伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效分析

目的探讨伽玛刀与手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效,寻求更佳的颞叶癫痫治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院接受伽玛刀治疗颞叶癫痫患者35例,治疗边缘剂量15~25 Gy,接受手术治疗颞叶癫痫患者102例,随访患者治疗后癫痫控制情况。结果随访时间3~7年,平均4.5年,伽玛刀治疗组EngelⅠ级7例,EngelⅡ级8例,EngelⅢ级9例,EngelⅣ级11例,手术治疗组:EngelⅠ级69例,EngelⅡ级15例,EngelⅢ级10例,EngelⅣ级8例,两者差异有显著统计学意义(P0.0001)。结论手术治疗颞叶癫痫疗效显著优于伽玛刀治疗,伽玛刀术后癫痫缓解率低,并发症多,目前尚不能作为颞叶癫痫的常规治疗。     

难治性癫痫手术效果评判时限

目的 总结分析难治性癫痫手术效果，以及手术后效果趋于稳定的时限。方法 对120例难治性癫痫手术患者进行长期追踪随访，并依照Engel分级对患者术后效果进行分类；比较患者术后半年，1年和远期（1年半以上）随访疗效，观察术后达到EngelⅠ-Ⅱ疗效比例的变化。结果 120例难治性癫痫手术患者中，术后半年随访发现：61％术后无癫痫再发，18％术后仅有先兆发作，7％偶有痫性发作（半年中小于2次），痫性发作明显减少（痫性发作减少大于80％）为5％，手术效果不明显（痫性发作减少小于20％）占9％；术后1年随访发现：无癫痫再发为45％，术后仅有先兆为12％，术后偶有痫性发作为12％（1年中小于3次），痫性发作明显减少为13％，手术效果不明显为18％。最近的随访结果如下（随访1．5～3年，平均1．8年）：无癫痫再发占43％，仅有先兆占13％，术后偶有痫性发作占14％，痫性发作明显减少占13％，手术效果不明显占17％。半年期随访预后和1年期随访预后中达到EngelⅠ-Ⅱ的比例有明显差异（组间差异有统计学意义，P〈0．05），1年期随访预后与长期随访预后中达到EngelⅠ-Ⅱ的比例无明显差异（组间差异无统计学意义，P〉0．05）。结论 药物难治性癫痫术后半年期随访评判疗效不可靠，而1年期疗效预示术后长期效果。     

颞叶癫痫患者手术后早期发作对远期疗效的影响

目的：探讨颞叶癫痫患者手术后早期发作的影响因素及其对预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年2月至2012年10月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科手术治疗的96例颞叶癫痫患者的临床资料,并进行随访,分析癫痫手术后早期发作的影响因素及其对长期预后的影响。结果术后随访所有患者EngelⅠ级73例,EngelⅡ级11例,EngelⅢ级9例,EngelⅣ级3例。15例患者术后出现APOS,随访EngelⅠ级8例,EngelⅡ级3例,EngelⅢ级3例,EngelⅣ级1例。患者的年龄、性别、病程、术前发作频率、发作类型、MRI表现、切除侧别、术后病理等对术后早期发作无影响。出现术后早期发作的患者的癫痫缓解率明显低于无术后早期发作的患者（P＜0．05）,惯常发作的患者的癫痫缓解率明显低于非惯常发作的患者（P＜0．05）。结论颞叶癫痫患者术后早期发作的出现提示预后不良,发作形式表现为惯常发作的患者更容易出现癫痫复发。     

颞叶癫痫术前评估对手术效果的影响

目的探讨神经影像学及神经电生理学资料在颞叶癫痫术前评估中的作用。方法回顾性分析63例吉林大学第一附属医院自2013年1月-2015年1月收治的颞叶癫痫患者术前神经影像学及神经电生理学的临床资料,确定手术切除范围,随访手术效果。结果长程视频脑电(V-EEG)结果显示,异常放电一侧占优势患者53例,术后随访均为EngelⅠ-Ⅱ级。头部MRI检查提示一侧颞区结构性病变(包括海马硬化)58例,术后随访EngelⅠ-Ⅱ级为55例。所有患者术后随访3~12个月,EngelⅠ级43例,EngelⅡ级12例,EngelⅢ级4例,EngelⅣ级4例,疗效满意。结论术前长程视频脑电(V-EEG)、头部MRI检查在颞叶癫痫术前定位中非常重要,而二者相结合,必要时辅以颅内电极EEG定位,是准确、可靠的癫痫灶定位方法。     

前颞叶切除术与选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效对比

目的对比前颞叶切除术与选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗颞叶癫痫发作的效果。方法回顾性分析天津市环湖医院神经外科2010-12—2016-08手术治疗的颞叶癫痫病例38例,其中14例进行前颞叶切除术,9例进行选择性杏仁核海马切除术,术后随访2～8 a,分析纳入的23例患者的基本信息、手术侧别、发作症状、病理学以及术后癫痫发作的Engel分级。结果在随访的23例患者中,达到满意控制(EngelⅠ～Ⅱ级)者18例(78.3%),其中前颞叶切除术组达到满意控制(EngelⅠ～Ⅱ级)者12例(85.7%),选择性杏仁核海马切除术组达到满意控制(EngelⅠ～Ⅱ级)者6例(66.7%)。经Fisher确切概率法检验,2组术后控制率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论手术是治疗颞叶癫痫安全有效的方法,两种手术均可获得满意的临床效果。     

儿童期起病的颞叶癫痫术后疗效的预测因素分析

目的 探讨儿童期起病（起病年龄≤14岁）的颞叶癫痫术后疗效的预测因素。方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2018年12月手术治疗的173例儿童期起病的颞叶癫痫的临床资料。术后随访12~101个月,平均（49.4±22.9）个月;末次随访采用Engel分级标准评估疗效,其中Ⅰ级为疗效良好,Ⅱ~Ⅳ级为疗效不佳。结果 173例中,Engel分级Ⅰ级135例（78.0%）,Ⅱ级8例（4.6%）,Ⅲ级20例（11.6%）,Ⅳ级10例（5.8%）。无严重手术相关并发症及手术死亡病例。多因素logistic回归分析显示,术前MRI显示脑部异常、热性惊厥史是儿童期起病的颞叶癫痫术后疗效良好的独立预测因素（P<0.05）。结论 儿童期起病的颞叶癫痫手术疗效良好。如果MRI显示脑部异常和/或伴热性惊厥史,建议采取手术治疗,可取得良好的效果。     

MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫的外科治疗

目的 总结MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫的手术疗效.方法 对2004年4月至2009年12月间行前颞叶切除的并且MRI为阴性的32例颞叶癫痫患者的资料进行回顾性分析.包括术前检查、手术方式、术后病理及手术疗效.结果 Engel Ⅰ级为21例,占66％;EngelⅡ级为4例,占12％,EngelⅢ～Ⅳ级为7例,占22％,其中头皮视频脑电图痫波位于一侧颞叶的手术效果较好,86％可达到Engel Ⅰ级.结论 对MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫术前评估要更加全面,如检查结果趋于一致,手术效果良好,特别是癫痫样放电起源于一侧颞叶的手术效果更佳.     

导航引导下保留侧脑室完整的颞叶癫痫手术26例体会

目的探讨神经导航下保留侧脑室完整的前颞叶海马、杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶癫痫的效果。方法将26例神经导航下保留侧脑室完整的前颞叶海马切除术后患者的术前Wada试验评估、术后并发症及癫痫控制情况进行分析。结果术后随访时间24～36月,EngelⅠ级22例（85％）,EngelⅡ级3例（11％）,EngelⅢ例（4％）。术后1例（4％）患者出现记忆减退症状,4例患者发生视野缺损。结论同时切除海马、杏仁核的标准前颞叶切除术为外科治疗颞叶癫痫的有效术式,术前Wada试验评估能很好的预测手术对患者记忆功能的影响,保留侧脑室完整的术式可减少视野缺损的发生。     

24例难治性颞叶癫痫手术患者病例分析

目的了解难治性颞叶癫痫手术治疗的现状和预后效果。方法回顾性分析2011年4月—2014年6月于淄博昌国医院经手术治疗且临床及随访资料完整的24例难治性颞叶癫痫手术患者,其中男14例,女10例。年龄16~44岁,平均(24.40±6.26)岁,平均病程(12.50±8.42)年。分析患者的临床特点和预后情况。结果 24例患者均有海马硬化,行"颞前叶及颞内侧结构切除术"。经过5~7年的随访,术后癫痫发作情况达到EngelⅠ级20例(83.3%),EngelⅡ级2例(8.3%),EngelⅣ级2例(8.3%)。结论 24例患者以海马硬化和皮质发育不良多见,手术治疗效果较好。临床上为改善难治性癫痫患者预后,应视情况尽早行手术治疗。     

顽固性癫痫伽玛刀放射外科治疗

目的：采用伽玛刀对脑内某些靶点结构行立体定向放射毁损术治疗顽固性癫痫，探讨治疗癫痫的方法。方法：选择癫痫诊断明确，术前EEG、BEAM、MR、SPECT检查，病程3年以上，频繁发作的不同类型的癫痫病人，均经抗癫痫药物（AED）系统治疗不能控制。按外科治疗癫痫适应证原则，1．5T磁共振扫描，确定靶区，计算机Gamma-Plan软件定位，γ-刀治疗。结果：伽玛刀治疗顽固性癫痫病人36例，其中23例随访期12－48个月（平均19个月），其优良率EngelI)73.9%（17例），有效率（Engel Ⅰ和Ⅱ）86．95％（20例）。4例伽玛刀术后3－9个月靶点周围脑水肿（2例自然消退，另2例经激素和脱水治疗后消退）。发作无改变3例病人的病态性格和异常行为有改善。无病情恶化和死亡病例。结：短、中期的随访结果证明伽玛刀放射外科是一种无创伤性治疗顽固性癫痫的有效和安全的治疗方法，长期效果有待进一步观察。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Anticonvulsant Drugs and Cognitive Function: A Review of the Literature

Summary: Alterations of cognitive function are separate from disturbances of behavior seen in association with epilepsy. The nature of the cognitive disability may to a certain extent depend on the seizure type. Partial seizures, mainly derived from a temporal lobe focus, impair memory tasks, while generalized seizures seem to have more effect on attentional abilities. A number of studies, reviewed in this paper, suggest that anticonvulsant drugs further impair cognitive function. Maximal impairments are seen in patients receiving polytherapy: rationalization of polytherapy improves cognitive abilities. Studies in children and adults have allowed differentiation of the effects of various commonly used antiepileptic agents. Maximal cognitive deficits are seen with. phenytoin, while phenobarbital and sodium valproate induce moderate disturbances, and carbamazepine seems relatively free from such toxicity. Further research is needed on the interrelationship between types of seizure disorders, types of anticonvulsant medications, and cognitive function.     

Treatment Considerations in Anticonvulsant Monotherapy

Summary: The long-standing practice of polypharmacy in treating epilepsy is giving way to use of monotherapy. Monotherapy can improve seizure control as well as reduce the risk of serious idiosyncratic reactions, dose-related side effects, and complex drug interactions. Monotherapy also offers improved compliance and cost-effectiveness. The basis of monotherapy is accurate diagnosis and assessment of the patient's seizure type(s), followed by selection of a single appropriate anticonvulsant drug. Many patients currently treated with multiple anticonvulsants can be successfully converted to monotherapy with a carefully monitored program in which troublesome and redundant drugs are gradually withdrawn from the therapeutic regimen.     

Effects of NMD A- and AMPA-Receptor Antagonists on Different Forms of Epileptiform Activity in Rat Temporal Cortex Slices

Summary: Lowering extracellular magnesium induces different patterns of epileptiform activity in rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Short recurrent epileptiform discharges in the hippocampus are stable over time, whereas seizurelike events (SLEs) in the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, and the neighboring neocortex develop into late recurrent discharges which are not blocked by clinically employed antiepileptic drugs. We tested the sensitivity of the different epileptiform discharge patterns to. /V-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)- and non-NMDA-receptor antagonists. As NMDA-receptor antagonist we used dextrorphan, ket-amine, and 2-aminophosphonovalerate (2APV); as α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-receptor antagonist we employed the quinoxaline derivative glutamate 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). The findings show that the different patterns of epileptiform activity, including the late recurrent discharges, are sensitive to all NMDA-receptor antagonists. However, when dextrorphan was employed to suppress seizure-like events, later recurrent discharges did not develop during the remaining time course of the experiment. CNQX reversibly suppressed recurrent discharges in the hippocampus and SLEs in the entorhinal cortex. However, late recurrent discharges become insensitive to CNQX, even at a high concentration of 60 μM m. This finding suggests a prominent role for NMDA receptors in the generation of late recurrent discharges.