紫外线致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用研究

目的观察紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠免疫保护作用。方法辐照致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴,经腹部皮肤用UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫诱导BALB／c小鼠,3周后进行攻击感染,同时设正常感染对照组。攻击感染6周后解剖小鼠,计算减虫率、减卵率,并观察虫体发育情况和肝组织细胞免疫应答情况。结果免疫组的减虫率和减卵率分别为37．90％和51．16％;免疫组小鼠体内虫体发育明显滞后于正常感染对照组内虫体;免疫组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿较正常组明显减少。结论UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB／c小鼠能诱导较好的免疫保护力。     

致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴感染小鼠皮肤组织中CD11c分子的动态表达

目的探讨照射致弱的日本血吸虫尾蚴感染后小鼠皮肤组织中CD11c分子的表达及在感染早期的动态变化.方法 24只小鼠分为两组,一组感染正常尾蚴100条,一组感染紫外线照射致弱的尾蚴100条,于感染后的第1、2、6、8、10天取感染处的皮肤组织,应用免疫组织化学技术观察感染处皮肤组织中CD11c分子的表达,并分析其动态变化.结果小鼠感染处皮肤组织中有CD11c分子的表达.感染正常和致弱尾蚴的小鼠皮肤组织内CD11c分子的表达都于第2天达到高峰,且致弱尾蚴组较正常尾蚴组高.感染后第4～10天,两组中CD11c表达都逐渐下降.结论照射致弱的血吸虫尾蚴感染小鼠的皮肤组织高表达CD11c分子.     

紫外线致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴感染小鼠引起的肺组织细胞反应及虫体扫描电镜观察

目的通过观察日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum,Sj)紫外线辐照致弱尾蚴感染小鼠后肺组织的细胞反应以及肺期虫体的受损情况,探寻致弱尾蚴在小鼠体内诱导免疫效应机制和Sj受损情况。方法以紫外线致弱Sj尾蚴经腹部皮肤感染小鼠4d、7d、14d和45d后剖杀,分别取肺组织,固定、切片,光镜下观察虫体周围的组织细胞反应,并与同时期的感染小鼠组织切片进行比较,同时,对小鼠体内肺期Sj童虫进行扫描电镜观察。结果感染后4~7d,小鼠肺期童虫虫体周围出现较明显的出血灶和炎症反应,并有一定量的嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞等炎症细胞的浸润,同时期的正常感染小鼠组织内虫体周围炎症反应却不明显;虫体体壁可见不同程度的损伤,电镜观察显示小鼠体内的肺期童虫存在明显的畸形和发育延迟。结论紫外线辐照致弱尾蚴感染后Sj在小鼠体内不能正常发育成熟,和正常尾蚴相比,致弱尾蚴在肺期滞留时间较长,仅有极少数虫体可移行至肠系膜或肝脏,但宜不能发育成熟,引起的病理损害主要表现为在肺期弥漫性出血灶、炎症细胞浸润等反应,这些特征可能与血吸虫致弱尾蚴感染免疫机制有关。     

致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导BALB/c小鼠早期免疫应答动态变化研究

目的比较辐照致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠与正常感染小鼠早期免疫活化程度及其动态变化差异。方法采用流式细胞术（FCM）和免疫组织化学（IHC）方法比较辐照致弱尾蚴免疫小鼠与正常感染小鼠早期脾组织和/或肺组织中树突状细胞（DC）表面分子CD11c、T细胞表面分子CD25表达差异及脾细胞和外周血中CD3＋CD25＋/CD3＋T细胞比例,分析T细胞免疫活化程度及其动态变化。结果在感染后7d,脾细胞中的CD3＋CD25＋/CD3＋T细胞比例致弱尾蚴免疫组为（19.52±3.65）%,明显低于正常感染组的（22.12±3.24）%;而在第14、21天,致弱尾蚴免疫组这一比例分别为（28.73±3.94）%和（26.43±0.40）%,均高于正常感染组的（13.68±3.64）%和（14.42±2.24）%。在攻击感染后7、14、21d,致弱尾蚴免疫组与正常感染组小鼠在肺组织中的CD11c＋DC表达率分别为（1.05±0.16）%和（0.96±0.15）%、（1.34±0.15）%和（1.09±0.17）%、（1.49±0.14）%和（0.97±0.16）%,脾组织中CD11c＋DC表达率分别为（2.05±0.26）%和（1.95±0.18）%、（2.24±0.25）%和（2.17±0.25）%、（2.18±0.26）%和（2.06±0.18）%。在攻击感染后7、14、21d,致弱尾蚴免疫组与正常感染组小鼠在肺组织中CD25＋T细胞表达率分别为（1.24±0.13）%和（1.17±0.16）%、（1.48±0.11）%和（1.25±0.13）%、（1.55±0.14）%和（0.97±0.12）%,脾组织中CD25＋T细胞表达率分别为（3.25±0.22）%和（2.93±0.20）%、（4.57±0.23）%和（3.69±0.24）%、（4.28±0.24）%和（3.86±0.26）%,紫外线辐照致弱尾蚴免疫小鼠较正常感染小鼠在攻击感染后第7、14、21天能在肺组织募集更多的CD11c＋DC并激活更多的CD25＋T细胞。结论致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠在攻击感染后14、21d,小鼠体内T细胞激活程度和肺部DC活化程度均高于正常感染组,提示致弱尾蚴在肺部可募集更多抗原递呈细胞并使之活化。     

UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导C57BL/6小鼠免疫保护作用的研究

目的 研究紫外线（UV）致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴诱导C57BL／6小鼠的免疫保护作用。方法分别观察不同UV强度（300、400和500μW／cm。照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫）、不同免疫剂量（8、24和300条uV致弱尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫）、不同免疫位点（300条UV致弱尾蚴经腹部和耳廓皮肤免疫）和不同免疫次数（100条UV致弱尾蚴经腹部皮肤免疫3次）诱导C57BL／6小鼠抗血吸虫攻击感染（40条正常尾蚴经腹部皮肤感染）的保护力。同时观察免疫后小鼠的体液免疫应答变化。结果 300、400和500μW／cm。UV照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BI。／6小鼠诱导产生的减虫率分别为2．72％、11．37％和10．38％；8、24和300条致弱尾蚴免疫小鼠诱导产生的减虫率分别为38．67％、7．54％和16．36oA；300条致弱尾蚴经腹部和耳廓皮肤免疫诱导小鼠产生的减虫率分别为16．36％和16．14％；100条致弱尾蚴免疫3次，诱导小鼠产生减虫率为4．88％。对300条uV照射尾蚴免疫后小鼠的体液免疫应答动态观察显示，与感染对照组相比，免疫组血清中可溶性成虫抗原（SWA）和可溶性虫卵抗原（SEA）特异的IgG于免疫后2周开始升高，正常尾蚴抗原（SCA）特异的IgG于免疫1周后开始升高，SWA和SCA特异的IgG随免疫次数的增加而升高。结论 UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BL／6小鼠能诱导其产生高水平的体液免疫应答，但保护力水平较低，提示C57BL／6小鼠为对UV致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴的低应答品系。     

日本血吸虫热休克蛋白70诱导BALB/c小鼠皮肤炎症反应的实验研究

目的 目的 观察重组日本血吸虫热休克蛋白70 （rSj648/hsp70） 诱导BALB/c小鼠皮肤炎症反应的变化情况。 方法 方法 BALB/c小鼠经腹部皮内分别免疫注射LPS （20 μg/只）、 rSj648/hsp70 （100 μg/只）, 同时设PBS处理组为空白对照。通过苏木素伊红 （HE） 染色观察免疫后第1、 2、 4、 7天小鼠腹部皮肤的炎症反应变化, 并利用Real?time PCR方法检测不同时间点各组小鼠皮肤组织IFN?γ mRNA的表达水平。 结果 结果 通过HE染色观察发现LPS组小鼠腹部皮肤组织在免疫后第1天炎症细胞浸润明显, 之后炎症反应开始逐渐减轻; 与LPS组相比较, rSj648/hsp70组小鼠腹部皮肤炎症反应强度大, 持续时间长,直至免疫后第7天炎症反应仍明显。Real?time PCR结果显示, 免疫后第1天, LPS组和rSj648/hsp70组小鼠皮肤组织的IFN? γ mRNA表达水平均升高, 之后LPS组逐渐降低, 而rSj648/hsp70组直至免疫后第7天仍持续高表达。 结论 结论 rSj648/hsp70 能使小鼠皮肤出现较强的以诱导产生IFN?γ为主的Th1优势免疫应答, 进一步提示了HSP70高表达可能与致弱尾蚴诱导宿主产生抗感染免疫力有关。     

Treg细胞在致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫BALB/c小鼠体内表达研究

目的 分析致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠与正常感染小鼠体内CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)变化差异,探讨其与致弱尾蚴免疫小鼠诱导免疫保护作用间的关系.方法 40只SPF级BALB/c雌性小鼠随即分3组:一组为辐照致弱尾蚴免疫后攻击感染组(A组),一组为直接攻击感染组(B组),每组各16只小鼠;其余...     

日本血吸虫97kDa DNA疫苗与致弱尾蚴疫苗诱导免疫应答特征的比较研究

目的　对比观察日本血吸虫大陆株副肌球蛋白基因疫苗(Sjc97DNA)与紫外线致弱尾蚴(UVC)疫苗免疫C57BL6小鼠诱导的抗感染保护力及免疫应答特征。　方法　以Sjc97DNA核酸疫苗经后腿胫前肌免疫C57BL6小鼠共2次,每次间隔3wk,末次免疫后3wk攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴;UVC疫苗接种同种小鼠后5wk攻击感染上述等量尾蚴。均于攻击感染后7wk计数虫负荷及肝卵负荷。并设空质粒对照及感染对照组。用ELISA分析免疫鼠攻击感染前后血清特异性IgG、IgA及亚型抗体水平,以及脾淋巴细胞体外诱生的细胞因子水平。　结果　Sjc97DNA疫苗及UVC疫苗免疫小鼠均诱生出以Th1型免疫应答为主的IL2、IFNγ及特异性抗AWA、SEAIgG2a、IgG2b亚型及IgA抗体,UVC疫苗组小鼠各细胞因子及抗体水平均显著高于Sjc97DNA疫苗组,但两疫苗组均未测及IL4。攻击感染后,Sjc97DNA疫苗组的减虫率36.3%、减卵率42.4%,明显低于UVC疫苗组的66.9%和75.6%。攻击感染后7wk,两疫苗组小鼠Th2型免疫应答虽有所增强,但仍以Th1型免疫应答占优势;而空质粒对照组和感染对照组小鼠则以Th2型免疫应答为主。　结论　核酸疫苗与紫外线致弱尾蚴疫苗均能诱导产生抗感染免疫保护力,致弱尾蚴疫苗的免疫保护力高于Sjc97DNA。两疫苗诱导的抗感染     

用曼氏血吸虫慢性感染和大剂量X线辐照尾蚴免疫的小鼠皮肤对攻击尾蚴消亡的组织病理学研究

作者选用三组6周龄的雌性CFI小鼠进行该项研究,第1组为大剂量辐照尾蚴免疫小鼠,每只小鼠用400条左右经总暴光量为48KR的X射线辐照过的尾蚴免疫;第2组为慢性感染小鼠,每只小鼠感染10条性别平衡的正常尾蚴;第3组为未经任何处理的小鼠。三组小鼠均用400条左右性别平衡的正常尾蚴作攻击感染。在攻击感染后分别于1/2、1、3、5、7、9、12、15、21和28天宰杀小鼠,取其皮肤固定于10%的中性福尔马林中,作连     

紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠的皮肤组织细胞反应

目的 :探讨紫外线减毒血吸虫尾蚴免疫宿主的皮肤组织在抗攻击感染中的作用。方法 :88只小鼠分为 4组 ,1、2组分别以 50± 3条紫外线减毒日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫或日本血吸虫尾蚴感染 ,5wk后以 10 0 0± 10 0条尾蚴进行攻击感染 ;3、4组分别以减毒尾蚴或尾蚴 10 0 0± 10 0条免疫或初次感染。各组均于感染或接种后 6- 12 0 h定时取局部皮肤组织作病理观察。结果 :( 1)免疫攻击组皮肤组织内炎症细胞杀伤童虫现象最明显、炎症反应最强且持续时间最长 ,嗜酸性粒细胞( EOS)浸润百分数最高 ;( 2 )感染攻击组呈现相似炎症反应但程度略轻 ;( 3)免疫对照组减毒童虫在皮肤内滞留时间延长 ,至 12 0 h皮下仍可见较多童虫 ;( 4 )感染对照组皮肤内的童虫数于 72 h后明显减少 ,童虫周围轻微炎症反应。电镜观察可见免疫攻击组童虫内部结构破坏 ,虫体周围 EOS、淋巴细胞增多 ,肥大细胞颗粒溶解。结论 :提示皮肤组织的细胞免疫反应在血吸虫减毒尾蚴免疫的宿主抗攻击感染保护性免疫中起重要作用。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.