土拨鼠α干扰素新亚型基因的克隆及生物学活性分析

目的 克隆土拨鼠α干扰素（IFN-α）新亚型基因，用于土拨鼠HBV模型探索IFN-α治疗慢性乙型肝炎策略；调查慢性土拨鼠肝炎病毒（woodchuck hepatitis virus，WHY）感染的土拨鼠外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）干扰素功能状况。方法 poly（I-C）体外刺激正常和慢性WHV感染的土拨鼠PBMC，分析其表达的干扰素生物学活性。利用分子克隆技术对土拨鼠IFN-α家族基因进行克隆，并对所克隆的系列基因进行测序、分型并进行真核表达后检测表达产物生物学活性。结果 poly（I-C）刺激体外培养的土拨鼠PBMC后，慢性感染土拨鼠PBMC分泌的干扰素的活性显著差异低于正常土拨鼠（P〈0．01）。获得36个土拨鼠IFN-α基因序列克隆，测序分析后，发现有10个克隆是新亚型基因，其中8个为功能基因亚型，2个为假基因亚型，病毒保护试验证明只有功能基因亚型具有生物学活性。结论 慢性WHV感染的土拨鼠细胞免疫功能受损。新的土拨鼠IFN-α亚型基因的克隆为在土拨鼠HBV动物模型上进行干扰素基因治疗和研究干扰素治疗策略提供了新的材料。     

NOX1基因荧光素酶报告基因系统的建立

目的：对炎症细胞因子TNF-α及IFN-γ刺激下，人NOX1基因的表达调控进行初步分析。方法：将NOX1基因5′-端上游序列连接到无启动子的PGL3-BASIC质粒，构建了PGL3-BASIC／NOX1报告质粒。PGL3-BASIC／NOX1质粒转染A549细胞，用TNF-α、IFN-γ刺激12h，双荧光素酶报告基因系统检测基因表达情况。结果：克隆的NOX1片段具有较强的启动子活性，在TNF-α和IFN-γ共同刺激下，转染报告基因的A549细胞萤光素酶活性与对照相比有明显的增高（约4．3倍）。分析显示NOX1基因5′端上游序列片段含有NF-KB结合位点，提示细胞因子刺激的荧光素酶表达增强可能与NF-KB位点激活相关。结论：NOX1基因表达水平明显受到炎症细胞因子的调控，提示该基因可能参与机体免疫防御（特别是上皮细胞免疫防御），值得进行深入研究。     

TNF-α基因多态性对雷公藤甲素抑制PBMC分泌TNF-α的影响

目的：TNF—α基因多态性对雷公藤甲素刺激PBMC分泌TNF-α的影响。方法：采用等位基因特异引物PCR法对41名健康志愿者TNF-α基因启动子区-308位点基因多态性进行检测，同时进行外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）培养，用脂多糖（LPS）或雷公藤甲素刺激培养细胞，收集上清液，ELISA法检测上清液中TNF-α的含量。结果：TNF-α -308非G／C纯合子基因型健康志愿者PBMC经LPS刺激后TNF—α的分泌量明显较TNF-α -308G／C纯合子高；雷公藤甲素能够抑制TNF-α -308G／C纯合子基因型健康志愿者PBMC分泌TNF-α，而对TNF-α -308非G／C纯合子基因型健康志愿者PBMC没有明显的抑制作用。结论：肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与雷公藤甲素刺激外周血单个核细胞分泌TNF—α的量存在一定的联系，推测该基因多态性可能与临床雷公藤治疗类风湿关节炎所产生的个体疗效差异有一定关联。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞INF-α和IL-8表达的检测及临床意义

目的检测慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞α干扰素（IFN—α）的诱导表达及白细胞介素8（IL-8）表达，评价慢性乙肝患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）细胞免疫功能。方法PolyIC体外刺激正常对照组和慢性乙型肝炎病毒（Hepatitis Bvirus，HBV）感染组病人PBMC，取培养上清液利用病毒保护试验测定IFN—α2b治疗前后病人PBMC表达的干扰素抗病毒生物学活性。同时在IFN—α2b治疗前后，RT-PCR检测慢性乙肝患者不同干扰素应答组病人PBMCIL-8表达的变化。结果治疗前应答组病人（n=13）和无应答组病人（n=27）PBMC分泌的干扰素生物学活性显著低于正常对照组（n=20）（P〈0．01；P〈0．01）。应答组病人PBMC分泌的干扰素活性随治疗时间延长而增加，1个月时已显著高于无应答组病人（P〈0．01）；无应答组病人PBMC分泌的干扰素活性始终处于低下水平。治疗前，应答组病人和无应答组病人PBMCIL-8mRNA水平都显著高于正常对照组（均为P〈0．01）；治疗后，应答组病人IL-8水平随治疗时间延长而降低，1个月时已显著低于无应答组病人（P〈0．01），无应答组病人IL8水平始终处于较高水平。结论慢性HBV感染病人的细胞免疫功能受损，不能正常表达IFN-α但应答组病人经干扰素治疗后IFN—α表达能力逐渐恢复。慢性乙肝患者PBMCIL-8表达与肝脏炎症活动有关。慢性乙肝患者PBMCIFN—α活性检测结果也许可以作为干扰素治疗预后的判断指标。     

中国汉族人群中TNF-α基因多态性与血脂关系的研究

目的研究肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因多态性与健康人群血脂谱改变的关系.方法随机选择182例湖北地区无血缘关系健康汉族人群,用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测其TNF-α基因多态性,分析各基因型对血脂、脂蛋白、栽脂蛋白的影响.结果TNF-α-238位点基因型在中国正常人群中的分布仅与日本人群中的分布较为接近,TNF-α-863位点基因型的分布与日本人、高加索人中的分布差异无显著性.结论在汉族人群中存在TNF-α基因多态性,且与血脂水平无相关性(P＞0.05).     

鸭子α-干扰素基因表达及多样性分析

目的：采用分子杂交及ＰＣＲ方法，分析鸭α－干扰素基因的表达及多态性。方法：从鸭外周血分离出的单核细胞在体外经ＰＨＡ（５ｕｇ／ｍｌ）刺激不同时间后，提取总ＲＮＡ。以ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法检测鸭α－干扰素（ＤｕＩＦＮ－α）ｍＲＮＡ表达状况。引物根据最近公布的ＤｕＩＦＮ－α基因序列设计。从鸭外周血单核细胞中提取的基因组ＤＮＡ经限制性内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ，ＨｉｎｄⅢ，ＰｓｔＩ，ＸｂａＩ消化后，以公布的ＤｕＩＦＮ－α序列为探针，采用Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析ＤｕＩＦＮ－α基因的多样性。结果：在未经ＰＨＡ刺激的鸭外周血单核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）中，未检测到ＤｕＩＦＮ－α表达；ＰＨＡ刺激４ｈ后，即可检测到ＤｕＩＦＮ－α表达，一直持续到２４ｈ，基因组ＤＮＡ限制性内切酶多态性分析表明，ＰｓｔＩ酶切后，出现片段大小各异的杂交信号，提示ＤｕＩＦＮ－     

IFN-γ诱导人单核细胞MICs分子表达

目的：研究IFN-γ对MHC—I类链相关分子（MICs）表达的调节作用。方法：采用密度梯离离心法分离人外周血单个核细胞（PBMC），以免疫磁珠法从PBMC中特异性分选单核细胞，以细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α或IFN—α刺激PBMC、纯化单核细胞或单核细胞系U937、THP-1后，以流式细胞术检测单核细胞表面MICs分子表达。结果：IFN-γ选择性上调人PBMC中单核细胞表面MICs表达；IFN-γ对人原代单核细胞及单核细胞系U937、THP-1细胞表面MICs分子表达均有诱导或上调作用，细胞因子TNF—α、IFN—α对单核细胞MICs分子表达无影响。IFN-γ诱导或上调表达的MICs分子不能被MICA或MICB特异性单克隆抗体（mAb）所识别，可能是一种新的MIC分子或MIC等位基因。结论：IFN-γ能诱导或上调人单核细胞表面MICs分子表达。     

CpG-ODN活化人NK细胞的初步研究

目的：研究D型CpG-ODN对人免疫细胞的活化效应。方法：CpG-ODN体外刺激人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)，ELBA检测培养液IFN-α及IFN-γ的含量；RT-PCR检测PBMC中TLR9的表达水平；MTF法观察活化的NK对K562的杀伤作用。结果：CpG-ODN有效诱导PBMC分泌IFN-α和IFN-γ，增强活化的NK细胞对K562细胞的杀伤作用，且能显著上调TLR9 mRNA的表达。结论：在TLR9的介导下，CpG-ODN能有效激活NK细胞，参与机体免疫调节。     

肿瘤坏死因子α基因(TNFα)-G308A多态性与精神分裂症的关联

目的：探讨肿瘤坏死因子α基因(TNFα)—G308A多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法：收集141个核心家系，每家有1名符合ICD-10精神分裂症诊断标准的患者，患者的生物学父母均健在；用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-based RFLP)分析方法检测所有研究对象的TNFα-G308A基因型。结果：传递不平衡检验(TDT)显示等位基因的传递具有统计学显著性差异(χ2TDT＝7．7044，P＝0.005)。结论：肿瘤坏死因子α基因(TNFα)-G308A多态性与精神分裂症相关联，支持肿瘤坏死因子。基因(TFNα)是精神分裂症的候选基因。     

雌激素受体β基因Rsa I和A／uI多态性与原因不明月经过少的关系

目的探讨西南地区雌激素受体β（estrogen receptor β，ERβ）基因多态性与原因不明月经过少的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法，对西南地区100例原因不明月经过少患者和100名月经正常者ERβ基因RsaI和AluI多态性进行分析。结果R等位基因频率患者组为37．5％，正常对照组为48．5％（比值比值：0．64，95％CI：0．42～0．97，P=0．026）。患者组A等位基因频率为18．0％，正常对照组为11．5％（比值比值：1．69，95％CI：0．93～3．09，P=0．07）；RsaI和A／uI限制性片段长度多态性在两组中均呈多态性分布。结论ERβ基因多态性与原因不明月经过少有关，R等位基因可能是其保护因素，A等位基因可能是其危险因素。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.