睑板腺功能障碍发病机制及患病危险因素

睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction,MGD)是一种慢性、弥漫性睑板腺异常,以睑板腺终末导管阻塞和(或)睑板腺分泌物的质量和数量改变为特征,可引起泪膜异常、眼部刺激症状、炎性反应以及眼表疾病.MGD发病主要与睑板腺分泌异常以及睑板腺终末导管阻塞有关,炎症是发病的关键.此外泪液特殊前蛋白和细胞凋亡在发病过程中也起到一定作用.     

泪腺窝微骨孔固定泪腺治疗泪腺脱垂临床探讨

目的 探讨采用眶骨造孔法将泪腺经泪腺窝微骨孔原位固定治疗泪腺脱垂的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析24例48只眼泪腺脱垂患者,经重睑皮肤切口,采用颞上方眶骨缘造孔法,将泪腺组织经微骨孔固定于泪腺窝,分析影像学及眼部外观改变,评价泪腺的复位情况,分析术前术后泪液分泌试验、泪膜破裂时间,观察泪腺功能的改变.术后随访6～24个月(平均12个月).结果 术后影像学显示所有24例48只眼的泪腺解剖复位率100％,随访期间均无泪腺脱垂复发,上睑外侧臃肿消失,重睑形成良好,眼部外观满意.术前术后Schirmer试验、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),所有24例48只眼均无干眼症状.结论 经重睑皮肤切口行泪腺窝眶骨造孔固定泪腺治疗泪腺脱垂,泪腺解剖复位良好,不易复发,重睑形成自然,对泪腺功能损伤小,值得临床推广.     

A novel transillumination meibography device for in vivo imaging of mouse meibomian glands

PurposeWhile mouse models of dry eye disease (DED) have been developed, studies evaluating the role of the meibomian glands limited by the inability to temporally document changes. In this report we describe the development of a novel mouse transillumination meibography device and assess the ability of this device to detect age-related changes in the meibomian glands of young and old mice.MethodsThe mouse meibography device was comprised of a 3 mm wide right angle prism attached to broad spectrum light source by an optical fiber. Eyelids were then pulled over the prism using double tooth forceps and imaged using a stereomicroscope and low light level camera. Meibomian glands from four young and four old male, BALB/c mice were then imaged and analyzed using ImageJ.ResultsIn young mice, meibography documented the presence of 7–8 meibomian glands appearing as black and distinct eyelid structures with the length shorter in the lower eyelid compared to the upper eyelids. Eyelids of old mice showed apparent dropout of meibomian glands along with smaller and more irregularly shaped acini. The mean acini area of one meibomian gland was 0.088 ± 0.025 mm² in young mice and 0.080 ± 0.020 mm² in old mice (p = 0.564), but the Meibomian gland density was significantly lower in older mice (41.7 ± 6.4%, 27.3 ± 4.2%) (p = 0.021).ConclusionWe have developed an in vivo meibography device that may prove useful in sequentially documenting changes during development of meibomian gland dysfunction and following treatment.     

活体共聚焦显微镜下睑板腺囊肿患者睑板腺形态分析

目的分析睑板腺囊肿患者的睑板腺组织在活体共聚焦显微镜(IVCM)下的形态学改变及特点。方法采用横断面研究方法,选取2018年9月至2019年4月在汕头大学·香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心就诊的睑板腺囊肿患者34例34眼以及无睑板腺疾病患者18例18眼分别作为睑板腺囊肿组和对照组。对所有受检者进行眼科常规检查及IVCM检查,IVCM检查指标包括睑板腺开口面积、开口最短径、开口最长径、睑板腺开口附近腺管形态和睑板腺腺泡形态,分别对睑板腺囊肿组与对照组的各项检查指标进行比较和分析。结果睑板腺囊肿组34眼睑板腺开口均呈不规则扩张,其中70.59%(24/34)开口处可见分泌物堆积形成的栓子,但开口边缘均平滑,睑板腺开口长径、短径和面积分别为(148.12±70.16)μm、(114.77±52.38)μm和9239.11(5506.96,24111.36)μm2,较对照组的(59.35±16.78)μm、(41.98±11.77)μm和2094.19(1432.28,2945.65)μm2明显扩大,差异均有统计学意义(t=5.265,P<0.01;t=5.793,P<0.01;Z=8.000,P<0.01)。睑板腺囊肿组中61.76%(21/34)可见靠近睑板腺开口的腺管呈囊样结构扩张,其内伴有性状各异的分泌物积聚,扩张的腺管边缘平整,且与周边腺泡分界清晰。结论IVCM可在活体上观察睑板腺囊肿患者睑板腺形态学微观改变,睑板腺形态改变包括开口明显扩张伴栓子形成、临近开口的腺管呈囊样扩张伴分泌物积聚、边界清晰。     

基于深度学习的睑板腺腺体分割方法研究

目的：探讨应用深度学习技术解决睑板腺腺体自动分割问题的效果与价值。

方法：采集并筛选出193幅红外睑板腺图像构建图像数据库,由3名临床医师对图像进行人工标记; 引入UNet++网络与自动数据增广策略构建睑板腺腺体自动分割模型,采用精确率、敏感性、特异性、准确率和交并比分析该模型的可行性与有效性。

结果：以人工标注结果为金标准,基于UNet++的睑板腺腺体自动分割模型取得94.31%的准确率,敏感性、特异性分别为82.15%和96.13%,腺体分割表现具有较好的稳定性,模型处理单张图像的平均用时仅为0.11s。

结论：引入深度学习技术实现睑板腺腺体的自动分割,具有良好的准确性、稳定性和高效性,可服务于睑板腺功能障碍患者腺体形态参数的计算,辅助相关疾病的临床诊断和筛查,提高诊断效率。     

The role of biopsy in lacrimal gland inflammation: A clinicopathologic study

Purpose: To determine the causes of lacrimal gland inflammation based on histopathology and systemic evaluation.

Methods: This is a retrospective case series study. From the University of British Columbia Orbit Clinic between January 1976 and December 2008, we reviewed the medical records of 60 patients who presented with inflammatory features of the lacrimal gland (i.e., erythema, edema, or tenderness) in which the diagnoses were not possible clinically and on imaging alone. As was our routine practice, all these patients underwent lacrimal gland biopsy before starting any treatment.

Results: The histopathologic findings of the 60 patients showed that 37 (61.7%) had identifiable types of lacrimal inflammation including 10 with Sjogren’s syndrome, seven with sarcoidal reaction, six with feature of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis), five with lymphoma, two with sclerosing inflammation, two with IgG4-related dacryoadenitis, and one patient each with infectious dacryoadenitis, myoepithelial carcinoma, xanthogranuloma, eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis, and eosinophilic allergic granulomatous nodule. The histopathologic findings of the remaining 23 (38.3%) patients showed nonspecific inflammation of the lacrimal gland. 23 patients (38.3%) had associated systemic diseases. 48 patients (80%) were treated successfully and 10 (16.7%) had recurrence of inflammation.

Conclusions: We recommend that in patients presenting with lacrimal gland inflammation (i.e., erythema, edema, tenderness) in which the specific diagnosis cannot be made clinically and on imaging, biopsy is warranted for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. We found that the majority of these patients (61.7%) had specific histopathology, and 38% had systemic diseases.     

强脉冲光综合治疗睑缘炎相关角结膜病变的短期疗效

目的：探讨强脉冲光(IPL)综合治疗睑缘炎相关角结膜病变(BKC)的短期疗效。

方法：选择2020-12/2021-12就诊于沧州爱尔眼科医院确诊为BKC的患者66例66眼(均选择病情严重的一眼进行研究),根据患者接受的临床治疗方式不同分为两组,对照组30例30眼,治疗组36例36眼,两组均在接受药物(给予0.1%氟米龙滴眼液、0.3%玻璃酸钠滴眼液、妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏点眼)治疗后1wk,以眼表状态作为基线水平,对照组继续进行药物治疗(给予0.1%氟米龙滴眼液、0.3%玻璃酸钠滴眼液点眼),治疗组在药物治疗基础上需在医院内定期进行IPL综合治疗(雾化熏蒸+IPL+睑板腺按摩+睑缘清洁+冷敷),每2wk 1次,共治疗4次。在药物治疗1wk后、IPL第1次治疗前(基线水平V1)和IPL第3次治疗前(V2)、IPL第4次治疗后2wk(V3)对两组患者进行随访,收集眼表疾病指数(OSDI)、裂隙灯下观察睑缘形态、睑板腺(MG)分泌物性质和分泌物排出难易程度、泪膜破裂时间(NIBUT)、眼红指数及角膜荧光素染色等数据,同时检查最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、眼压、眼前节及眼底,观察有无并发症的发生。

结果：两组患者治疗前OSDI、睑缘形态、MG分泌物性质和分泌物排出难易程度、NIBUT、眼表充血、角膜荧光素染色各项评分相比均无差异(P>0.05)。在V2、V3时,两组患者OSDI、睑缘形态、MG分泌物性质和分泌物排出难易程度、眼表充血分析、角膜荧光素染色各项评分均较治疗前(V1)下降,NIBUT较治疗前提高(均P<0.05),组间比较有差异(P<0.05),治疗组各项观察指标改善更明显。所有患者均未见明显并发症发生。

结论：IPL综合治疗可以减轻眼表炎症,改善睑板腺功能,可作为BKC物理治疗的新选择。     

Lacrimal Gland Choristoma of the Ciliary Body

Background

Lacrimal gland choristoma manifesting in the ciliary body is quite rare. We report a case of lacrimal gland choristoma manifesting in the ciliary body, coupled with orbital cellulites, in an infant.

Case

A 10-month-old female infant with swelling and tenderness of the right upper eyelid.

Observations

The results of ophthalmic examinations of the patient were consistent with orbital cellulitis. During the funduscopic examination, a fleshy mass was incidentally detected at the superotemporal portion of the ciliary body in the right eye. A local resection of the lesion was carried out. The results of a pathologic examination showed lacrimal gland choristoma of the ciliary body that was accompanied by an epithelia-lined cyst. The patient has had no hypotonia or enlargement of the lesion for 1 year after surgery.

Conclusion

Lacrimal gland choristoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a ciliary body mass in pediatric patients.?Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006;50:100–102 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2006     

Intraocular lacrimal gland choristoma

There have been nine previously reported cases of intraocular lacrimal gland choristoma. This case report is of an infant with an intraocular lacrimal gland choristoma which was managed conservatively for a 19-month period until the onset of glaucoma. Tumour biopsy was initially performed because until this time the tumour's behaviour suggested it was not malignant. The latter was confirmed on biopsy, however hypotony resulted following the surgical intervention.     

A randomized,sham-controlled trial of intraductal meibomian gland probing with or without topical antibiotic/steroid for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction

ImportanceObstructive meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) can be refractory to medical therapy. Intraductal meibomian gland (MG) probing may offer a potential therapeutic approach for these patients, but no randomized trials have been conducted to date.ObjectiveTo assess clinical changes after intraductal MG probing for patients with refractory obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction.DesignRandomized, double-masked, sham-controlled clinical trial.SettingSingle-center, tertiary referral center.Participants42 patients with refractory obstructive MGD associated with lid tenderness.InterventionsEnrolled patients received one of the following treatments: 1) MG probing plus post-procedural topical sulfacetamide/prednisolone ointment (Blephamide®), 2) MG probing plus post-procedural lubricating ointment (GenTeal), or 3) sham probing plus GenTeal ointment. The probing was performed on the upper lids of both eyes.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcome measures were symptoms as measured by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye (SANDE), as well as tear break-up time (TBUT). Secondary outcome measures were other clinical signs. Safety of the procedure was also evaluated by investigating the treatment-related adverse events. At baseline and 4 weeks after the procedure a masked observer evaluated the following outcome measures: symptom questionnaires, including OSDI and SANDE, upper lid tenderness, lid margin telangiectasia, corneal fluorescein staining, conjunctival lissamine green staining, TBUT, Schirmer's test, and meibomian glands yielding liquid secretion (MGYLS).ResultsCompared to baseline, the MG probing/Blephamide® group showed significant improvements in both OSDI and SANDE scores and the MG probing/GenTeal group demonstrated a significant improvement only in SANDE score. In contrast, the Sham/GenTeal group did not show any statistically significant changes in symptoms. There were no statistically significant changes in clinical signs in any group at the 4-week visit, except for improvement of lid tenderness in the sham probing group.ConclusionsMG probing/Blephamide® results in a significant improvement in symptoms in patients with refractory obstructive MGD without any significant effect on clinical signs. Larger studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of MG probing.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov(identifier NCT02256969, Filed on 08/13/2014)     

泪腺脱垂复位并重睑成形治疗泪腺脱垂

目的 探讨泪腺脱垂复位并重睑成形治疗泪腺脱垂的临床效果.方法 对18例(36眼)泪腺脱垂按照重睑成形术设计手术切口,根据上睑皮肤松弛和眼睑饱满程度决定皮肤及脂肪的去除量,用4-0线褥式缝合泪腺前缘及泪腺筋膜将脱垂的眶部或睑部泪腺分别固定于眶上缘内及眶外侧壁的骨膜上,并将切开的眶隔拉紧加固间断缝合,上睑皮肤以重睑成形方式缝合,外侧皮肤间断缝合.术后随访6个月～3年.结果 17例34眼(94.44％)术后泪腺复位良好,无复发.1例2眼(5.56％)在术后2年轻度复发,但症状较术前明显改善.18例36眼全部双眼睑裂对称,重睑形态良好自然.结论 泪腺脱垂复位、眶隔加固并重睑成形术治疗泪腺脱垂效果良好,实现了功能治愈与美容效果的双重目的.     

Hyperkeratinization and Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Meibomian Glands Induced by Staphylococcus aureus

PurposeThis exploratory study aimed to investigate the morphological and pathological alterations of the meibomian gland (MG) with the Staphylococcus aureus crude extracts (SACEs) treatment.MethodsMouse MG explants were cultured and differentiated with or without SACEs for 48 hours. Explant''s viability and cell death were determined by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and TUNEL assay. MG morphology was observed by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Lipid droplet production was detected by Nile Red staining and LipidTox immunostaining. The pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. The relative gene and protein expression in MG explants was determined via quantitative RT-PCR, immunostaining, and immunoblotting. The components of the SACEs were analyzed by immunoblotting and silver staining.ResultsOur findings demonstrated that the SACEs treatment induced overexpression of keratin 1 (Krt1) in the ducts and acini of MG explants, accompanied by a decrease in viability and an increase in cell death in explants. Furthermore, the SACEs treatment dose-dependently increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in MG explants. The SACEs treatment induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2)/ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) inflammasome signaling pathway in explants. Further investigation showed expression of the key adipogenesis-related molecule peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was decreased after SACEs treatment. However, no change was found in the lipid synthesis of MG explants after treatment with the SACEs. Staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) was detected in the SACEs. SEB induced the overexpression of Krt1 and IL-1β in ducts and acini of MG explants.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that Staphylococcus aureus induced hyperkeratinization and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in MG explants ducts and acini. These effects might be mediated by SEB. Activation of the NF-κB and AIM2/ASC signaling pathway is involved in this process.     

A Giant Apocrine Hidrocystoma Presenting as Lacrimal Gland Mass

Apocrine hidrocystomas are cysts resulting from obstruction of the apocrine sweat gland ducts. They are usually solitary and seen in the head and neck areas. Apocrine hidrocystomas are rarely seen in the orbit with very few adult cases published in literature until now.     

Histology,histochemistry and fine structure of the lacrimal and nictitans gland in the South American armadillo Chaetophractus villosus (Xenarthra,Mammalia)

The anatomical, histological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the lacrimal gland (LG) and nictitans gland (NG) of the armadillo Chaetophractus villosus were described. The histochemical and histological features of both glands in male and female adult animals were compared. The tissues were processed with conventional techniques for light and transmission electron microscopy. Fixed specimens were submitted to a battery of tests for glycans, glycosaminglycans, glycoconjugates, proteins, and lipids. The LG of the armadillo may be considered within the set of glandulae lacrimales superior in which primates, carnivores, perisodactyls and artiodactyls are included. The localization of the NG was similar to that of other mammals. Lacrimal and NG were histologically and histochemically identical. The secretory endpieces consisted of three cell types: (1) Mucous cells (MC) with different types of mucous secretory granules with neutral and sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates (GCs). (2)Seromucous cells (SMC) showing a variety of moderately electron dense secretory granules with flocculent material with carboxylated acidic, neutral, and sialic acid-containing GCs. Intercellular canaliculi with junctional complexes and basolateral intercellular spaces were frequent. (3) Serous cells (SC) with electron dense secretory granules. Histochemically, they showed the strongest reaction for proteins and neutral, weakly acid and carboxylated acidic GCs.The epithelium of the intra- and inter-lobular excretory ducts showed secretory activity, junctional complexes, and wide basolateral intercellular spaces with lateral folds. The endpieces and ducts were surrounded by myoepithelial cells. The stroma was characterized by fenestrated endothelium, unmyelinated axons, and abundant plasma cells. MC, SMC, and the duct system were richly innervated by hypolemmal nerve terminals.     

A Newly Developed Video-Meibography System Featuring a Newly Designed Probe

Purpose

To demonstrate the usefulness of a video-meibography system featuring our newly designed probe.

Methods

This study utilized a newly designed probe featuring an obliquely inclined, T-shaped head containing 16 windows in the portion of the probe applied for emitting infrared light. The transilluminated structure of the meibomian gland is conducted to a highly sensitive, infrared charge-coupled device video camera and recorded digitally. The utility of the new probe was compared with the intraocular illumination probe traditionally used for meibography, both being applied to the eyelids of ten healthy volunteers and ten patients with meibomian gland dysfunction. The results were then analyzed.

Results

The newly designed probe facilitated eyelid eversion and transilluminated the meibomian gland structure effectively. Moreover, subjects experienced no irritation and only limited invasiveness when the new probe was applied.

Conclusions

Our meibography system featuring the newly designed probe provided greater ease of use, an improved visualization of the meibomian gland structure, and increased comfort for patients during the examination.?Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007;51:53–56 © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2007     

术前睑板腺理疗对睑板腺功能障碍患者白内障术后眼表的影响

目的：研究睑板腺功能障碍(MGD)患者术前行睑板腺理疗对白内障术后眼表的影响。

方法：采用前瞻性病例对照研究。选取我院2017-09/2018-07合并有MGD的白内障患者76例76眼,按照随机分组法分为两组,试验组术前1wk给予眼睑热敷、睑板腺按摩治疗(在院内进行一次全套治疗后,嘱患者每晚进行家庭热敷+睑板腺按摩治疗一次),对照组不给予任何治疗。两组患者均行白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术。术前(试验组为行睑板腺理疗前)、术后1wk,1mo行眼表综合分析仪检查非侵入性泪膜破裂时间(NITBUT)、泪河高度(TMH)等,LipiView检查脂质层厚度(LLT),并使用眼表疾病指数量表(OSDI)进行问卷调查。

结果：两组患者手术前后NITBUT、TMH、OSDI比较有差异(P<0.05); 试验组及对照组术后1wk, 1mo NITBUT均较术前有明显降低(P<0.05),其中对照组术后1wk,1mo NITBUT较试验组降低更为明显(P<0.05)。试验组TMH术后1wk较术前明显降低(P<0.05),术后1wk基本恢复到术前水平(P>0.05)。试验组及对照组术后1wk,1mo OSDI均较术前有明显升高(P<0.05),其中对照组术后1wk,1mo OSDI较试验组升高更为明显(P<0.05)。

结论：白内障超声乳化手术可破坏MGD患者的睑板腺功能及眼表状态,而术前行睑板腺理疗可以显著改善白内障术后MGD患者的眼表状态,并提高患者的满意度。     

睑板腺形态及功能与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的关系

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）患者睑板腺形态结构及其泪膜稳定性的改变。方法描述性研究。选取2013年11月至2014年6月期间于我院呼吸内科确诊为OSAHS的患者63例（126眼）作为OSAHS组,同期体检中心健康体检人群44例（88眼）作为对照组。对全部纳入对象询问个人基本信息及病史,并对眼表疾病指数（OSDI）进行评分后,再进行裂隙灯显微镜、非接触式红外线睑板腺成像仪、泪膜破裂时间（BUT）、睑板腺分泌物性状等眼部检查。结果睑板腺缺失发生率在对照组,轻度、中度、重度OSAHS患者中分别为12/88（14%）、7/18（39%）、14/30（47%）、53/78（68%）,组间差异有统计学意义（χ²=50.62,P＜0.01）;轻度、中度、重度OSAHS患者睑板腺缺失评分分别为2.29±1.25、2.29±0.91、2.64±1.18,差异无统计学意义。对照组,轻度、中度、重度OSAHS患者中睑板腺扭曲发生率分别为8/88（9%）、6/18（33%）、12/30（40%）,49/78（63%）,组间差异有统计学意义（χ²=51.96,P＜0.01）。OSAHS组睑板腺开口堵塞发生率（69%）、分泌物性状改变发生率（72%）较对照组高（分别为36%、39%）,差异均有统计学意义（χ²=22.42、27.26,P＜0.01）。结论与正常人群比较,OSAHS患者泪膜稳定性较低,睑板腺萎缩及腺体的形态异常发生率较高,并且睑板腺的形态改变与OSAHS严重程度有关。     

物理治疗睑板腺功能障碍的疗效观察

目的:探讨睑板腺开口挑排等物理治疗睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction,MGD)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2012-01/12我院收治的MGD患者52例100眼的临床资料,根据临床表现及体征确诊为MGD,随机分为两组,A组(物理治疗组)26例50眼患者给予局部清洗、热敷、睑板腺开口挑排、妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏及人工泪液等综合治疗,B组(对照组)26例50眼患者仅用人工泪液和妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏药物治疗,比较两组治疗前后患者自觉症状、角膜荧光素染色(FL)、泪液分泌和泪膜破裂时间。结果:A组自觉症状好转24例47眼,好转率94%,B组自觉症状好转14例27眼,好转率54%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);两组间泪液分泌治疗后无明显统计学差异(P>0.05);泪膜破裂时间(BUT)A组治疗后明显好转,治疗后2,4wk两组间比较有统计学意义(P<0.01);角膜荧光素染色(FL),治疗后2,4wk两组之间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:MGD是一种可致眼表炎症及损伤的慢性疾病,睑板腺开口挑排等物理治疗睑板腺功能障碍疗效确切,患者满意度高。