function (three months in children and 12 months in adults), peripheral or extramacular binocular visual function can be restored in most patients whose onset of disruption follows binocular maturation. SUMMARY: Stereoacuity loss can occur in the visually mature patient who develops strabismus later in life and delay of treatment can be deleterious to the restoration of normal macular binocular vision. However, despite any delay of treatment, most patients with strabismus acquired following binocular vision maturation will manifest some stereoacuity or sensory fusion following eye realignment. These findings suggest all patients with strabismus need to have their eyes aligned, either surgically or optically, to maximize their binocular vision outcome.     

Changes in visual function and optical and tear film quality in computer users

Purpose

To assess changes in visual function and optical and tear film quality in computer users.

Methods

Forty computer workers and 40 controls were evaluated at the beginning and end of a working day. Symptoms were assessed using the Quality of Vision questionnaire (QoV), 5-item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye version II (SANDE II). Tear film quality was evaluated using the Medmont E300 dynamic corneal topography tool to measure the tear film surface quality (TFSQ), TFSQ area and auto tear break-up time (TBUT). Optical quality was assessed by measuring high, low and total ocular aberrations with a Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor. Visual performance was assessed by measuring photopic and mesopic visual acuity, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity and light disturbance.

Results

Poorer DEQ-5, QoV and SANDE II scores were obtained in computer workers at the end of the working day compared with controls (p ≤ 0.02). Computer workers exhibited a higher (worse) TFSQ and TFSQ area at visit 2 compared with visit 1 (p ≤ 0.04), while no significant differences in TBUT (p = 0.19) or ocular aberrations were observed (p ≥ 0.09). Additionally, both light disturbance (p ≤ 0.04) and mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity worsened at several spatial frequencies (p ≤ 0.04) throughout the working day in computer workers, while visual acuity remained unchanged (p ≥ 0.07). In contrast, control subjects exhibited no decrease in any variable during the day.

Conclusions

While visual acuity remained unchanged, several aspects of visual function and quality of vision decreased over a day of computer use. These changes were accompanied by greater dry eye symptoms and tear film changes, which are likely to have played a fundamental role. The present study provides insight into new metrics to assess digital eye strain.     

Active and passive rubidium influx in normal human lenses and in senile cataracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the osmotic imbalance which occurs in a majority of human senile cataracts. Active and passive influx of rubidium has been determined in vitro in human lenses both normal and cataractous. It is concluded that the active transport of cations is on the average normal in senile cataractous lenses. It is possible that the activity of the cation pump is defective in a few cataractous lenses but no direct direct evidence of this can be given. The results indicate that cryo-extracted lenses may be utilized in this type of study provided that cryo-treatment during surgery is kept at the lowest possible level.     

Clathrin and adaptin accumulation in drusen, Bruch's membrane and choroid in AMD and non-AMD donor eyes

Clathrin was identified in a recent proteomic analysis of Bruch's membrane from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) donor eyes. The present study was conducted to determine the localization of clathrin in AMD tissues and to compare this distribution and relative content with that in non-AMD control tissues. The distribution of adaptin, which is functionally linked to clathrin, was also evaluated. Human eyes were from donors between 66 and 94 years of age; 13 eyes were from donors with AMD and 13 from non-AMD donors. Bruch's membrane and choroid from the macula of each donor eye were prepared for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Differences in immunoreactivity were quantitated. Drusen, Bruch's membrane and choroid from AMD tissues showed greater immunoreactivity for clathrin and adaptin than did non-AMD tissues. Western blots also showed more intense clathrin and adaptin immunoreactivity in AMD tissues than were present in non-AMD samples. This study suggests that accumulation of clathrin and adaptin in drusen, Bruch's membrane and choroid may reflect a higher rate of clathrin mediated endocytosis in AMD tissues. Alternatively, the accumulation of these proteins in these extracellular compartments may reflect a higher susceptibility to oxidative damage.     

Efficacy and safety of bimatoprost in glaucoma and ocular hypertension in non-responder patients

AIM: To establish the efficacy and safety of bimatoprost 0.03% monotherapy in glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT) patients with inadequate intraocular pressure (IOP)on current therapy. METHODS: Pre- and post-switch IOPs were analyzed for 59 consecutive patients who were switched from current therapy to bimatoprost monotherapy between 2011-2015. Demographic information, diagnosis, and any adverse events were recorded. Change in IOP post-pre switch was analyzed using a 2-sided Student''s paired t-test at the 5% significance level. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant mean reduction in IOP at the first follow up visit, which was maintained at subsequent follow up visits for patients regardless of diagnosis, or pre-switch treatment (P<0.001). Subgroup analysis also demonstrated a statistically significant mean reduction in IOP when looking at OHT patients only, as well as patients with any diagnosis switched from latanoprost monotherapy to bimatoprost monotherapy (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This is the largest independent data set which supports switching glaucoma patients with poor response to current treatment onto bimatoprost monotherapy before considering other adjuvant medical or more invasive therapy.     

角膜和全眼高阶波前像差的特点及年龄相关性变化的研究

Objective To investigate age-related changes in corneal and ocular monochromatic high-er-order aberrations and elucidate the distribution of corneal primary spherical in Chinese. Methods Using Traeey-iTrace visual function analyzer (EyeSys corneal topography combined with a ray-tracing aberrometer),113 normal eyes of 59 Chinese,mean age of 33.81+20.50 years (range,5-73 years),were evaluated for corneal and ocular monochromatic total higher-order aberrations (HOAs), primary spherical aberration (Z40),total spherical (TS),total coma (TC),and total trefoil aberration (TT) in the central 6mm diameter. Correla-tion analysis was also performed to assess the association between age and both corneal and oeular higher-order aberrations. Results The mean Zemike coefficient of Z40 was (0.27±0.07) ?m (range,0.130～0.451). Al-though corneal Z40 increased slightly with age,the correlation was small and insignificant (r =0.172,p =0.069 ). However, ocular Z40 had a positive correlation with age (r =0.545,p =0.000 ). Analyzer showed positive correlations with age for both corneal (r=0.499,p =0.000) and ocular (r=0.427,p =0.000) HOAs. Positive correlations were also observed between age and both corneal (r=0.149,p =0.021 ) and ocular (r=0.253,p =0.007) TC. Corneal and ocular TT (r =0.344,p =0.000; r=0.185,p =0.050,respectively) were increased with age. No significant correlation was found between corneal TS and age (r =0.180,p =0.057 ), but TS of the whole eye in-creased with age (r =0.560,p =0.000). There was a positive correlation between corneal and ocular HOAs (r =0.327,p=0.000),TC (r=0.233 ,p=0.013),and TT (r=0.481 ,p=0.000) aberration. Conclusions These re-suits also suggest that the ocular HOAs,TC,and TT increase with age,mainly because of the increase in corneal HOAs,TC,and TT; and the ZAO aberration increases with age,mainly because of the increase in Z40 in the internal optics. Individual variability in corneal primary spherical aberration was observed in Chinese.Therefore, preoperative measurement of corneal Z40 is crucial to the selection of aspheric IOL.