零膨胀Poisson分布模型回归分析

本文目的是介绍零膨胀Poisson分布模型回归分析。首先,介绍零膨胀计数资料及其零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型构建原理,包括"零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型的形式"和"零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型的求解";其次,介绍"零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型的SAS实现",包括"创建SAS数据集""呈现因变量Y的频数分布""求出因变量Y的均值和方差"和"基于全部自变量对因变量Y构建多重零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型"。本文结果提示,当计数资料为非严重过离散的零膨胀计数资料时,拟合"多重零膨胀Poisson分布回归模型",可获得满意的拟合效果。     

过离散计数资料负二项分布模型回归分析

本文目的是介绍过离散(即方差明显大于均值)计数资料负二项分布模型回归分析。首先,介绍了过离散计数资料及其负二项分布回归模型构建原理,包括"过离散计数资料负二项分布回归模型的形式"和"过离散计数资料负二项分布回归模型的求解";第二,介绍了"过离散计数资料负二项分布回归模型的SAS实现",包括:(1)"创建SAS数据集";(2)"求出因变量Y的均值和方差""检验因变量是否存在过离散现象"和"基于全部自变量对因变量Y构建多重负二项分布回归模型"。本文结果提示,在"过离散"非常严重的情况下,应使用"负二项分布回归模型"取代"Poisson分布回归模型"。否则,易得出不正确的结果和结论。     

生存资料回归模型分析——生存资料Cox比例风险回归模型分析

本文目的是介绍生存资料Cox比例风险回归模型分析的概念、作用及使用SAS软件实现计算的方法。首先介绍相关基本概念,包括"Cox比例风险回归模型简介""模型假定及其检验""参数解释"和"参数估计与假设检验";然后通过一个实例并基于SAS软件演示如何实施生存资料Cox比例风险回归模型分析,内容包括"产生SAS数据集""绘制生存曲线图""判断PH假定是否成立"和"算出参数估计值与假设检验结果"。结果表明:当生存资料满足PH假定时,Cox比例风险回归模型可用于生存资料影响因素分析、校正混杂因素后的组间比较以及对每个个体进行预后指数和生存率的预测。     

提高回归模型拟合优度的策略(Ⅲ)——校正均值变换与其他变量变换

本文目的是介绍第三种提高回归模型拟合优度的策略,即校正均值变换与其他变量变换。具体方法包括以下几个方面:①对多值名义自变量采取"校正均值变换";②对定量自变量引入派生变量,包括"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""平方变换""立方变换"和"交叉乘积变换"的结果;③对定量因变量分别采取"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""倒数变换"和"Logistic变换";④构建回归模型时,在假定"包含截距项"与"不含截距项"的条件下,分别采取"前进法""后退法"和"逐步法"筛选自变量。得到了如下结论:①对定量因变量和自变量不做变量变换时,回归模型的拟合优度非常低;②根据资料所具备的条件,对定量因变量采取不同的变量变换方法,其回归模型的拟合优度是不同的;③对多值名义自变量进行"校正均值变换"是合理的,且有助于提高回归模型拟合优度;④对定量自变量引入派生变量是非常有价值的;⑤假定回归模型中不含截距项有助于提高回归模型的拟合优度。     

计数资料回归分析基础知识

本文目的是介绍与"计数资料回归分析"有关的基础知识。首先,介绍资料类型,因为它是合理选择统计分析方法的重要基础;第二,介绍二项分布、泊松分布和负二项分布,因为这三个离散型随机变量概率分布是对计数资料建立回归模型的重要依据;第三,介绍计数资料五个明显的分布特点:(1)方差小于均值的低离散型计数资料;(2)方差近似等于均值的一般计数资料;(3)方差明显大于均值的过离散型计数资料;(4)离散型随机变量在"0"处取值的概率非常大(简称为零膨胀)且取"非0正整数"时服从泊松分布的计数资料;(5)离散型随机变量在"0"处取值的概率非常大(简称为零膨胀)且取"非0正整数"时服从负二项分布的计数资料。前述的基础知识,是下一步建立合适的计数资料回归模型的必要基础。     

回归建模的基础与要领(Ⅲ)——变量状态与相互间关系

本文目的是介绍回归建模的基础与要领之三,即"变量状态与相互间关系"。首先,介绍"因变量状态"与"自变量状态";其次,介绍"自变量间相互关系",即"自变量间相互独立""自变量间有线性关系"和"自变量间有非线性关系";最后,介绍"自变量与因变量间关系",包括"自变量与因变量间无任何数量关系""自变量与因变量间有间接数量关系"和"自变量与因变量间有直接数量关系"。很明显,清楚"变量状态和变量间关系"是构建合理回归模型的重要基础与要领之一。     

合理进行均值比较——泊松分布回归模型

本文目的是介绍与泊松分布回归模型有关的6个基本概念、计算方法、一个临床调查实例及其SAS实现。基本概念包括泊松分布、泊松分布回归模型、偏移量、标准化死亡比（SMR）、偏差信息准则和最高后验密度区间。计算方法涉及泊松分布回归参数的经典估算方法和贝叶斯估算方法。临床调查实例涉及1975年-1980年苏格兰56个县的唇癌观察和预期病例的数据。本文给出了采用SAS处理实例中计数资料的全过程,包括基于bglimm过程构建5个泊松分布回归模型和展示预测的SMR与观测的SMR之间的吻合程度。对输出结果作出了解释,并基于模型拟合效果评价统计量,对所构建的多个泊松分布回归模型进行比较,得出了适合本文资料的最优泊松分布回归模型。     

如何正确运用Z检验——两Poisson均值比较一般差异性Z检验及SAS实现

本文的目的是介绍两Poisson均值比较一般差异性Z检验及SAS实现。围绕以下两个内容进行介绍，即“Poisson分布简介”和“两Poisson均值比较的要领及SAS实现”。“Poisson分布简介”包括：①Poisson 分布的简史；②Poisson分布的适用场合；③Poisson分布的定义；④Poisson分布的性质。“两Poisson均值比较的要领及SAS实现”包括：①问题与数据结构；②两Poisson均值比较的四要素；③两Poisson均值比较的SAS实现。     

提高回归模型拟合优度的策略(Ⅱ)——算术均值变换与其他变量变换

本文目的是介绍第二种提高回归模型拟合优度的策略,即算术均值变换与其他变量变换。具体方法包括以下几个方面:①对多值名义自变量采取"算术均值变换";②对定量自变量引入派生变量,包括"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""平方变换""立方变换"和"交叉乘积变换"的结果;③对定量因变量分别采取"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""倒数变换"和"Logistic变换";④构建回归模型时,在假定"包含截距项"与"不含截距项"的条件下,分别采取"前进法""后退法"和"逐步法"筛选自变量。得到了如下结论:①对定量因变量和自变量不做变量变换时,回归模型的拟合优度非常差;②根据资料所具备的条件,对定量因变量采取不同的变量变换方法,其回归模型的拟合优度是不同的;③对多值名义自变量进行"算术均值变换"是合理的,且有助于提高回归模型拟合优度;④对定量自变量引入派生变量是非常有价值的;⑤假定回归模型中不含截距项有助于提高回归模型的拟合优度。     

提高回归模型拟合优度的策略(Ⅰ)——哑变量变换与其他变量变换

本文目的是介绍第一种提高回归模型拟合优度的策略,即哑变量变换与其他变量变换。具体方法包括以下几个方面:①对多值名义自变量采取"哑变量变换";②对定量和有序自变量引入派生变量,包括"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""平方变换""立方变换"和"交叉乘积变换"的结果;③对定量因变量分别采取"对数变换""平方根变换""指数变换""倒数变换"和"Logistic变换";④构建回归模型时,在假定"包含截距项"与"不含截距项"的条件下,分别采取"前进法""后退法"和"逐步法"筛选自变量。得到了如下几个结论:①对定量因变量和自变量不做变量变换时,回归模型的拟合优度非常差;②根据资料所具备的条件,对定量因变量采取不同的变量变换方法,其回归模型的拟合优度是不尽相同的;③对多值名义自变量进行"哑变量变换"是常规的做法,但存在不足之处;④对定量自变量引入派生变量是非常有价值的;⑤假定回归模型中不含截距项有助于提高回归模型的拟合优度。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Investigating the construct validity of the SPAI-C: comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the SPAI-C and the SAS-A

Investigates the construct validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) by comparing its sensitivity and specificity with another self-report measure of social anxiety, the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Participants were 252 adolescents (124 males and 128 females) 13-17 years old. Adolescents completed the SPAI-C and the SAS-A and were interviewed using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Child Version (ADIS-IV:C). Parents were also interviewed and composite diagnoses were formed. Youth were classified as socially phobic or non-anxious based on these composite diagnoses. By comparing clinical cutoff scores with diagnostic group classification, the sensitivity and the specificity of the SPAI-C and SAS-A were compared. Results indicated that the SPAI-C was a more sensitive measure than the SAS-A (61.5% vs. 43.6%) providing evidence of the scale's construct validity. The two measures were similar with regard to specificity (82.7% for both). Implications of these results for assessment and research are discussed.