稳定型冠心病患者未干预血脂谱的横断面研究

目的评价冠心病患者未干预情况下的血脂谱,探讨冠心病的预测因素。方法入选1772例临床怀疑冠心病并且未服用调脂药的患者进行冠状动脉造影检查,其中1057例被诊断为冠心病,715例无冠心病。分析并比较两组患者的血脂谱。分析血脂水平和冠心病的相关性。结果冠心病患者的血脂谱如下:甘油三酯1.78mmol/L(1.29~2.43 mmol/L)、总胆固醇(TC)4.92±0.99 mmol/L、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)1.09±0.29 mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)3.22±0.91 mmol/L。冠心病患者中LDLC和非HDLC都能达标者(LDLC1.81 mmol/L+非HDLC2.59 mmol/L)仅占2.46%。在50~59岁、60~69岁、≥70岁亚组中,男性患者TC、HDLC、载脂蛋白A1(Apo A1)和Apo B水平显著低于女性(均P0.05)。Apo B/Apo A1是冠心病的最强预测因子。结论未服用调脂药的冠心病患者中血脂水平升高,其中大部分都存在轻度或中度血脂异常,血脂达标率很低,而且女性血脂异常程度更严重。非HDLC、Apo B、LDLC/HDLC和Apo B/Apo A1与冠心病相关性好,可以预测冠心病风险。     

载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白A1比值与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关性分析

目的探讨载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白A1与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的相关分析。方法选取2型糖尿病住院患者178例,其中T2DM未合并糖尿病视网膜病变者(T2DM组)86例,T2DM合并糖尿病视网膜病变者(DR组)92例。所有研究对象检测Hb A1c、FBG、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apo A1、Apo B、Apo B/Apo A1,比较2组间差异,Logistic逐步回归分析DR相关危险因素。结果 DR组TG、Apo B及Apo B/Apo A1高于T2DM组(PO.05)。DR亚组间分析女性较男性Apo A1水平低(P0.05);高血压组和非高血压组相比各项指标无统计学差异(PO.05);肥胖组较非肥胖组TG增高(P0.05);增殖性组较非增殖性组TG、Apo B增高,Apo A1、Apo B/Apo A1降低(P0.05)。Logistic逐步回归分析显示,病程是T2DM患者发生DR的独立危险因素。结论血清TG、Apo B及Apo B/Apo A1变化与DR发生和发展密切相关。     

国家胆固醇教育计划指南进展

1998年,国家胆固醇教育计划(NCEP)确认并强调了冠心病一级预防,主要针对低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC),要求治疗目标值<130mg/dl(3.4mmol/L,1mg/dl=0.0259mmol/L)。1993年,在此基础上提出新的治疗目标值,即LDLC<100mg/dl。2001年,依然强调LDLC是治疗的主要目标,然而该指南注入新的特征:注重多种危险因素,将糖尿病危险水平提高到与冠心病等同;确定LDLC<100mg/dl为理想水平,将低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)定义改为<40mg/dl;用Framingham评估10年冠     

非HDLC/HDLC与2型糖尿病患者早期颈动脉斑块的相关性

目的评价非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(非HDLC/HDLC)等血脂指标与2型糖尿病患者早期颈动脉斑块发生的相关性。方法回顾性分析1021例无心脑血管疾病病史的2型糖尿病患者。B超判断颈动脉斑块及测量斑块面积。比较颈动脉斑块组与无斑块组的基本资料、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、非HDLC/HDLC等血脂比值指标。分析不同血脂指标与颈动脉斑块的相关性。受试者作业特征曲线(ROC)分析非HDLC/HDLC等血脂指标对颈动脉斑块的预测价值。在斑块组,评价非HDLC/HDLC等血脂指标与斑块面积的相关性。结果斑块组男性比率、年龄、糖尿病病程、收缩压、非HDLC、非HDL/HDLC、总胆固醇(TC)/HDLC和LDLC/HDLC显著高于无斑块组,但斑块组的HDLC水平显著低于无斑块组,上述差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistc回归分析示调整混杂因素后非HDLC水平、非HDLC/HDLC、TC/HDLC和LDLC/HDLC分别是颈动脉斑块的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。LDLC水平在调整混杂因素后与颈动脉斑块无相关性。将非HDLC/HDLC与其他血脂指标的ROC曲线下面积进行比较:非HDLC/HDLC高于LDLC/HDLC、TC/HDLC,但差异接近有统计学意义(P值分别为0.052和0.058)。非HDLC/HDLC显著高于非HDLC和LDLC(P均<0.001)。在斑块组,多元回归分析显示非HDLC/HDLC和LDLC/HDLC是斑块面积的独立影响因子(P<0.05),而非HDLC和TC/HDLC在调整混杂因素后与斑块面积无相关性。结论非HDLC/HDLC是评估2型糖尿病患者早期颈动脉斑块的良好血脂指标。     

南京市社区2型糖尿病患者代谢指标达标和微血管并发症患病现况及影响因素分析

目的调查南京市社区T2DM患者血糖、血压、血脂达标及微血管并发症患病现况并分析其影响因素。方法选取2016年11月至2017年6月南京市10家社区卫生服务中心1956例T2DM患者,评估血糖、血压、血脂达标及DKD、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)现况。结果纳入患者的血糖、血压、血脂达标率分别为42.2%、31.4%、39.4%,三者均达标的为5.7%,合并DKD、DPN的为44.1%、50.4%。糖尿病病程≥5年、BMI≥24 kg/m^2和腹型肥胖患者血糖达标率低。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,腹型肥胖(OR 1.340,95%CI 1.050~1.710,P=0.018)、糖尿病病程5~10年(OR1.970,95%CI 1.540~2.510,P<0.01)、糖尿病病程≥10年(OR 3.110,95%CI 2.430~3.990,P<0.01)是血糖不达标的危险因素;女性、年龄≥65岁、BMI≥28 kg/m^2、糖尿病病程≥10年、血压、血糖不达标是DKD的危险因素;年龄≥65岁是DPN的危险因素。结论南京市社区T2DM患者血糖、血压、血脂综合控制达标率有待提高,糖尿病微血管并发症需加强管理。     

老年T2DM患者颈动脉病变与血脂的关系

目的研究老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血脂水平的关系。方法 180例老年T2DM患者根据颈动脉超声多普勒超声检查分为有颈动脉斑块患者(斑块组)104例、无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者(无斑块组)76例,检测两组血脂指标、颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)等指标,并分析颈动脉不同斑块性质、狭窄程度与血脂等指标的关系。结果斑块组甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白(Apo)B测定值均显著高于无斑块组(P<0.05);斑块组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)-C、Apo A-I水平均显著低于无斑块组(P<0.05)。钙化斑块组TG、TC、LDL-C、Apo B测定值均显著高于软斑块组和中间斑块组(P<0.05),钙化斑块组HDL-C、Apo A-I显著低于软斑块组和中间斑块组(P<0.05)。重度狭窄组TG、TC、LDL-C、Apo B测定值均显著低于中度狭窄组和轻度狭窄组(P<0.05),重度狭窄组HDL-C、Apo A-I显著高于中度狭窄组和轻度狭窄组(P<0.05)。结论老年T2DM伴有颈动脉粥样硬化患者的血脂水平发生显著的改变,同时血脂水平与斑块的性质、狭窄程度具有一定的关系。     

老年2型糖尿病患者罹患阿司匹林抵抗的临床特征

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者罹患阿司匹林抵抗(AR)的临床特征。方法选取服用拜阿司匹林100 mg/d持续7 d以上的老年T2DM患者100例,依据血小板聚集率分为AR组和阿司匹林敏感(AS)组,分析两组的临床特征。结果两组总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白(Apo)B、脂蛋白(LP)(a)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)水平较高,其中两组Fib和Hb A1c差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、Apo A1、Apo E、凝血酶原时间(PT)、D二聚体水平较低,其中两组Apo A1差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其他指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Apo A1每增加1%,AR的发生率就减少0.9%;而Fib和Hb A1c为危险因素,Fib每增加1%,AR的发生率就增加1.944倍;Hb A1c每增加1%,AR的发生率就增加1.239倍。结论在老年T2DM患者中,Apo A1水平降低、Fib和Hb A1c水平升高,合并冠心病和(或)下肢动脉粥样性闭塞症的患者易发生AR。     

2型糖尿病合并高尿酸血症与胰岛素抵抗、血脂及血压相关性的研究

目的探讨T2DM合并高尿酸血症者与IR、脂代谢紊乱、高血压的相关性。方法纳入866例T2DM患者,按照SUA水平分为高尿酸血症(A)组和SUA正常(B)组,比较两组肾功能、血脂和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果 T2DM患者中合并高尿酸血症的患病率为15.5%,A组BMI、DBP、TG、TC、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、Scr、HOMA-IR、尿微量白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)、动脉硬化指数(ASI)均高于B组,eGFR、ISI低于B组(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示,肾功能正常者中SUA与血脂、HOMA-IR和肾功能存在相关性。结论 T2DM患者高尿酸血症与血脂异常、IR、肥胖及高血压相关。     

贵州汉族老年人群载脂蛋白A5基因多态性与2型糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨载脂蛋白A5(Apo A5)基因-1131TC及56CG基因多态性与贵州汉族老年人群2型糖尿病(T2DM)及体内血脂水平的关系。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测100例健康人及142例T2DM患者Apo A5-1131TC、56CG基因型,并统计等位基因频率分布情况,同时测定所有对象的血脂、血糖水平。结果 1T2DM组和对照组的Apo A5-1131TC位点基因型频率比较差异显著(P=0.006),等位基因频率比较无差异(P=0.349);2对照组和T2DM组的Apo A5-1131C等位基因(TC+CC)携带者的甘油三酯(TG)均明显高于非C等位基因携带者(TT)(P0.05);3未发现Apo A5基因56CG基因多态性。结论 Apo A5-1131TC基因多态性与贵州汉族老年人群T2DM的发病风险有关,携带C等位基因的人群发病风险更高,且C等位基因与TG水平增高有关;未检测出Apo A5基因56CG基因多态性。     

离退休干部和高级知识分子IGT和糖尿病发病率调查

我国中老年人群 2型糖尿病 (T2DM )发病率高达 7%～10 % 〔1〕。糖耐量低减 (IGT)是T2DM前期阶段 ,有很大的不稳定性和可逆性 ,及时检出IGT和T2DM人群并进行干预治疗 ,对于血管疾病的防治具有非常重要的意义〔2〕。1　对象和方法1 1　 对象　 2 0 0 2年 4～ 6月参加干部健康查体的人群 ,选择年龄≥ 60岁者共 175 2人 ,男 14 3 1人 ,女 3 2 1人。IGT按照WHO(1999)诊断标准经 75g葡萄糖负荷 2h血糖介于 7 811 1mmol/L(14 0 2 0 0mg/dl)的人群 ,其中不包括空腹血糖高于 7 0mmol/L(12 6mg/dl)者。1 2 　 方法　所有受试者均在空腹 10…     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.