维吉尼亚链霉菌物理诱变及外源添加氯化镧对VGM产量的影响

目的 利用物理诱变结合链霉素抗性筛选维吉尼亚霉素(VGM)高产菌株维吉尼亚链霉菌,并考察外源添加稀土元素氯化镧对维吉尼亚链霉菌发酵的影响。方法 一方面,以链霉素为筛选剂建立孢子致死突变标志的微波及紫外诱变两种筛选模型,采用管碟法获得抑菌圈直径较大的作为初筛菌株,再通过摇瓶复筛进一步确定高产菌株。另一方面,在发酵培养基中外源添加3~30mg/L的氯化镧,考查其对链霉菌合成VGM的影响。结果 比较两种筛选模型,基于链霉素的微波诱变效果较好,正突变率高达32.83%;并获得一株高产菌株MW 178(146.72±11.80)μg/mL,较出发菌株(21.24±1.34)μg/mL提高了约6倍。在发酵初始时,外源添加10mg/L氯化镧,VGM的产量由146.72μg/mL提高到180.01μg/mL,提高了约22.69%。结论 采用微波诱变结合链霉素抗性筛选的方法可以获得VGM高产突变株;在发酵初始时,外源添加适量氯化镧可以显著提高VGM产量。     

达托霉素高产菌株选育及发酵条件优化

目的 通过对达托霉素产生菌进行诱变选育,并对其发酵条件优化,以提高其达托霉素发酵水平,降低生产成本。方法 以玫瑰孢链霉菌(DT-9#F2)为出发菌株,分别采用紫外诱变、微波诱变、LiCl诱变及复合诱变并结合链霉素抗性筛选进行菌株选育,同时,对其发酵培养基中氮源、碳源及生长因子进行优化,以进一步提高其发酵产量。结果 得到一株达托霉素高产突变株DT-37,其摇瓶发酵产量达到12.2mg/L,较出发菌株提高20.79%;优化后的发酵培养基为：酵母粉(YP300)1.65%、FeSO4 0.043%、葡萄糖1.50%、玉米淀粉7.20%、糖蜜0.72%,VB12 1.50μg/mL、硫辛酸5.00μg/mL。其摇瓶发酵产量达到30.56mg/L,较初始培养基提高了297.92%。经100L发酵罐上放大验证,达托霉素的产量达到了2872mg/L,较优化前提高了14.88%。结论 紫外、微波及LiCl复合诱变后经抗生素抗性筛选,结合发酵培养基优化,可有效提高菌株的达托霉素发酵产量。     

纳他霉素产生菌的诱变育种及其发酵条件的优化

目的 以纳塔尔链霉菌(Streptomyces natalensis)SIPI-NHF-09为出发菌株进行诱变选育和培养条件优化,以提高其纳他霉素的产量.方法 采用紫外和微波结合对纳塔尔链霉菌SIPI-NHF-09进行诱变选育,并对获得的高产突变株SIPI-UW-10-22的发酵条件进行了初步优化.结果 经过连续3轮的紫外和微波诱变,获得高产突变株SIPI-UW-10-22,其纳他霉素(Natamycin)产量达到3.15g/L,是出发菌株的3.5倍,且该菌株经多次传代,遗传性能稳定.对SIPI-UW-10-22发酵条件优化后获得其发酵条件为:以5.5％玉米淀粉加0.5％葡萄糖为碳源,2％黄豆饼粉加1％酵母粉为氮源,种龄46h,初始pH7.0,接种量8％,摇床转速220r/min,28℃培养126h.此条件下,纳他霉素的产量达到4.07g/L,较优化前提高了1.29倍.结论 紫外与微波诱变相结合的方法简便有效,所获得高产菌株遗传性状稳定.     

达托霉素高产菌株选育及发酵条件优化

目的 通过对达托霉素产生菌进行诱变选育,并对其发酵条件优化,以提高其达托霉素发酵水平,降低生产成本。方法 以玫瑰孢链霉菌(DT-9#F2)为出发菌株,分别采用紫外诱变、微波诱变、LiCl诱变及复合诱变并结合链霉素抗性筛选进行菌株选育,同时,对其发酵培养基中氮源、碳源及生长因子进行优化,以进一步提高其发酵产量。结果 得到一株达托霉素高产突变株DT-37,其摇瓶发酵产量达到12.2mg/L,较出发菌株提高20.79%;优化后的发酵培养基为：酵母粉(YP300)1.65%、FeSO4 0.043%、葡萄糖1.50%、玉米淀粉7.20%、糖蜜0.72%,VB12 1.50μg/mL、硫辛酸5.00μg/mL。其摇瓶发酵产量达到30.56mg/L,较初始培养基提高了297.92%。经100L发酵罐上放大验证,达托霉素的产量达到了2872mg/L,较优化前提高了14.88%。结论     

埃坡霉素高产菌株的选育

采用紫外-亚硝酸盐复合诱变法对纤维堆囊菌(Sorangium cellulosum)ATCC 15384进行诱变,结合红霉素抗性筛选,筛得一株遗传稳定的埃坡霉素高产菌株纤维堆囊菌UNl6H127,埃坡霉素A(Epo A)和埃坡霉素B(Epo B)的产量为289.9和25.14μg/L,总产量(EpoA+Epo B,315.04μg/L)是出发菌株的23.8倍.     

常压室温等离子体诱变选育他克莫司高产菌株及发酵条件优化

目的 选育他克莫司高产菌株,提高发酵单位。方法 采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)技术对一株他克莫司出发菌株FK13-2-14进行诱变,对高产菌株的种子瓶接种量、异亮氨酸的添加量及添加时间等发酵条件进行优化。结果 获得1株稳定的突变高产菌株FK18-1-56,摇瓶发酵单位提高了162%;优化后种子瓶接种量为1.5cm2/40mL,异亮氨酸添加时间为48h,添加量为3.0g/L。高产菌株在优化后的发酵条件下,100L罐发酵单位达到997μg/mL,比出发菌株提高了128%。结论 利用常压室温等离子体诱变技术得到他克莫司高产菌株,经发酵工艺优化后,大幅度提高了他克莫司的工业发酵水平。     

复合诱变法选育普那霉素高产菌株

以始旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pristinaespiralis)ZP2为出发菌株,经紫外线(UV)、亚硝基胍(NTG)复合诱变,并结合普那霉素抗性突变株的理化筛选,选育到一株高产突变菌株UN2056,其普那霉素产量达到1490 mg/L,比出发菌株提高了45.7%.传代试验表明该高产突变菌株的高产性能遗传特性稳定.高产突变株UN2056在5 L发酵罐中进行发酵试验,其平均发酵产量达到1645 mg/L,比出发菌株提高了60.8%.     

短链脂肪酸对阿扎霉素B生物合成的调节

研究了短链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸对吸水链霉菌NND-52-C菌株阿扎霉素B生物合成的影响.结果 表明,短链脂肪酸普遍具有促进阿扎霉素B的合成作用,而长链脂肪酸的作用则相反.在发酵至48h,添加0.1%丙酸钠和0.2%乙酸钠,阿扎霉素B的产量分别达到2120mg/L和1861mg/L,比对照提高了58.8%和39.4%.进一步研究表明,丙酸盐可通过诱导丙酸激酶的表达,从而大幅度地提高阿扎霉素B的产量.     

埃坡霉素高产菌株的选育及发酵培养基的优化

以埃坡霉素产生菌粘细菌纤维堆囊菌为出发菌株,经亚硝基胍诱变处理后,在含有前体丙酸盐的平板中筛选抗性突变株,得到一株高产突变株N-19,埃坡霉素产量为18.5 mg/L,比出发菌株提高了69.7.通过优化发酵培养基的碳、氮源组成,埃坡霉素产量达36.1 mg/L,此时埃坡霉素B和埃坡霉素A的比值为0.4:在摇瓶发酵过程中补加前体丙酸盐,埃坡霉素B和埃坡霉素A的比值增至2.1.     

达托霉素生产菌(ATCC31568)的紫外诱变和抗生素抗性筛选

目的 建立一种提高达托霉素生产水平的方法.方法 以玫瑰孢链霉菌(ATCC31568)为出发菌株,利用紫外诱变结合抗生素抗性筛选以提升达托霉素生产水平.结果 通过对致死率和正突变率的考察,确定紫外诱变时间为45s,利福平和庆大霉素的合适筛选浓度分别为1.4μg/mL、1.0μg/mL,得到的突变株经摇瓶发酵后,采用高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)对最终发酵液进行检测.筛选到的突变株Ge-27最高产量达到79.44 mg/L,比原始菌株提高了42.2％.结论 采用紫外诱变结合抗生素抗性筛选得到了达托霉素合成水平提高的菌株.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.