腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的价值

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）术中胆道造影的临床价值及适应证。方法2003年1月-2006年1月我院对165例行LC术中经胆囊管胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography，IOC），根据造影结果指导LC术中操作，调整手术方案。结果165例LC术中经胆囊管胆道造影发现胆囊管变异22例，胆囊管结石12例，合并胆总管结石8例。本组无胆道损伤，避免胆总管阴性探查7例。结论LC术中经胆囊管胆道造影对于预防术中胆道损伤、减少胆总管阴性探查具有重要价值。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的：研究对于有胆总管探查指征的病人行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)时手术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography,IOC)的应用价值。方法：收集我院外科1991－1999年2395例腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人中有选择性行手术中胆道造影的201例病人资料。分析术前术中存在的胆总管探查原因，手术中通过经胆囊管插管造影的结果对比，评估腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆道造影的应用价值。结果：在所有201例手术前或手术中有总管探查指征的病人行LC手术时，术中经胆囊造影，共有65例病人有阳性发现，其中只有21例行中转开腹手术，结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中胆道造影有很好的实用价值，正确使用可扩大腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术适应症。     

要重视预防和早期发现腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道错认损伤

胆道损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC)常见而又严重的并发症，而有关LC胆道损伤的文献常提及胆道错认损伤。下面结合我院1994年4月至2001年11月施行8196例LC中并发的19例胆道错认损伤，来探讨如何预防或早期发现胆道错认损伤。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

2001年9月～2005年3月，我院行术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography，IOC）86例，采用尼龙注射针头穿刺胆囊管，造影成功84例，成功率97.7％，术中发现胆总管结石3例，胆管变异2例，胆管损伤1例。我们认为IOC操作简单、安全、迅速，显影清晰，能降低胆道损伤的发生率，发现胆总管残石，提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道损伤的防治

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）胆道损伤的原因、预防措施及治疗方法。 方法：回顾9 例LC 术所致的胆道损伤：3 例胆总管完全或不完全性横断伤,3 例肝总管部分缺损, 2 例胆总管灼伤,1 例钛夹夹闭胆总管。 结果：9 例患者经积极治疗后均恢复良好,顺利出院。 结论：LC 中致胆道损伤的原因是多方面的,有客观因素,也有主观因素,但通过预防和及时处理, 可以减轻和减少其发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床探讨

目的 :减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残留结石的发生率。方法 :根据病史及术前B超检查结果 ,对可疑胆总管结石行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影 ,明确胆道情况。结果 :同期行LC 6 5 0例 ,术中胆道造影 89例 ,成功 78例 ,成功率 87 6 4% ,术中发现胆总管结石 19例 ,占同期LC总数的 2 92 %。结论 :术中胆道造影成功率高 ,显像清晰 ,是一种良好的胆道检查方法 ,为腹腔镜胆囊切除术的成功奠定了基础 ,同时也使患者避免了二次手术的痛苦     

胆道镜在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的:探讨如何减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后胆总管残留结石的方法。方法:对65例磁共振胰胆管显像（MRCP）阴性的腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）患者行术中胆道镜检。结果:发现胆总管下端结石9例，术中均行胆道镜一次取出结石、T管引流，效果满意。结论:MRCP检查阴性的患者常规行术中胆道镜检、T管引流，可避免LC术后胆总管残留结石。     

腹腔镜胆道损伤因素及预防的体会

1991年腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)引入我国,目前已经广泛推广应用,包括许多基层医院均已开展,目前已定位为良性胆囊疾病的金标准手术[1].但腹腔镜胆道手术并发症也越来越被内镜外科医生所重视,胆道损伤是LC最主要的并发症,发生率高达0.132%～1.11%[2].2000年至2004年,笔者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术520例,胆道损伤5例.其损伤均发生于胆囊切除术中,其中胆总管横断1例,胆总管部分损伤4例.现将胆管损伤因素及预防的体会报告如下.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管胆道造影的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)术中经胆囊管胆道造影(intraoperative cholangiography by cystic duct,IOC)的临床价值。方法在879例行LC的患者中,对37例术前有剧烈腹痛史、合并胆源性胰腺炎或MRCP可疑胆总管结石及术中胆囊管粗大、胆总管外径≤1.0cm且胆总管明显饱满的病例行IOC。结果成功35例,失败2例;术中发现胆囊管结石4例,胆总管结石3例,两者占IOC总数的18.9%。结论 IOC成功率高,显像清楚,对减少胆总管阴性探查、术后残留胆总管结石及残留胆囊管结石具有重要的临床价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影的临床应用

目的 探讨选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析125例经腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择性经胆囊管插管行胆道造影的临床资料。结果 术中造影发现胆总管结石22例，胆总管下端狭窄4例，胆管损伤1例，副肝管2例。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择性经胆囊管行胆道造影对降低胆管结石的残留，减少不必要的胆管阴性探查，辨明胆道解剖，避免及发现胆管损伤，提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量和安全性有重要价值。     

影响腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤修复效果的因素

目的 探讨影响腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤修复效果的因素。方法 回顾性分析28例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的发现时间、损伤修复前胆道造影情况、修复方法及其对修复效果的影响。结果 术中发现胆道损伤20例，修复成功19例(成功率为95％)；术后发现胆道损伤8例，修复成功7例(成功率为89％)。28例胆道损伤修复前均行胆道造影评估胆道结构，修复成功26例(成功率为93％)。局部缝合、或伴胆总管切开T管引流修复胆道穿孔、胆道撕裂、胆道部分夹闭或部分切开成功率达100%(21／21)，端端吻合修复术中发现的胆道横断2例均成功，胆肠Roux—en—Y吻合修复胆道横断、缺损、瘢痕狭窄4例，3例吻合成功。结论 早期(术中)发现胆道损伤、修复前对胆道结构进行评估、及对修复术式与方法的正确运用有助于提高胆道损伤的修复效果。     

Intraoperative cholangiography during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: The routine use of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains controversial. METHODS: A retrospective review of 950 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed during an 8-year period was performed. For the first 2 years, IOC was performed selectively, and thereafter routinely. RESULTS: Attempted in 896 patients, IOC was successful in 734 (82%). Bile duct stones were found in 77 patients (10%), dilated ducts without stones in 47 patients (6%), and anatomic variations in 4 patients (0.5%). There were four (0.4%) minor intraoperative complications related to the IOC, with no consequences for the patients. There were three (0.3%) minor injuries of the bile duct, which were identified with IOC and repaired at the time of cholecystectomy without any consequences for the patients. In two of these patients, the structure recognized and catheterized as the cystic duct was revealed by IOC to be the bile duct. Thus IOC prevented extension to a major common bile duct (CBD) injury. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that IOC is a safe technique. Its routine use during laparoscopic cholecystectomy may not prevent bile duct injuries, but it minimizes the extent of the injury so that it can be repaired easily without any consequences for the patient. The prevention of a major bile duct injury makes IOC cost effective.     

Contribution of intraoperative cholangiography to incidence and outcome of common bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: In the present study we examined, in a meta-analysis of the literature, the contribution of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) to incidence, type, and time of diagnosis of common bile duct (CBD) injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Materials and methods: Forty of 2104 reports were enrolled for analysis. In 26 reports we found exact information on type, location and repair of 405 major injuries and in a subgroup examination we selected 103 major injuries with detailed information as to the event and size of CBD injury in association with IOC. Results: The main incidence of CBD injuries was 0.36%. Using the method of routine IOC the incidence was 0.21% and the rate of diagnosis at the time of cholecystectomy 87% in contrast to selective use of IOC with 0.43% and 44.5%. In 405 cases of major CBD injuries, severe injuries predominated in 83.9% of the cases. Reconstruction with the help of a bilio-digestive anastomosis was necessary in 45.7% of all patients. In 34.8% of the cases a second intervention had to be made in the follow-up of 4 years after LC. The analysis of type, severity, recognition, and follow-up of CBD injuries during LC w/wo IOC showed significant advantages for doing routine IOC. Conclusions: The use of IOC can avoid severe types of CBD injuries during LC, increase the recognition at the time operation, and influence the success of repair and outcome of the patients.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的临床分析

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的原因、预防措施、诊断及处理方法.方法 回顾分析我院从2008年1月～2013年1月处理的14例腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的临床资料.结果 在14例患者中,A型（3例）经闭合离断的小胆管＋腹腔引流术治疗,C型（1例）和D型（5例）经肝胆管的修补＋T管引流术＋腹腔引流术治疗,E1型（3例）和E3型（1例）经肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术＋腹腔引流术治疗,E4型（1例）经融合左右肝管后再行的肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术＋腹腔引流术治疗.14例患者术后随访6～60月,均恢复良好.结论 胆道损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术的严重并发症,我们在了解其主要原因的同时应尽力避免损伤,一旦出现需及时正确处理,以达到满意的预后.     

亚甲蓝示踪腹腔镜胆囊管分型的临床价值

目的:评价术中亚甲蓝示踪技术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)预防胆管损伤的价值。方法:LC术中解剖分离胆囊三角、胆囊管前,将0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释的50%医用亚甲蓝注射液注入胆囊内,使胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色,术野中胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者的解剖关系清晰可见,可预防LC手术过程中损伤胆管。结果:100例慢性结石性胆囊炎患者在LC时应用了亚甲蓝示踪技术,其中82例胆囊、胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管染色清晰可见;15例胆囊、胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管染色,3例仅胆囊、胆囊壶腹部染色。无一例发生胆管损伤。结论:非急性、结石嵌顿性胆囊良性疾病用此法可避免由于胆囊管、肝总管、胆总管三者关系的错误辨别所致胆管损伤的发生。     

腹腔镜胆管造影在胆总管结石误探与漏探中的应用价值

目的 为避免胆总管结石误探和漏探,分析腹腔镜胆管造影在胆管探查中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年12月完成的230例腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）、胆总管探查术（LCBDE）患者的临床资料,选取腹腔镜术中胆管造影（intraoperative cholangiography,IOC）的患者41例作为观察组,未进行IOC的患者189例作为对照组。结果 观察组胆总管误探（阴性探查）1例,LC术后胆管残留结石0例（漏探0例）。对照组胆总管误探19例,其中12例胆总管探查无结石,7例因胆管损伤行了胆总管探查术;LC术后胆管残留结石6例（漏探6例）。观察组的胆总管误探率及漏探率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 腹腔镜IOC不仅能弥补术前影像学检查及术中判断的不足,降低胆总管误探及漏探的发生率,还可发现胆管解剖变异,及时避免或发现胆管损伤,降低手术并发症。     

选择性胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopy cholecystectomy,LC）中开展选择性的胆道造影技术及其临床应用价值。方法对98例术中胆道造影患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果同期LC 862例,术中胆道造影98例,造影成功90例,成功率为91.8%。术中发现胆管结石7例,胆管损伤1例,胆道解剖异常2例。结论选择性术中胆道造影操作简便安全,成功率高,显影清晰,可有效降低胆管结石的残余率和胆管损伤的发生率,避免不必要的胆道探查,提高LC手术的安全性。     

腹腔镜超声技术在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

本文旨在探讨腹腔镜超声技术在LC中的临床应用价值和开创腔镜诊治胆石症的新途径。320例LC病有常规行腹腔镜超声检查(LUS);50例行腹腔镜超声和术中胆管造影(LOC)对比研究。胆管结石采用ERCP/EST和腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石T管引流或一期缝合术治疗。结果显示LUS平均检查时间15min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示:胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管胆总管98％显像,胆总管未端86％显像,3％发现未预期胆管结石,发现10％胆囊管解剖变异;LUS和IOC对比结果显示LUS胆总管结石敏感性、特异性和总诊断正确率均优于IOC(分别为83％、98％、98％和76％、95％、95％),两者结合则高达100％。ERCP/EST成功率达90％,30例腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术平均手术时间3.5小时,25例置T管引流、5例一期胆管缝合,均获成功,未发生胆漏胆管损伤等并发症,术后残石者经T管胆道镜取石治愈。因此,LC中常规使用腹腔镜超声技术有助于判断胆道生理和病理解剖结构、防止发生胆管损伤;有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石、为胆管造影和胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术。腹腔镜超声指导下的腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查取石T管引流或一期胆管缝合术安全可靠、为胆石症微创外科诊断和治疗开辟了一条新途径。     

Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice for surgical removal of the gallbladder. The most significant complication of this new technique is injury to the bile duct. Twelve cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. Eight injuries were of a classic type: misidentification of the common duct for the cystic duct, resection of part of the common and hepatic ducts, and associated right hepatic arterial injury. Another injury was similar: clip ligation of the distal common duct with proximal ligation and division of the cystic duct, resulting in biliary obstruction and leakage. Three complications arose from excessive use of cautery or laser in the region of the common duct, resulting in biliary strictures. Evaluation of persistent diffuse abdominal pain led to the recognition of ductal injury in most patients. Ultimately, 10 patients required a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to provide adequate biliary drainage. One patient had a successful direct common duct repair, and the remaining patient underwent endoscopic dilatation.     

Bile duct injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, an increase in the incidence of bile duct injury two to three times that seen in open cholecystectomy was witnessed. Although some of these injuries were blamed on the ``learning curve,' many occurred long after the surgeon had passed his initial experience. We are still seeing these injuries today. Methods: To better understand the mechanism behind these injuries, in the hope of reducing the injury rate, 177 cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. All records were studied, including the initial operative reports and all subsequent treatments. Videotapes of the procedures were available for review in 45 (25%) of the cases. All X-ray studies, including interoperative cholangiograms and ERCPs, were reviewed. Results: The vast majority of the injuries seen in this review (71%) were a direct result of the surgeon misidentifying the anatomy. This misidentification led to ligation and division of the common bile duct in 116 (65%) of the cases. Cholangiograms were performed in only 18% (32 patients) of cases, and in only two patients was the bile duct injury recognized as a result of the cholangiogram. Review of the X-rays showed that in each instance of common bile duct ligation and transection in which a cholangiogram was performed the impending injury was in evidence on the X-ray films but ignored by the surgeon. Conclusions: From this review, several conclusions can be drawn. First and foremost, the majority of bile duct injuries seen with laparoscopic cholecystectomy can either be prevented or minimized if the surgeon adheres to a simple and basic rule of biliary surgery; NO structure is ligated or divided until it is absolutely identified! Cholangiography will not prevent bile duct injury, but if performed properly, it will identify an impending injury before the level of injury is extended. And lastly, the incidence of bile duct injury is not related to the laparoscopic technique but to a failure of the surgeon to translate his knowledge and skills from his open experience to the laparoscopic technique. Received: 14 May 1996/Accepted: 1 July 1996