传统武术站桩肩背部负载分配的力学效果评价

目的 研究长期进行传统武术站桩训练者站桩时不同肌肉负载的分配情况,评价站桩效果。方法 采用加拿大Flexcomp Infiniti10通道表面肌电采集系统,测量受试者（桩法训练组和对照组各7名）在站桩过程中肱桡肌、肱三头肌、三角肌、背阔肌和小腿三头肌的表面肌电,观察不同肌肉肌电在不同负载下的变化趋势,对其积分肌电（integral electromyography,IEMG）进行对比分析。结果 随着负载的增加,训练组背部和肩部IEMG的比值稳定在(0.372±0.258)与(0.257±0.146)之间,而对照组则在(1.313±0.698)与(0.800±0.405)之间。结论 训练组在空手站桩和负重站桩时,主要压力会集中在背阔肌,而对照组则集中在三角肌。     

冻结肩三维运动表面肌电信号特征分析

目的 通过肩周肌肉手法治疗前、后积分肌电值差异,探讨肩周肌肉功能变化。方法选取冻结肩患者7例,利用AMT-8肌电仪对手法治疗前、后肌肉肌电值进行采集,将数据用MATLAB软件进行分析,求积分肌电值。用Stata11.0软件统计。结果①外展时三角肌、冈下肌治疗前、后积分肌电值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),肱二头肌、肱...     

俯卧撑中前臂旋转对上肢肌肉电活动的影响

目的 分析俯卧撑中前臂旋转对上肢肌肉电活动的影响。方法 采集十个对象在前臂内旋90°（IR90）,中立位（NEU）和外旋90°（ER90）三个支撑位下肱三头肌长头和侧头、三角肌前部和中部、胸大肌和肱二头肌的肌电信号,计算肌电信号的均方根值,并作归一化处理,运用单因素方差分析法比较不同支撑位下肌电信号的差异。同时对一个周期内肌电信号进行包络线分析。结果 从IR90到ER90,肱三头肌长头信号无显著变化,肱三头肌侧头和三角肌中部信号逐渐减小,而三角肌前部、胸大肌和肱二头肌则逐渐增大。另外,包络分析结果显示了三种不同类型的肌电信号曲线。结论 不同前臂转动支撑位对肌肉活性产生影响,而对各肌肉的影响程度和方式并不相同。     

腋窝入路桡神经肱三头肌支转位移植修复腋神经的应用解剖

背景：上臂后上切口入路肱三头肌肌支转位移植修复腋神经牵拉三角肌时易损伤腋神经后支及锁骨上臂丛,探查和联合其他神经转位时需变更体位。 目的：分析腋窝入路桡神经肱三头肌支转位移植修复腋神经的可行性。 方法：取常规甲醛固定成人上肢标本10具20侧,于标本平卧,上肢外展外旋位,腋窝入路,对腋窝处神经血管进行显微解剖。测量腋神经起始处至分支处距离及其分支起始处的横径,肱三头肌各肌支起始处横径,各肌支由入肌点向近端进行无损伤分离长度。 结果与结论：腋神经肩胛下肌下缘分成前后两支,前支横径平均为2.5(1.6~3.4) mm。桡神经肱三头肌长头支,起点处横径为2.2(1.4-2.8) mm。桡神经与腋神经距离平均为18.2(10.2~30.0) mm。腋神经前支与桡神经肱三头肌支横径相似,距离短。表明腋窝入路可暴露和辨别腋神经前后分支,桡神经肱三头肌支在背阔肌腱表面水平靠近腋神经,可选择任一肌支转位移植修复腋神经。      

肌电生物反馈疗法联合综合康复训练对老年脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的效果

目的 探讨肌电生物反馈疗法联合综合康复训练对老年脑梗死偏瘫患者上肢运动功能的疗效。方法 选择2021年1月至2021年12月九江市第一人民医院老年医学科收治的80例脑梗死后遗偏瘫的老年患者,性别不限,年龄60～80岁。按照入院先后顺序分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。对照组接受综合康复训练治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上加用肌电生物反馈疗法,比较两组系统康复治疗后三角肌、肱三头肌、前臂伸肌最大收缩时的肌电信号幅度水平、Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评分(FMA)与患肢活动度。结果 训练后,两组三角肌、肱三头肌、前臂伸肌最大收缩时的肌电图波幅、FMA评分及患肢的外展、外旋、内旋角度均较训练前升高(P<0.05),与对照组比较,观察组以上指标更高(P<0.001)。结论 对于老年脑梗死偏瘫患者的康复治疗,可在综合康复训练基础上加用肌电生物反馈疗法,能够更好地帮助患者重建上肢运动功能。     

三角肌、斜方肌及前锯肌在上肢运动中的肌电描记观察

1.用多线肌电描记方法,观察20例健康男性医学生的三角肌、斜方肌及前锯肌在肩关节运动时所产生的动作电位。 2.前屈、外展及后伸肱骨时,三角肌三个部分都有动作电位产生,随着肱骨运动角度增大,三角肌的动作电位逐渐增强,前屈及外展肱骨到180°时,三角肌出现最强动作电位。 3.上肢下垂于体侧时,三角肌前部不参与肱骨旋内;但在有阻力族内及并合其他动作旋内时,则三角肌前部参与肱骨旋内。 4.肌电描记证明,在前屈和外展肱骨时,肱骨与肩胛骨的运动是同时的;在前屈和外展肱骨到180°过程中,肩胛骨的运动方式是有所不同的。     

太极拳运动中上肢肌肉工作特点的研究

目的本文通过肌电测试仪测试太极拳运动中几个典型的上肢基本动作肌电值,与BIODEX等速训练仪器上最大力运动肌电值进行比较,试图了解太极拳运动中上肢肌肉工作的形式与特点,为从生理学角度深入研究太极拳运动的生物学机制提供实验依据和参考,为深入研究太极拳和轮椅太极拳的健身机制提供新的思路和方法。方法武术专业学生15名,(10男5女),选取太极拳运动上肢典型的步型和手型共6个动作,用Megawin2000表面肌电测试系统记录各动作的主要部位肌肉的积分肌电值(IEMG),然后再记录每位受试者在Biodex等速训练仪上肢肩关节三角肌三个维度最大力等速运动时的IEMG,对比分析前者和后者的积分肌电(IEMG)值和平均功率频率(MPF)值。结果太极拳上肢运动时,上肢进行野马分鬃动作时三角肌的IEMG(0.553mV o sec),为相应维度BIODEX等速训练仪上最大力IEMG(3.986mV o sec)的13%,是全部测定数据的最小百分比;上肢肌进行单边作时三角肌的IEMG(0.771mV o sec)为相应维度BIODEX等速训练仪上最大力IEMG(2.733mV o sec)的28%,是全部测定数据的最大百分比;所有IEMG比值在13~28%之间。太极拳上肢运动MPF值显著低于最大收缩时的MPF(P0.01)。结论太极拳上肢运动时,运动负荷强度为最大负荷的13%~28%,属于中低强度负荷。肌电信号频率特征MPF值提示,太极拳上肢运动时肌肉是以慢肌运动单位参与为主。太极拳上肢运动的中低强度、慢肌运动单位参与为主的运动特点,为轮椅太极的健身效果提供了依据。     

青年人下肢主动和被动运动生物力学分析

目的运动疗法包括主动运动和被动运动两种方式,不同的方式对患者治疗效果不同。然而,在运动治疗过程中,患者对所进行的运动疗法存在理解和力度控制偏差,导致自主参与程度不合理,使实际的运动治疗方式与最初设想的不同。本研究以青年人为研究对象,旨在确立一种客观判断主动和被动运动差异的特征性指标,用以分析和评价青年患者的运动方式,进而矫正因自主参与程度不同导致的运动方式偏差。方法实验选取24名20~30周岁的健康青年人作为受试者(男、女各12人),实验内容为在脚踏车上先后进行主动和被动运动训练。运动速度为30 r/min,持续时间3 min。运动过程中,利用肌电测量系统记录受试者腓肠肌肌电信号、足底压力测量系统记录足底压力大小。结果不同运动方式下,腓肠肌肌电信号峰-峰值、积分肌电值和足底压力AD值[(最大值-最小值)/平均值]分界明显,具有显著性差异(P0.01);腓肠肌肌电信号方差值和足底压力最大值分界明显,具有显著性差异(P0.05)。上述结果不受性别差异的影响。结论不同运动方式下,肌电信号峰-峰值、积分肌电值、方差值和足底压力AD值、最大值分界明显,很可能可以作为判别青年人下肢主动运动和被动运动的客观指标,用以评价受试者自主参与运动治疗的程度。     

坐位伸膝伴髋内收动作对髌股疼痛综合征患者股四头肌表面肌电信号的影响

目的 利用表面肌电图(surface electromyography, sEMG) 评估坐位伸膝伴或不伴髋内收动作下髌股疼痛综合征（patellofemoral pain syndrome,PFPS）患者股四头肌失衡程度。方法 PFPS病例组及正常对照组各30人,分别在坐位伸膝伴或不伴髋内收动作时检测股外侧肌(vastus lateralis,VL)及股内斜肌（vastus medialis oblique, VMO）表面肌电图,分析时域指标均方根振幅(root mean square,RMS)、积分肌电值（integrated EMG,IEMG）,比较其平衡关系。结果 坐位伸膝伴或不伴髋内收动作时病例组VL时域指标无显著性差异;VMO时域指标有统计学差异,伴髋内收时RMS、IEMG指标值较高,说明伴髋内收时VMO的肌肉募集增强。结论 坐位伸膝动作伴髋内收的动作可以对髌股疼痛综合征患者VMO肌电活动产生促进作用,从而使VL、VMO之间达到更好的平衡状态。     

桡神经损伤的神经电生理检测与医源性损伤预防

目的：探讨桡神经损伤的神经电生理检测方法及其医源性桡神经损伤的预防。方法：测定40例桡神经损伤病人的桡神经运动神经传导速度（MCV）及感觉神经传导速度（SCV）。根据桡神经损伤定位诊断和鉴别诊断的需要,按不同阶段分布选择肌肉进行肌电图（EMG）检查。结果：40例患者桡神经肘以上完全性（或严重）损伤20例,不全性损伤9例;桡神经肘以下完全性（或严重）损伤7例,不全性损伤3例;桡神经腋部严重损伤1例。医源性桡神经损伤11例,占总病例的28％。结论：桡神经损伤诊断应用神经电生理检查很重要,EMG在桡神经损伤的定位诊断与鉴别诊断中有着重要价值,其中肱桡肌、肱三头肌、三角肌是重要的鉴别诊断及定位肌肉。医源性桡神经损伤难以回避且发生率较高,应用术中持续肌电监测可以提高手术的准确性与操作的精确性,减少神经损伤的发生。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.