新疆褐牛血缘分析和育种对策研究

新疆褐牛育种历史长达70多年,是我区畜牧工作者经过了几代人的辛勤努力选育成的一个乳肉兼用型品种。它是由阿拉托乌牛和少量科斯特罗姆牛,以及瑞士褐牛与我区的哈萨克牛进行杂交而育成。是我区养牛业的主要品种,自1983年品种建立以来,没有制定系统的育种工作,造成品种退化,因此,研究血统、确定育种方向十分重要。     

新疆伊犁州直不同品种草原放牧淘汰母牛体尺、屠宰性能的研究

为了解新疆伊犁州直草原放牧淘汰母牛的体尺和屠宰情况,在新疆伊犁巴口香实业有限责任公司屠宰场选取不同品种、6岁以上淘汰母牛进行体尺和屠宰测定,对体尺进行多重比较和相关分析,对屠宰测定数据进行多重比较.结论:新疆褐牛较土种牛、西门塔尔及荷斯坦母牛的屠宰率高,其屠宰率为40.83%;净肉率也高,其净肉率为52.91%;胴体重达242.2+4.57kg,骨肉比为1:3.380在全天然放牧条件下,采用直接屠宰,新疆褐牛其经济效益要比其他几个品种淘汰母牛好.     

新疆褐牛青年母牛不同月龄段生长发育研究

为探讨新疆褐牛青年母牛不同月龄体尺、体重生长发育规律,进一步掌握体尺、体重、主要产肉指标之间的相关关系.本试验采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)方法对不同月龄新疆褐牛体重体尺数据进行分析,并对各指标之间进行相关性分析.结果表明:不同月龄体尺、体重有不同,其中体重在6至12月之间(22.81 kg/月)增重较明显;体高、体长、胸围和管围均在0至6月龄之间增长较明显.新疆褐牛出生至6月龄之间体尺体重生长发育最快,与其他月龄段有显著差异(<0.05);体重与体高、体长、胸围、肌肉厚度之间存在呈正极显著相关(<0.01).综上,新疆褐牛体重、体尺及肌肉厚度等产肉指标是相互联系、相互影响,初步确定新疆褐牛的体重、胸围和管围在0至12月龄之间生长发育快,因此新疆褐牛育成牛的早期饲养管理是不可忽略的环节,抓好早期饲养管理是新疆褐牛生长发育和增重的根本保证.     

新疆塔城地区草原放牧公犊生产性能的研究

选取12月龄的新疆褐牛公犊10头和美新褐F1公犊9头（美国褐牛×新疆褐牛杂种F1）在新疆塔城天然草原放牧150d,研究在天然草原放牧条件下新疆褐牛及美新褐F,公犊的生产性能。结果表明：美新褐F1体重比新疆褐牛提高了13．01％（P〈0．05）,体高比新疆褐牛提高了5．36％（P〈0．01）：宰前活重、胴体重分别比新疆褐牛提高了13．01％、15．17％（P〈0．05）,相关性分析得出新疆褐牛各体尺、胴体重之间均存在显著或极显著相关,而美新褐F。只有胸围、体重、胴体重之间存在显著或极显著相关。美新褐F1生长发育好于新疆褐牛,使其总体品质有所提高,达到了选育提高的目的。     

大力发展新疆褐牛

新疆褐牛是我区培育的乳肉兼用型品种，具有优良的高产基因和草原牧饲适应性。经过多年的实践和科研工作，在已揭示了新疆褐牛的基因潜力和生理指标的基础上，还需加强选育，改良牛场建设及其经济价值提升等。     

新疆现代养牛业发展战略设想

新疆有发展养牛业的优越条件，自上个世纪50年代初开始，先后引进瑞士褐牛（Brown Swiss)、阿拉套乌牛（Ala-Tau)、荷斯坦牛（Holstein)、夏洛来肉牛（charoluis)等品种，对本地牛进行杂交改良。目前各类纯、杂种牛占到全疆黄牛总数的1/3左右，约占全国改良牛的1/4，但没有形成相应的产业，产业化发展滞后。本文就新疆养牛业的产业化前景、发展战略等问题提出了自己的看法。     

几种主要饲草料的种植与效益分析

发展高效草地农业是实现农业结构调整，提高农牧民收入的有效途径。本文对适宜新疆种植的几种主要饲草料品种，从新疆饲草料种植现状、品种选择、栽培技术和效益分析等几个方面进行了较为完整的论述，对目前广大农牧民在种植饲草料过程中种什么，怎么种？以及草产业的发展有一定的指导意义。     

胚胎移植产美国褐牛超排、采卵效果观察

为了改良当地新疆褐牛品种，用胚胎移植产美国褐牛进行了超排、采卵操作，结果表明：不同超排剂量间的处理结果中产胚数、可用胚数、A级胚数差异显著（P〈0．05）。FSH（促卵泡素）注射剂量为9．5mg的美国褐牛胚胎可用率、胚胎质量高于注射剂量为10．5mg的美国褐牛；青年母牛和成母牛间的处理结果中产胚数、可用胚数、A级胚数、B级胚数差异均极显著（P〈0．01）。青年母牛表现出良好的超排、产卵性能。     

新疆驴产业现状与前景浅析

新疆驴是一个优良的地方品种,耐粗饲、适应性强,曾经是是广大农牧民的重要交通运输工具。近几年,在"援疆潮"的助推下,新疆养驴业发展迅速。本文在对新疆驴产业进行大量调研的基础上,综述了新疆养驴业的现状,并对其开发前景进行了分析,旨在为新疆驴产业的快速发展提供参考。     

新疆褐牛POU1F1基因第六外显子多态性与早期生长性状相关研究

以新疆褐牛为实验对象,运用PCR-RFLP技术分析新疆褐牛POU1F1基因第六外显子HinfI酶切位点多态性与新疆褐牛早期生长性状(如出生重、断奶重、平均日增重等)的相关性。结果显示:其等位基因A/B频率为0.3065/0.6935,且处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡。等位基因B在断奶重、平均日增重、周岁重、断奶后平均日增重以及3至6月龄性状指标(体重、体高、体斜长、胸围)等早期生长性状上均优于A等位基因。     

The applicability of Willems’ and Lee’s dental age estimation methods for Japanese children and the comparison with the Korean population

This study aimed to examine the applicability of Willems’ and Lee’s methods in a Japanese population and to find the differences in teeth development between Japanese and Korean children by comparing the accuracy of their estimated age using the two methods. The developmental status of the lower left permanent teeth in 1,475 orthopantomograms of Japanese children were evaluated based on Demirjian’s criteria, and the ages were estimated using Willems’ and Lee’s methods. The errors in estimated ages were calculated and compared with equivalent Korean population data. The accuracy of both methods for estimating the age of the Japanese population was similar to that in the Korean population except for that of Lee’s method used in Japanese males. The results showed that there might be differences in teeth development between the Japanese and Korean boys. To increase the accuracy of the dental age estimation, the method that is derived from their own population data should be applied in forensic practice.     

Growth and development of unicellular algae in the algae-bacteria-fish biocenosis system during space flight

The population of Chlorella cells flown as a component of the algobacterial cenosis--fish system on Cosmos-1887 was investigated. During the flight experiment over two generations of Chlorella cells were obtained. No differences in the algal growth rate in flight and on the ground were observed. On the whole, space flight did not affect the growth, development or population characteristics of Chlorella algae incorporated into the closed algobacterial cenosis-fish system.     

Age estimation and the medial clavicular epiphysis: analysis of the age of majority in an Australian population using computed tomography

This study was designed in order to assess the suitability of clavicular development in discriminating whether or not an individual has reached the age of 18 years. The development of the medial clavicular epiphysis was examined in an Australian population using computed tomography as the imaging modality. The sample consisted of individuals who were admitted to the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Melbourne, Australia, for the purposes of medico-legal death investigation. Comparisons were made with similar studies conducted on different populations in other countries, which revealed that the Australian population reaches maturity earlier, and the level of left/right asymmetry is higher than in other studies. The high degree of variation in fusion times is discussed, and the consequent effect upon the ability to use this epiphysis as a tool for determining if an individual has reached the age of 18 years is analysed. If an individual in this population has completely fused clavicles at stage 5, then for males they will be at least 18 years of age, with a 99% certainty of being at least 21, and for females they will be at least 20 years old. If at stage three then an individual of either sex will be at least 17 years of age.     

Endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a review

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a relatively common disease among the elderly population and may be present in up to 5.9% of the population aged 80 years. Abdominal aortic aneurysm more than 5 cm in diameter are more prone to rupture, with a significant mortality rate. Conventional surgical treatment is quite effective in the lower surgical risk population; however, in the population with a higher risk level the mortality and morbidity significantly increase. The development of less invasive techniques to treat AAA derived from the necessity to reduce the morbidity and mortality. The development of the endovascular endoprostheses was a significant landmark in the management of those patients with AAA, particularly the ones with increased risk. Although the stent-graft technology is still in its infancy, a large amount of information is available and an attempt to summarize this experience is presented herein. An extensive review of the stent-graft technology is presented, including variations in design and classification of the several systems available. Technical aspects of the use of endovascular prostheses are presented, as well as the most recent outcome information available. The problems of endoleaks is discussed and the techniques for treatment and outcomes presented. Finally, a summary of specific information on most of the devices available is presented.     

The incidence of asymmetrical left/right skeletal and dental development in an Australian population and the effect of this on forensic age estimations

The prevalence of developmental asymmetry between left and right sides of the body in the third molar tooth and medial clavicular epiphysis is examined in a contemporary Australian population (92% Caucasian). The contention that differences between left and right side developmental timing is statistically insignificant, and can therefore be ignored in forensic age estimation procedures, is questioned. It was found that of a population sample of 604 individuals, 177 displayed asymmetrical timing in development between antimeres of the third molar, the medial clavicle or both. There was no correlation found between the third molar tooth and medial clavicular epiphysis in terms of left/right synchronicity. For those individuals differing in development by two or more developmental stages in either age marker or one stage in both age markers, the effect upon the accuracy of forensic age estimations can be significant. Differences in age estimates for each side were as much as 3.1 years. Age estimations based on one side only may not provide the best estimate for an individual, and more accurate results can be achieved if both sides are taken into consideration. A protocol for dealing with asymmetrical development is discussed with reference to the multifactorial age estimation method proposed by the same authors in previous research.     

利用甲胎蛋白及B型超声进行原发性肝癌普查的初步报告

利用AFP在高危人群中普查肝癌尽管切实可行,但AFP阴性肝癌可有漏检。作者等采用AFP及B型超声两种方法在重点人群中普查肝癌,受检人数2109人,均行AFP、HBsAg、GPT、ZnT测定,其中1170人同时做B超检查。共检出肝癌6例,检出率284.49/10万。其中4例AFP阳性,2例阴性,B超检查有5例显示肝占位病变,1例为肝硬化表现。本文资料显示AFP血凝法阳性、有肝炎病史、及男性的受检者HBsAg阳性率均显著增高(P分别<0.01,0.05),由于HBV感染与肝癌发生密切相关,以上情况应为普查的重点。对11例AFP升高者进行AFP变异体检测,结果肝癌之LCA结合型AFP均>30％,良性肝病与妊娠之LCA结合型均<30％。184名受检者进行了乙肝5项标志物检查,对其表现类型作了分析。     

Biomechanical differences between cases with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and asymptomatic controls during walking and marching gait

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is a significant problem in military populations that may be caused by specific military activities. This study aimed to investigate the kinematic and kinetic differences in military cases with chronic exertional compartment syndrome and asymptomatic controls.20 males with symptoms of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the anterior compartment and 20 asymptomatic controls were studied. Three-dimensional lower limb kinematics and kinetics were compared during walking and marching.Cases were significantly shorter in stature and took a relatively longer stride in relation to leg length than controls. All kinematic differences identified were at the ankle. Cases demonstrated increased ankle plantarflexion from mid-stance to toe-off. Cases also demonstrated less ankle inversion at the end of stance and early swing phases. Lower ankle inversion moments were observed during mid-stance.The anthropometric and biomechanical differences demonstrated provide a plausible mechanism for the development of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in this population. The shorter stature in combination with the relatively longer stride length observed in cases may result in an increased demand on the anterior compartment musculature during ambulation. The results of this study, together with clinical insights and the literature suggest that the suppression of the walk-to-run stimulus during group marches may play a significant role in the development of chronic exertional compartment syndrome within a military population. The differences in joint angles and moments also suggest an impairment of the muscular control of ankle joint function, such as a reduced effectiveness of tibialis anterior. It is unclear whether this is a cause or consequence of chronic exertional compartment syndrome.     

Assessment of the accuracy of the Greulich and Pyle hand-wrist atlas for age estimation in a contemporary Australian population

Age estimation of living individuals is topical, and is particularly important globally, owing to increasing migration of undocumented individuals. Radiographic skeletal analysis of hand-wrist skeletal development is often used to infer chronological age based on direct comparison to standards such as the Greulich and Pyle atlas. However, this atlas has been criticised for being applied to foreign populations without due consideration of accuracy. The aims of the current study are to assess the precision and accuracy of the atlas in a contemporary Western Australian population and to develop population specific standards based on the latter system. The study sample comprised 360 individuals (equal sexes) and aged from birth to 25 years; a hold-out group comprising a further 50 individuals was used for model validation. Age estimation was performed through the visual comparison of the study radiographs against the atlas standards; statistical analyses were performed to assess the relationship between estimated skeletal and actual age. Prediction models were formulated; mean SEE values were ±0.005–0.90 (male) and ±0.25–0.421 years (female). Comparisons with prior research demonstrates the importance of contemporary population standards. The models presented here have forensic utility in a Western Australia jurisdiction, albeit the level of accuracy achieved is not suitable for the specific determination of legal majority.     

Study of the growth and development of Chlorella on "Kosmos-1887"

The growth, development and population characteristics of Chlorella cells flown for 13 days in space were investigated during their postflight cultivation. The growth rate of flown algae did not differ from that of ground-based controls in terms of increases in the cell number and biomass. All basic parameters of the specimens (generation time, number of developing autospores, time ratio of developmental phases) were ontogentically normal. Exposure of the algae to space flight as a component of the algobacterial cenosis--fish autotrophic-heterotrophic system produced no significant effect of the population or individual specimens during their postflight cultivation.