Cross-country validity of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale using a Brazilian sample

BackgroundPrevious validity studies of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS), using raw scores and percentile curves for group comparisons, showed that infants in Brazil achieved gross motor milestones at later ages. Validity of the AIMS norms were later reassessed using a logistic regression model that placed the AIMS items on an age scale.ObjectivesOur study examined the validity of the AIMS norms for Brazilian infants using the recommended method for calculating and comparing item locations.MethodsData from 732 Brazilian infants (2009–11), 3 days to 18 months old, were compared to the AIMS normative sample (n = 2202). Logistic regression placed the AIMS items of both samples on age scales representing the age at which 50% of infants passed an item and compared the two datasets. Pearson correlation coefficient tested the association across samples.Results47 of the 58 AIMS items met the criterion for stable regression to calculate item locations of the Brazilian dataset. Based on the age when 50% of the infants passed a criterion, most of the items from the Brazilian sample (n = 28) differed by two weeks or less compared to the Canadian normative sample.ConclusionThe sequence and age for the emergence of AIMS items were similar between the Brazilian and Canadian samples. Canadian norms are appropriate for clinical decisions and research with Brazilian infants.     

Adaptation and Initial Validation of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised (PIPP-R) in Brazil

BackgroundThe use of reliable pain assessment measures is essential for scoring and managing pain in infants. The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) is reliable and valid and has been recently revised. To adapt and validate the PIPP-R into Portuguese and to evaluate its psychometric properties are required to ensure maintenance of meaning and content.AimsThe aim of this study was to culturally adapt to Brazilian Portuguese and explore content validity and construct validity of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised.DesignThis is a methodological study.Participants/SettingsTwo existing data sets of randomized clinical trials previously conducted were used to examine initial construct validity of the prefinal version of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised.MethodsCross-cultural adaptation and validation occurred in four steps. Independent versions of the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised were produced, followed by the preparation of a synthetic version. Two back-translated versions were realized by professional translators. An expert committee evaluated idiomatic and semantic equivalence and clarity and relevance of the items. A content validity index was calculated. Finally, a consolidated prefinal version in Portuguese was then produced.ResultsNo difficulties in producing the material were reported. Semantic and idiomatic aspects were considered adequate, and content validity index was 1.0. Premature Infant Pain Profile and Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised scores were highly correlated for pain after heel lancing and venipuncture (R² = 0.986, p < .001) and for pain associated with analgesic strategies (R² = 0.966-1.00, p < .001).ConclusionsThe Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised was culturally adapted into Brazilian Portuguese. Appropriate content validity index was determined. Evidence of construct validity was also found. Future studies are warranted to explore the feasibility and other psychometric properties of using the Premature Infant Pain Profile–Revised translated and adapted into Brazilian Portuguese in the clinical setting.     

Infant Positioning Assessment Tool: Transcultural adaptation and validation for Portuguese Preterm Neonates

AimCross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Infant Positioning Assessment Tool for Portuguese Preterm Neonates.BackgroundTherapeutic positioning provides postural support, with immediate and long-lasting impacts on development. Some studies have suggested the importance of applying positioning-related instruments.MethodsA scoping review identified the Infant Positioning Assessment Tool, which was used in a methodological and cross-cultural study. Its psychometric validation was performed in a nonprobability preterm neonates sample (n = 90). Internal consistency and item sensitivity were assessed by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and asymmetry and kurtosis coefficients, respectively. The following empirical indices were used to assess convergent validity (CV): chi-square over degrees of freedom (df), a goodness-of-fit index (GFI), a normed-fit index (NFI), an incremental-fit index (IFI) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), an average extracted variance index, and composite reliability (CR).ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis of the factorial model showed an insufficient goodness-of-fit adjustment for the first model, with six items. One item was removed, and the resulting second model was adjusted to five items and showed more acceptable results (X2(9) = 52.70; p < 0.001; X2/df = 5.85; n = 90; GFI = 0.86; NFI = 0.64; IFI = 0,68; CFI = 0,67; RMSEA = 0.234); CR = 0.74 and CV = 0.50.ConclusionThe Portuguese version of the Infant Positioning Assessment Tool, with five items, proved to be a sensitive, valid, and reliable instrument for observing positioning of newborns, which is why its use in neonatal units is suggested.     

Common Problems of The Esophagus

A brief review of common neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus is given, with particular attention to the incompetent gastroesophageal sphincter and disordered motor activity of the esophageal body. There are a few simple messages to be emphasized and remembered. 1. The esophagus does not cause vague symptoms; they are definite and well-defined. 2. Dysphagia is an organic symptom unless proved otherwise. 3. Gastroesophageal reflux is caused by a poorly functioning physiological gastroesophageal sphincter. Gastroesophageal reflux and hiatus hernia are not directly related. 4. Gastroesophageal reflux is common but rarely serious. 5. Antacid has a sound physiological basis for its effectiveness in treating gastroesophageal reflux. 6. Anticholinergic medication is bad for gastroesophageal reflux. 7. Disordered esophageal motor activity is a common occurrence and may cause symptoms.     

Oral Glucose and Listening to Lullaby to Decrease Pain in Preterm Infants Supported with NCPAP: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundPreterm infants spend the early days of their lives in neonatal intensive care units, where they undergo many minor painful procedures. There are many nonpharmacologic methods that can effectively reduce the pain response of neonates who undergo routine procedures.AimsThis study aimed to investigate whether oral glucose and listening to lullabies could bring pain relief during the removal and reinsertion of the tracheal tube and also oronasopharyngeal suctioning in premature infants to whom nasal continuous positive airway pressure was applied.DesignA double-blind, randomized controlled trial.SettingThis study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit in the tertiary setting between November 2012 and September 2013.Participants/SubjectsA total of 106 preterm infants were divided into three groups, including 37 infants in the control group, 35 infants in the lullaby group, and 34 infants in the glucose group.MethodsAll preterm infants were randomly assigned to either the intervention groups or the control group. Pain responses were assessed using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale and the Premature Infant Pain Profile.ResultsAn assessment of the pain severity of the preterm infants after the intervention indicated that the preterm infants in the lullaby and glucose groups had lower pain, whereas the preterm infants in the control group experienced more pain (p < .05).ConclusionThe findings suggest that pain could be reduced significantly in preterm infants after the suggested intervention, although further studies are required to identify the benefits of lullabies or glucose in infants during other painful procedures.     

Gastroesophageal reflux in infants

Clinically significant gastroesophageal reflux occurs in one in 500 infants. Symptoms resolve in 60 to 80 percent of infants by 18 months of age. Thickened formula and position changes are often recommended. Medication and surgical intervention may be needed in refractory cases.     

A pilot study of non-nutritive suck measures immediately pre- and post-frenotomy in full term infants with problematic feeding

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to describe symptoms of problematic feeding in infants with tongue-tie, evaluate changes in non-nutritive suck measures before and after frenotomy, and examine tongue-tie severity with changes in non-nutritive suck patterning.MethodParents completed the Neonatal Eating Assessment Tool about infant feeding before frenotomy. Non-nutritive suck data were collected for 5 min before and after frenotomy. We used paired t-tests to compare non-nutritive suck measures pre- and post-frenotomy and linear regression evaluated the effect of tongue-tie severity and infant behavioral state on change in non-nutritive suck mechanics.ResultsTwenty-one infants had scores that met criteria for problematic feeding. The infant's non-nutritive suck amplitude (cmH₂O) (p = .02) and non-nutritive burst duration (sec) (p = .03) decreased post-frenotomy.DiscussionThis study supports the need for additional research to better understand feeding problems and changes in non-nutritive suck amplitude and duration in infants with tongue-tie.     

应用内镜下贲门部套扎紧缩成形术治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效

目的探究内镜下贲门部套扎紧缩成形术治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效。方法选取2016年3月-2018年2月郑州颐和医院收治的胃食管反流病患者100例作为研究对象,分为射频组和套扎组,每组各50例患者。射频组患者行内镜下射频技术治疗,套扎组患者采用内镜下贲门部套扎紧缩成形术治疗。比较两组患者治疗效果、术前和术后6个月食管测压和反流情况以及并发症发生率。结果套扎组患者治疗效果(98.00%)明显优于射频组(76.00%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);套扎组患者术后6和12个月24 h反流时间、反流次数和胃食管反流病自测量表(GERD-Q)评分明显低于术前,且套扎组低于射频组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);套扎组术后6和12个月食管括约肌压力和食管残余压明显高于术前,且套扎组高于射频组,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05);套扎组术后并发症发生率(10.00%)也明显低于射频组(34.00%),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论内镜下贲门部套扎紧缩成形术治疗胃食管反流病效果较好,可以缩短胃反流时间、减少反流次数、缓解症状、增加食管括约肌压力和食管残余压、减少并发症的发生率。     

Web-Based Symptom Management for Women With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the WRITE Symptoms Intervention

ContextLittle research has focused on symptom management among women with ovarian cancer. Written Representational Intervention To Ease Symptoms (WRITE Symptoms) is an educational intervention delivered through asynchronous web-based message boards between a study participant and a nurse.ObjectivesWe evaluated WRITE Symptoms for 1) feasibility of conducting the study via message boards, 2) system usability, 3) participant satisfaction, and 4) initial efficacy.MethodsParticipants were 65 women (mean age, 56.5; SD = 9.23) with recurrent ovarian cancer randomized using minimization with race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white vs. minority) as the stratification factor. Measures were obtained at baseline and two and six weeks after intervention. Outcomes were feasibility of conducting the study, system usability, participant satisfaction, and efficacy (symptom severity, distress, consequences, and controllability).ResultsFifty-six (87.5%) participants were retained, and the mean usability score (range 1–7) was 6.18 (SD = 1.29). All satisfaction items were scored at 5 (of 7) or higher. There were significant between-group effects at T2 for symptom distress, with those in the WRITE Symptoms group reporting lower distress than those in the control group [t(88.4) = −2.57; P = 0.012], with a similar trend for symptom severity [t(40.4) = −1.95; P = 0.058]. Repeated measures analysis also supported a group effect, with those in the WRITE Symptoms group reporting lower symptom distress than those in the control condition [F(1, 56.7) = 4.59; P = 0.037].ConclusionParticipants found the intervention and assessment system easy to use and had high levels of satisfaction. Initial efficacy was supported by decreases in symptom severity and distress.     

Postural control may drive the development of other domains in infancy

BackgroundTo examine differences in sitting posture in infants at low- and high-risk for autism spectrum disorder and to establish the relationship between sitting postural control and other developmental domains.MethodsA total of 19 infants participated in the study. Eight infants at high-risk and 11 infants at low-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Sitting posture at 6 months was evaluated using a force platform while center of pressure data were acquired. We utilized traditional tools of center of pressure analysis, such as range, median frequency and frequency dispersion, as well as non-linear tools such as Sample Entropy for both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. At 12 months we used the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile™ and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, the personal-social subscale.FindingsAt 6 months none of the postural control measures showed statistically significant differences between groups. Infants at high-risk presented significantly lower scores in all behavioral domains than infants at low-risk at 12 months with fair effect sizes. Certain measures of postural control at 6 months could predict language and visual reception behavior at 12 months.InterpretationInfants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorder present with delays in social, communication and language behavior as well as altered postural control in the first year of life. The present data support the possibility that motor skills and specifically postural control may drive the development in other domains.     

The effect of Yakson and Gentle Human Touch methods on pain and physiological parameters in preterm infants during heel lancing

BackgroundVarious non-pharmacologic methods are used to alleviate pain in preterm infants who spend their first days in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) because they are exposed to numerous painful interventions.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of Yakson and Gentle Human Touch (GHT) methods on pain and physiologic parameters during heel lancing procedures in preterm infants.Design and methodsThis was a randomised controlled trial. The study was conducted in a NICU between June 2018 and June 2019. A total of 90 preterm infants were divided into three groups: 30 infants in the Yakson group, 30 infants in the GHT group, and 30 infants in the control group. All preterm infants were randomly divided into groups. Pain responses were evaluated using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale.ResultsIt was found that pain scores and heart rates were significantly lower during and after heel lancing in preterm infants in the Yakson and GHT groups than in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (p < .001).Practical implicationsYakson and GHT applied to preterm infants during heel lancing has positive effects on pain and physiologic parameters.     

Development and preliminary validation of the Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale (NIAPAS)

BackgroundSeveral pain scales are available for neonates, but, unfortunately they are only rarely used in clinical practice. To help with the current situation of unrecognized and under-treated pain in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), we developed an assessment tool in close collaboration with clinical staff.ObjectivesTo develop a multidimensional scale, NIAPAS (the Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale), that is sensitive to the needs of infants in neonatal intensive care units, and to test the validity, reliability, feasibility and clinical utility of the scale for this population.DesignInstrument development and psychometric analysis.MethodsPain assessments (n = 180) were made of 34 neonates born between 23 and 42 weeks gestational age who were undergoing 60 painful procedures (heel lance 77%, tracheal suctioning 23%) in the NICU. Using bedside video recordings, each neonate was observed through three phases of the procedure: 1 min before the procedure, during the procedure (lasting from 0.6 to 11.2 min, mean 2.6), and 1 min after the procedure. In addition, an expert panel (n = 5) and nurses (n = 26) participated in the validation of the scale.ResultsA pool of 8 pain indicators (5 behavioral and 3 physiological indicators), including the gestational age of neonates as a contextual factor, was identified based on the nurses’ expertise in neonatal intensive care. Scores on the NIAPAS changed significantly across the phases (p < 0.001), indicating a good construct validity of the scale. Correlations between the NIAPAS and NIPS (the Neonatal Infant Pain Score) were high (0.751–0.873). The study also demonstrated high coefficients for inter-rater (r = 0.991–0.997) and intra-rater reliability (r = 0.992–1.00), with an internal consistency of 0.723. The content validity was very good (Mean I-CVI 1.00), as evaluated by the expert group. The nurses agreed that the scale was easy to administer and that it helped decision-making in the pain management of infants.ConclusionsThe NIAPAS was shown to be a valid and reliable scale for assessing acute pain in preterm and full-term infants in the NICU. It allows nurses to evaluate infants’ acute pain especially during painful procedures and help to provide pain relief for the infants.     

Non-nutritive sucking,oral breast milk,and facilitated tucking relieve preterm infant pain during heel-stick procedures: A prospective,randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPreterm infant pain can be relieved by combining non-nutritive sucking (sucking), oral sucrose, and facilitated tucking (tucking), but the pain-relief effects of oral expressed breast milk (breast milk) are ambiguous.AimsWe compared the effects of combined sucking+ breast milk, sucking + breast milk + tucking, and routine care on preterm infant pain during and after heel-stick procedures.DesignA prospective, randomized controlled trial.SettingsLevel III neonatal intensive care unit and a neonatal unit at a medical center in Taipei.Participants/subjectsPreterm infants (N = 109, gestational age 29–37 weeks, stable disease condition) needing procedural heel sticks were recruited by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three treatment conditions: routine care, sucking+ breast milk, and sucking + breast milk + tucking.MethodsPain was measured by watching video recordings of infants undergoing heel-stick procedures and scoring pain at 1-min intervals with the Premature Infant Pain Profile. Data were collected over eight phases: baseline (phase 1, 10 min without stimuli before heel stick), during heel stick (phases 2 and 3), and a 10-min recovery (phases 4–8).ResultsFor infants receiving sucking+ breast milk, pain-score changes from baseline across phases 2–8 were 2.634, 4.303, 2.812, 2.271, 1.465, 0.704, and 1.452 units lower than corresponding pain-score changes of infants receiving routine care (all p-values < 0.05 except for phases 6 and 7). Similarly, for infants receiving sucking +breast milk+ tucking, pain-score changes from baseline were 2.652, 3.644, 1.686, 1.770, 1.409, 1.165, and 2.210 units lower than corresponding pain-score changes in infants receiving routine care across phases 2–8 (all p-values < 0.05 except for phase 4). After receiving sucking +breast milk +tucking and sucking +breast milk, infants’ risk of mild pain (pain score ≥6) significantly decreased 67.0% and 70.1%, respectively, compared to infants receiving routine care. After receiving sucking +breast milk +tucking and sucking +breast milk, infants’ risk of moderate-to-severe pain (pain score ≥12) decreased 87.4% and 95.7%, respectively, compared to infants receiving routine care.ConclusionThe combined use of sucking + breast milk +tucking and sucking + breast milk effectively reduced preterm infants’ mild pain and moderate-to-severe pain during heel-stick procedures. Adding facilitated tucking helped infants recover from pain across eight phases of heel-stick procedures. Our findings advance knowledge on the effects of combining expressed breast milk, sucking, and tucking on preterm infants’ procedural pain.     

Effects of an Individualized Fasting Program on Fasting Time and Comfort in Infants and Young Children During the Perioperative Period

PurposeThe study was designed to evaluate the effect of an individualized fasting program on fasting time and comfort in infants and young children during the perioperative period.DesignA quasiexperimental design was used.MethodsThe study included 675 children (intervention = 353, control = 322). Data collection tools included Characteristics of Children Form and the Infant Hunger Rating Scale. The fasting program included individualized fasting education and fasting in batches. On the day of the operation, clear liquids were fed 2 hours before surgery and refed after the patient woke after surgery.FindingsThe duration of perioperative fasting and the time to refeeding were shorter, the hunger scores were lower in the intervention group than those in the control group (P < .05). There was no difference in the incidence of vomiting between the two groups (P > .05), and no coughing and bloating occurred.ConclusionsThe fasting program for infants and young children can shorten the duration of fasting and can reduce the degree of hunger. This program is safe and feasible.     

Case-control study on regular Ba Duan Jin practice for patients with chronic neck pain

PurposeTo observe the long-term effects of regular Ba Duan Jin exercises for patients with chronic neck pain.MethodsParticipants with chronic neck pain were instructed to perform ≥30 min/d of Ba Duan Jin exercises (n = 36) or assigned to a control group (n = 36) for six months. Data from a visual analogue scale, Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, and the 36-item Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) were collected before, and three and six months after intervention began.ResultsParticipants undergoing Ba Duan Jin exercises achieved significantly greater improvement than the controls in visual analogue scale, Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire and SF-36 health transition scores (all p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in SF-36 physical or mental component summaries.ConclusionRegular Ba Duan Jin practice reduces suffering and pain, and increases health satisfaction in individuals with chronic neck pain.     

The Pediatric Version of the Eating Assessment Tool: a caregiver administered dyphagia-specific outcome instrument for children

Purpose: To develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Pediatric version of the caregiver administered Eating Assessment Tool.

Methods: The study included developmental phase and reported content, criterion validity, internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool. Literature review and the original Eating Assessment Tool were used for line-item generation. Expert consensus assessed the items for content validity over two Delphi rounds. Fifty-one healthy children to obtain normative data and 138 children with cerebral palsy to evaluate test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and criterion validity were included. The Penetration-Aspiration Scale was used to assess criterion validity.

Results: All items were found to be necessary. Content validity index was 0.91. The mean score of Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool for healthy children and children with cerebral palsy was 0.26?±?1.83 and 19.5?±?11, respectively. The internal consistency was high with Cronbach’s alpha =0.87 for test and retest. An excellent correlation between the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool and Penetration-Aspiration score for liquid and pudding swallowing was found (p?r?=?0.77; p?r?=?0.83, respectively). A score >4 demonstrated a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 98.8% to predict penetration/aspiration.

Conclusions: The Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool was shown to be a valid and reliable tool to determine penetration/aspiration risk in children.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• The pediatric eating assessment tool: a new dyphagia-specific outcome survey for children.

• The Pediatric Version of the Eating Assessment Tool is a dysphagia specific, parent report outcome instrument to determine penetration/aspiration risk in children.

• The Pediatric Version of the Eating Assessment Tool has good internal consistency, test–retest reliability and criterion-based validity.

• The Pediatric Version of the Eating Assessment Tool may be utilized as a clinical instrument to assess the need for further instrumental evaluation of swallowing function in children.

     

Japanese original delayed hepatitis B vaccination provides adequate immunogenicity against mother-to-child hepatitis B virus infection in preterm infants: A nationwide survey in Japan

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate immunogenicity following Japanese original delayed hepatitis B (HB) vaccinations for prevention of mother-to-child HB infection in preterm infants.MethodsA nationwide survey in Japan was conducted at certified neonatology facilities in 2014. Eighty-four preterm infants born from a serum hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen-positive mother were included. We collected data on the following parameters: gestational age, birth weight (BW), age at HB vaccination, age at examination of serum anti-HBs titer, and serum anti-HBs titer. The delayed HB vaccination schedule was 3 doses of HB vaccines at 2, 3 and 5 months of age. A seropositive immunogenic response to HB vaccination was defined as an anti-HBs titer ≥10 mIU/mL. Seropositive rates were calculated in all participants. Four subgroups based on BW were as follows: <1000 g (n = 13), 1000–1499 g (n = 16), 1500–1999 g (n = 26), and ≥2000 g (n = 29).ResultsAmong 84 preterm infants who completed the delayed vaccination schedule, 82 (98%) achieved seropositive anti-HBs titer at a median age of 6 months. Seropositive rates of infants <1000 g, 1000–1499 g, 1500–1999 g, and ≥2000 g were 92%, 94%, 100%, and 100%, respectively.ConclusionThe Japanese original delayed HB vaccinations achieved sufficient seropositive rates in preterm infants and provide immunogenicity against mother-to-child HB infection.     

Evaluation of the Reliability and Validity of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain Scale in Chinese Neonates

BackgroundBehavioral Indicators of Infant Pain scale (BIIP) has been shown to be a good tool to assess pain in infants.AimsThis paper aimed to translate BIIP into Chinese and evaluate its reliability and validity for neonates in China.DesignA prospective observational study.Setting and ParticipantsA convenience sample of 396 neonates (preterm and term infants) were recruited from neonatal intensive care units in China from July to October 2016.MethodsThe BIIP was translated and adjusted for semantic adaption.396 neonates were assessed during 3 phases of blood collection from an artery/vein. A video camera was positioned for a close-up view of the face and body. The neonates’ pain was rated independently by 2 nurses who were trained and familiar with the Chinese version of BIIP (C-BIIP)and FLACC (Facial expression, Legs, Activity, Crying and Consolability).ResultsThe internal consistency were 0.904 (preterm) and 0.895 (term). The test-retest reliability were 0.947 (preterm) and 0.938 (term) and the interclass correlation coefficients were 0.921 to 0.959 (preterm) and 0.921 to 0.959 (term). The correlations between the C-BIIP and FLACC were high (preterm: r = 0.948, term: r = 0.896). Using the C-BIIP, the 3 phases of blood collection were found to be statistically different (preterm: F = 635.76, term: F = 675.54; P < 0.001), which showed that the construct validity of C-BIIP was good.ConclusionThe BIIP is a reliable and valid tool to assess pain in term and preterm neonates in China.     

Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Infants and Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Symptom Management

Gastroesophageal reflux is common in young infants, particularly those born prematurely or with a history of medical complexity. The most recent clinical practice guidelines recommend the use of nonpharmacologic management strategies because of concerns about the safety of acid-reducing medications and a lack of evidence of their effectiveness. Our purpose in this article is to holistically review the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease, identify symptom management targets, and describe nonpharmacologic strategies that nurses can implement and/or teach to parents to manage symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Strategies targeting stress, dysbiosis, food intolerances, feeding difficulties, and positioning are discussed. Nurses can work with families to identify factors contributing to gastroesophageal reflux disease and determine individualized strategies that can be used in lieu of, or in addition to, medication.