冠心病合并左心功能不全患者冠状动脉介入治疗预后影响因素分析

【目的】探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）对冠心病合并左心功能不全患者预后的相关因素。【方法】选择2007年5月至2012年5月本院收治的416例冠心病合并左心功能不全患者,根据其是否行PCI治疗将其分为观察组（n=264）和对照组（n=152）,收集其临床资料,包括年龄、性别、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、心功能指标、病变血管情况等资料,并进行2年随访,比较PCI治疗与普通药物治疗对患者预后的影响,logistic回归分析影响冠心病并左心功能不全患者PCI治疗后预后的相关因素。【结果】术后经2年随访共有134例（32．2％）患者死亡,其中观察组63例,对照组71例,观察组患者病死率均显著低于对照组患者,猝死及急性心力衰竭是患者死亡的主要原因。年龄、糖尿病史、高血压病史、心绞痛、LVEF、病变血管支数均与冠心痛合并左心功能不全患者预后相关。【结论】冠心病合并左心功能不全患者行PCI治疗可显著减少患者病死率。年龄、合并糖尿病、高血压病史,有心绞痛症状,LVEF、病变血管支数是决定其预后的重要因素。     

Prospects of endothelial dysfunction reversion in patients with congestive heart failure

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril and non-peptide blocker of AT1 receptors losartan on endothelial function of the shoulder artery in patients with congestive cardiac insufficiency. The examination covered 96 patients (mean age 46.71 +/- 4.13) with stable effort angina (functional class II-III) and circulatory insufficiency (NYHA functional class II-III) having end-diastolic left-ventricular volume > 160 ml, left ventricular ejection fraction < 35%, sinus rhythm, cardiothoracal index > 0.55 units. Patients with fibrillar tachyarrhythmia, high grade blocks, pacemaker migration, artificial pacemaker, myocardial infarction were not included in the trial. The patients were randomized into 3 groups 32 patients each. In addition to basic therapy patients of group 1 received long-acting nitrates, digoxin, aspirin and furosemide; group 2--enalapril in daily dose 10 mg; group 3--losartan in daily dose 25 mg. A course of treatment lasted 12 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed by high resolution echography, dopplerography performed before and after temporary occlusion of the shoulder artery and sublingual nitroglycerin. In patients with cardiac insufficiency, accelerated blood flow in the shoulder artery after its temporary occlusion promoted realization of the vasoconstrictory reaction. This was verified as endothelial dysfunction. In the course of the treatment all the patients achieved insignificant increase of the shoulder artery initial diameter. After sublingual intake of nitroglycerin vasodilation was also insignificant. 12-week enalapril and losartan prevented vasoconstriction in the shoulder artery in response to quicker circulation following arterial occlusion. However, higher maximal flow speed did not correspond to the increment in the artery diameter after the occlusion in any group. The flow-induced vasodilation was more pronounced in the enalapril group. Losartan group had a trend to an increase in the inner diameter of the shoulder artery. It is shown that enalapril and losartan in congestive cardiac insufficiency improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation caused by nitroglycerin. Enalapril demonstrated stronger ability than losartan to reverse endothelial dysfunction in patients with cardiac insufficiency resultant from ischemic heart disease.     

Ivabradin

The heart rate at rest is closely associated with total and, in particular, cardiovascular mortality. The reduction in mortality due to treatment with cardiovascular drugs seems to be partly linked with their ability to reduce the heart rate. Both the pathophysiology of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease as well as the development of cardiac insufficiency with reduced left ventricular function are closely associated with resting pulse rate. Therefore, a selective reduction in heart rate is viewed as an interesting therapeutic principle. Such a reduction can be achieved with the new, specific If-channel blocker ivabradine. Ivabradine inhibits the spontaneous depolarisation in the sinus node and thereby reduces heart rate. Other cardiac parameters such as intracellular cAMP or the inotropic state are not influenced. Recent clinical studies allow the application of ivabradine as an alternative agent in patients with stable angina pectoris who do not tolerate beta-blockade. Pending ongoing studies, ivabradine might also be useful for other cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure or rhythm disorders.     

曲美他嗪治疗不稳定性心绞痛合并糖尿病老年患者的临床研究

目的探讨曲美他嗪治疗不稳定性心绞痛合并糖尿病老年患者的疗效。方法70例老年不稳定性心绞痛合并糖尿病患者随机分为曲美他嗪治疗组(35例)和常规治疗组(35例),曲美他嗪治疗组在常规口服药物基础上加用曲美他嗪20 mg口服,每日3次,治疗8周后观察每周心绞痛发作次数及硝酸酯类制剂用量、左心室舒张末径(LVEDd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、ST段下降导联数(NST)、ST段压低总和(ΣST)变化。结果经8周治疗后两组均可显著改善心肌缺血程度及心功能,降低心绞痛发作频率和硝酸甘油日耗量,且曲美他嗪治疗效果优于常规治疗组。结论在常规治疗基础上加用曲美他嗪能更有效改善老年不稳定性心绞痛合并糖尿病患者心肌缺血及心功能。     

Trimetazidine effects on exercise tolerance and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with coronary heart disease

AIM: Trial of trimetasidine effects on exercise tolerance (ET) and left ventricular diastolic function (LVDF) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included 40 CHD patients. Of them 10, 18 and 12 had myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris and stable angina, respectively. 38 CHD patients of the control group had these disorders, respectively, in 5, 15 and 18 cases. 2-3-month therapy with nitrates, beta-blockers (BB) and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was given to both groups with adjuvant trimetasidine (60 mg/d) given to patients of the study group. The effects were judged by the results of cycle exercise tests and echo-CG including the loading one. RESULTS: Adjuvant use of trimetasidine improved exercise tolerance, mean threshold capacity, LVDF. When added to BB treatment, trimetasidine reduced damage to LVDF under dipiridamol test. CONCLUSION: Trimetasidine addition to combined treatment of CHD raises exercise tolerance and improves LVDF.     

Coronary Occlusion and Coronary Insufficiency

Acute coronary attacks may be divided clinically, electrocardiographically, pathologically and therapeutically into (i) classical angina pectoris, (2) acute coronary insufficiency and (3) acute coronary occlusion. In 1000 consecutive cardiac consultations, 450 of 618 cases with organic heart disease had coronary artery disease. Of these 450 cases, 38 per cent had chronic coronary insufficiency (angina pectoris or congestive failure), 26 per cent had acute coronary insufficiency, and 36 per cent had acute coronary occlusion. The differentiation between coronary occlusion and insufficiency which can be made electrocardiographically in 95 per cent of cases is discussed in this paper.     

辛伐他汀对不同类型冠心病患者左心功能及脂联素、超敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的观察辛伐他汀对不同类型冠心病患者左心室功能及血清脂联素（APN）、超敏 C 反应蛋白（hs-CRP）含量的影响。方法将本院收治的119例冠心病患者分为观察组90例和对照组29例,观察组患者按照类型不同再分为稳定型心绞痛（SAP）组（32例）、不稳定型心绞痛（UAP）组（31例）和急性心肌梗死（AMI）组（27例）;对照组给予常规治疗,观察组在常规治疗基础上均给予辛伐他汀片20 mg 口服;治疗8周后比较各组患者的左心功能指标：左室舒张末期容积（LVEDV）、左室收缩末期容积（LVESV）和左室射血分数（LVEF）。ELISA法检测血清中 APN 和 hs-CRP 含量变化。结果疗程结束后,观察组的左心功能指标和血清指标含量变化均优于对照组,且差异有显著性（P ＜ 0.05）。SAP、UAP、AMI 三组患者的 LVEDV、LVESV减小,LVEF增大,血清中 APN含量增加、hs-CRP含量减少,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜ 0.05）;且 UAP组的LVEDV、hs-CRP减少值优于SAP组,AMI组的LVESV、hs-CRP减少值和APN增加值优于SAP组,且差异均有显著性（P＜ 0.05）。结论辛伐他汀可改善不同类型冠心病患者左室功能,其稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块的作用可能与调节血清 APN和 hs-CRP含量有关。     

老年冠心病367例临床分析

目的探讨老年冠心病的临床特点.方法对2001年1月～2004年12月收治的367例老年冠心病住院患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 367例患者的临床表现为,无明显症状42例、单纯心绞痛92例、单纯心肌梗死56例、单纯心律失常66例、心绞痛或心肌梗死合并心律失常74例、心绞痛或心肌梗死合并心功能不全37例.79例有心肌梗死的病例中,47例表现为Q波心肌梗死;32例表现为非Q波心肌梗死;140例有心律失常的病例中,部分病例有多种心律失常表现,其中房颤51例、室性期前收缩37例、房性期前收缩34例、室内传导阻滞27例、房室传导阻滞12例、病窦综合征8例.结论老年冠心病具有无症状型冠心病多、心绞痛症状不典型者多、心律失常检出率高、易合并心功能不全、多种类型的冠心病合并出现者多、非Q波型心肌梗死发生率高等临床特点.     

New insights into bioactivation of organic nitrates,nitrate tolerance and cross-tolerance

Organic nitrates still represent a group of very effective anti-ischemic drugs used for the treatment of patients with stable angina, acute myocardial infarction and chronic congestive heart failure. Long-term therapy with organic nitrates, however, results in a rapid development of nitrate tolerance blunting their hemodynamic and antiischemic efficacy. Recent studies revealed that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and a subsequent oxidative inactivation of nitrate reductase, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2), play an important role for the development of nitrate and crosstolerance. The present review focuses firstly on the role of ALDH-2 for organic nitrate bioactivation and secondly on the role of oxidative stress in the development of tolerance and cross-tolerance (endothelial dysfunction) in response to various organic nitrates. Finally, we would like to draw the reader’s attention to the protective properties of the organic nitrate pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN), which, in contrast to all other organic nitrates, is able to upregulate enzymes with a strong antioxidative capacity thereby preventing tolerance and the development of endothelial dysfunction.     

老年冠心病合并糖尿病患者血栓前状态分子标志物变化及意义

目的 观察老年冠心病合并非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDDM)患者血栓前状态分子标志物的变化及意义。方法 对观察组60例患者(稳定型心绞痛18例、不稳定型心绞痛19例、不稳定型心绞痛合并NIDDM23例)和对照组18例正常人体内血栓前状态分子标志物、血管内皮功能以及脂质过氧化物水平进行检测，并回归分析其之间的相关性。结果 老年冠心病合并NIDDM患者存在明显的血栓前状态分子标志物变化，并且这种变化与内皮功能失调以及脂质过氧化损伤密切相关。结论 老年冠心痛合并NIDDM患者存在明显的血栓前状态分子标志物变化，可能与血管内皮功能障碍及脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

心肌缺血预适应在急性心肌梗死中的临床意义

目的 :探讨心肌缺血预适应性对急性心肌梗死的影响。方法 :对 75例急性心肌梗死患者按有无梗死前心绞痛分为两组 ,A组 41例 ,B组 3 4例 ,两组的性别、年龄无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。观察两组梗死面积、心肌酶、并发症。结果 :有心绞痛组 ,心肌梗死范围、心肌酶学峰值、左心衰明显低于无梗死前心绞痛组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :心肌缺血预适应可以限制梗死面积扩大 ,降低死亡率。     

The value of exercise tests after acute myocardial infarction.

The aim of the present study was to relate the clinical course in patients after a first acute myocardial infarction with the response to exercise-tests performed one month after discharge. 90 consecutive patients who suffered an acute myocardial infarction for the first time were followed-up after 12 months in general practice. Six patients had died, and nine patients had suffered another MI. 23 patients were being treated for heart failure, 51 for angina pectoris, and 8 for arrhythmias. 14 patients received treatment for both heart failure and angina pectoris. Of the patients at work, 17.6% did not return to work because of the heart disease. 80 patients were in function groups I-II and 10 in function groups III-IV (New York Heart Association's Classification). Occurrence of ST-segment displacements was without prognostic value. Left ventricular function index (dRPP) and working capacity (W) were predictive with respect to mortality, heart failure, and angina pectoris requiring drug treatment. Exercise tests following acute myocardial infarction could not predict the chances of returning to work.     

急诊超声心动评价心脏功能的意义

目的：评价超声心动在急诊心功能不全和急性心肌梗死的意义和可行性，方法：选择急诊以重症心功能不全和第一次急性心肌梗死就诊入住ICU的患者，在就诊即刻至24h内进行超声心动评价心脏左室收缩，舒张功能以及左室局部收缩功能。结果：急诊就诊的心力衰竭的大多数病因是高心病，肺心病和冠心病，分别占41．3％，24．7％，22．2％，单纯舒张性心力衰竭占18％，超声心动可检测急性心肌梗死的左室局部收缩功能异常，但是在溶栓的最佳6h内不能增强诊断及溶栓治疗的信心。结论：急诊超声心动对于急重症心力衰竭和急性心肌梗死的诊治具有重要作用，特别是诊断单纯舒张功能不全具有不可替代的价值，超声心动在急诊科用于心功能和急性心肌梗死的评价也是可行的。     

美托洛尔联合福辛普利对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心功能的影响

目的研究分析美托洛尔联合福辛普利对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者心功能的影响。方法选取2015年1月—2016年8月本院收治的122例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者作为研究对象,将所有患者按照随机数字表法分为2组各61例。对照组患者给予常规治疗,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上采用美托洛尔联合福辛普利治疗,对比两组临床疗效、治疗前后心功能指标变化、主要心脏不良事件发生率。结果对照组患者临床有效率为67.21%,低于观察组95.08%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,对照组患者左心室舒张末期内径及左心室收缩末期内径均大于观察组,左心室射血分数小于观察组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组患者心力衰竭、心律失常、非致命性再梗死、梗死后心绞痛发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,采用美托洛尔联合福辛普利治疗可较好的恢复患者心功能水平,具有较高的安全性,。     

针罐结合治疗中老年稳定劳力型心绞痛的临床研究

目的探讨针刺配合拔罐治疗稳定劳力型心绞痛的临床疗效、安全性及对运动试验参数、心绞痛发作情况、硝酸甘油耗量的影响。方法选取78例稳定劳力型心绞痛患者,随机分为治疗组40例予针刺结合拔罐治疗,对照组38例单纯口服硝酸异山梨酯,均治疗3个疗程,评价临床疗效并对治疗前后两组运动试验主要参数、心绞痛发作频率、持续时间、硝酸甘油耗量进行对比。结果两组临床疗效比较,治疗组有效率(97.5%)优于对照组(81.6%)(P<0.05);两组治疗均能增加运动耐量,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05);在降低心绞痛发作频率、持续时间、硝酸甘油耗量方面,治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论针刺结合拔罐的方法能改善稳定劳力型心绞痛患者的临床症状、增加运动耐量、降低心绞痛发作频率、持续时间及硝酸甘油耗量,且不良反应小。     

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔介入封堵术疗效观察(附3例报道)

目的 观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并室间隔穿孔患者应用封堵伞行室间隔穿孔封堵,同时或择期行冠状动脉支架置入远期疗效.方法 对3例患者按常规方法行室间隔封堵术,并行择期冠脉介入治疗.心功能的评定采用临床观察及超声心动图测定的方法,追踪 12～22 个月.结果 心功能由术前的Ⅵ级恢复为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级并维持至今.术后无心绞痛发生,无心力衰竭再入院.结论 AMI 并发室间隔穿孔,择期介入封堵室间隔可明显改善患者的心功能,改善预后,提高生活质量.冠状动脉支架置入术在封堵术成功数日后进行较术前及同期进行更为合理、安全.     

Angiographic correlates of a positive troponin T test in patients with unstable angina

OBJECTIVE: To study the angiographic correlates of cardiac troponin T (cTnT)-positive and -negative patients with unstable angina pectoris. BACKGROUND: A positive cTnT test identifies a high-risk subgroup of unstable angina pectoris patients. Only the high-risk cTnT-positive patients seem to benefit from a more aggressive antithrombotic treatment regimen. The underlying coronary pathology in cTnT-positive and -negative patients that explains the predictive power of cTnT on prognosis and response to antithrombotic therapy is largely unknown. METHODS: A total of 197 subsequently admitted patients with unstable angina pectoris underwent cTnT testing by a rapid bedside assay and early qualitative and quantitative angiography. Long-term follow-up was 12 months. RESULTS: Patients with cTnT-positive tests revealed more critical stenoses of culprit lesions (p =.041), more severe reductions of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grades (p <.037), a higher prevalence of intracoronary thrombus (p =.079), and a poorer left ventricular function (p =.047). The odds ratio of cTnT was 5.8 (p <.0001) for presence of thrombus, reduced thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow, and/or critical stenosis (>90%), and was 3.1 (p =.005) for presence of three-vessel disease, left main disease, and/or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Coronary bypass grafting was more frequently performed in the cTnT-positive group. However, event-free survival was not different in our cohort characterized by a high rate of percutaneous coronary interventions. CONCLUSIONS: A positive cTnT test in patients with unstable angina pectoris indicates presence of more severe coronary artery disease and poorer left ventricular function. This finding could explain the differences in short- and long-term outcome and treatment responses to antithrombotic regimens.     

尼可地尔联合曲美他嗪治疗冠心病心绞痛的临床效果及对患者血管内皮功能及MMP-2、MMP-9水平的影响

目的 探讨尼可地尔联合曲美他嗪治疗冠心病心绞痛的临床效果及对患者血管内皮功能及MMP-2、MMP-9水平的影响.方法 择取2015年7月至2020年12月我院收治的94例冠心病心绞痛患者作为研究对象,按照治疗方案将其分为观察组(47例,常规治疗+尼可地尔+曲美他嗪)和对照组(47例,常规治疗+曲美他嗪).比较两组的治疗...     

Valvular heart disease. Identifying and managing mitral and aortic lesions

Evaluation and treatment of valvular heart disease (table 1) are in evolution. Echocardiography is the principal diagnostic tool. In general, mitral and aortic stenotic lesions warrant surgical treatment when symptoms appear. Such intervention is also indicated in symptomatic patients with a regurgitant mitral or aortic lesion. Some patients with regurgitant lesions require surgical treatment even before the onset of symptoms, such as when left ventricular dysfunction or dilatation supervenes. Surgical treatment of valvular lesions consists of repair or replacement, except in the case of mitral stenosis, where PBMC is a reasonable alternative. In general, medical therapy has a very limited role in the treatment of valvular heart disease. Severe aortic insufficiency is an exception. In such cases, afterload reduction has proved beneficial in the long-term prognosis.     

Remodeling in cardiac failure of functional class I due to arterial hypertension associated with ischemic heart disease

Hemodynamics and ventricular remodeling were studied echocardiographically in 192 men with heart failure (NYHA functional class I), arterial hypertension (AH) of stage I-III and clinical picture of ischemic heart disease (IHD). The latter presented in the patients with stable angina pectoris of FC I-II (SAP), unstable angina pectoris (UAP) without foci, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction (MI), postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PC) with SAP or UAP. The control group consisted of 41 healthy men. The patients had AH stage 1. The patients and healthy controls differed significantly by the size of the aorta, left atrium, thickness of the interventricular septum and posterior wall of the left ventricle. There was a significant left-ventucular hypertrophy in the groups with patients with MI, SAP and PC, UAP and PC (p < 0.001). In these groups the type of left ventricular remodeling was characterized as excentric type of left ventricular hypertrophy without its delatation. Normal left ventricular geometry was in healthy men, SAP, UAP, paroxysmal actual fibrillation.